Ethanol

Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 589-604

  Kleinschmidt, Kurt C ^a,b,c,d  

^a Division of Transplant Medicine   (United States)

^b Section of Toxicology   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d PARKLAND HEALTH AND HOSPITAL SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867164493     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-0693-4.50036-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (102)

1. NC Petroni and AA Cardoni (1979) Alcohol content of liquid medicinals. Clin Toxicol 14 407-432.
2. C Vogel, T Caraccio, H Mofenson, et al. (1995) Alcohol intoxication in young children. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33 25-33.
3. TR Kosten and PG O'Connor (2003) Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med 348 1786-1795.
4. A Norberg, AW Jones, RG Hahn, et al. (2003) Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics: research and forensic applications. Clin Pharmacokinet 42 1-3.
5. S Holt, MJ Stewart, RD Adam, et al. (1980) Alcohol absorption, gastric emptying and a breathalyser. Br J Clin Pharmacol 9 205-208.
6. AW Jones, KA Jonsson and A Neri (1991) Peak blood-ethanol concentration and the time of its occurrence after rapid drinking on an empty stomach. J Forensic Sci 36 376-385.
7. A Minocha, DA Herold, JT Barth, et al. (1986) Activated charcoal in oral ethanol absorption: lack of effect in humans. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 24 225-234.
8. DW Crabb, WF Bosron and TK Li (1987) Ethanol metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 34 59.
9. M Bogusz, J Pach and W Stasko (1977) Comparative studies on the rate of ethanol elimination in acute poisoning and in controlled conditions. J Forensic Sci 22 446-451.
10. TK Li and WF Bosron (1986) Genetic variability of enzymes of alcohol metabolism in human beings. Ann Emerg Med 15 997-1004.
11. J Panes, J Caballeria, R Guitart, et al. (1993) Determinants of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17 48-53.
12. CS Lieber (1994) Hepatic and metabolic effects of ethanol: pathogenesis and prevention. Ann Intern Med 26 325-330.
13. J Caballeria (1992) First-pass metabolism of ethanol: its role as a determinant of blood alcohol levels after drinking. Hepatogastroenterology 39(Suppl 1), 62-66.
14. H Gershman and J Steeper (1991) Rate of clearance of ethanol from the blood of intoxicated patients in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 9 307-311.
15. S O'Neill, KF Tipton, JS Prichard, et al. (1984) Survival after high blood alcohol levels: association with first-order elimination kinetics. Arch Intern Med 144 641-642.
16. MC Dufour, L Archer and E Gordis (1992) Alcohol and the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 8 127-141.
17. W Watson, T Litovitz, GC Rodgers II, et al. (2003) 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 21 353-364.
18. CS Lieber (1995) Medical disorders of alcoholism. N Engl J Med 333 1058-1065.
19. FA Seixas (1975) Alcohol and its drug interactions. Ann Intern Med 83 86-91.
20. Interactions of drugs with alcohol. Med Lett Drugs Ther (April 3) 23 33-36.
21. R Gugler (1994) H2-antagonists and alcohol: do they interact? Drug Saf 10 271-280.
22. AG Gilman, TW Rall, AS Nies, et al. (1990) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 8th ed. New York: Pergamon
23. FV Schiodt, FA Rochling, DL Casey, et al. (1997) Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 337 1112-1117.
24. WM Lee (2003) Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 349 474-485.
25. HJ Zimmerman and WC Maddrey (1995) Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology 22 767-773.
26. EK Kuffner, RC Dart, GM Bogdan, et al. (2001) Effect of maximal daily doses of acetaminophen on the liver of alcoholic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 161 2247-2252.
27. DN Bailey (1984) Comprehensive toxicology screening: the frequency of finding other drugs in addition to ethanol. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 22 463-471.
28. RJ Fantus, JL Zautcke, PA Hickey, et al. (1991) Driving under the influence: a level-I trauma center's experience. J Trauma 31 1517-1520.
29. J Cami and M Farre (2003) Drug addiction. N Engl J Med 349 975-986.
30. M Victor and RD Adams (1953) The Effect of Alcohol on the Nervous System Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins
31. B Adinoff, GH Bone and M Linnoila (1988) Acute ethanol poisoning and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3 172-196.
32. ME Charness, RP Simon and DA Greenberg (1989) Ethanol and the nervous system. N Engl J Med 321 442-454.
33. I Diamond and RO Messing (1994) Neurologic effects of alcoholism. West J Med 161 279-287.
34. P Bittencourt, P Wade, A Richens, et al. (1980) Blood alcohol and eye movements. Lancet 2 981.
35. RA McIvor and SH Cosbey (1990) Effect of using alcoholic and nonalcoholic skin cleansing swabs when sampling blood for alcohol estimation using gas chromatography. Br J Clin Pract 44 235-236.
36. K Gibb (1986) Serum alcohol levels, toxicology screens, and use of the breath alcohol analyzer. Ann Emerg Med 15 349-353.
37. A Wilson, DS Sitar, WD Molloy, et al. (1987) Effect of age and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the breathalyzer estimation of blood alcohol level. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 11 440-443.
38. J Li, T Mills and R Erato (1999) Intravenous saline has no effect on blood ethanol clearance. J Emerg Med 17 1-5.
39. E Nuotto, MJ Mattila, T Seppala, et al. (1982) Coffee and caffeine and alcohol effects on psychomotor function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31 68-76.
40. E Nuotto, ES Palva and U Lahdenranta (1983) Naloxone fails to counteract heavy alcohol intoxication. Lancet 2 167.
41. SS Brown, JA Forrest and P Roscoe (1972) A controlled trial of fructose in the treatment of acute alcoholic intoxication. Lancet 2 898-899.
42. A Fluckiger, D Hartmann, B Leishman, et al. (1988) Lack of effect of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (Ro 15–1788) on the performance of healthy subjects during experimentally induced ethanol intoxication. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34 273-276.
43. JB Reuler, DE Girard and TG Cooney (1985) Current concepts: Wernicke's encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 312 1035-1039.
44. AJS Watson, JF Walker, GH Tomkin, et al. (1981) Acute Wernicke's encephalopathy precipitated by gluclose loading. Ir J Med Sci 150 301-303.
45. JB Hack and RS Hoffman (1998) Thiamine before glucose to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy: examining the conventional wisdom. JAMA 279 583.
46. JD Wilson and LL Madison (1980) Deficiency of thiamine (beriberi), pyridoxine, and riboflavin. KJ Isselbacher (Ed.) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 425-429.
47. P Naik and J Lawton (1993) Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. Br J Hosp Med 50 265-269.
48. M Victor, RD Adams and GH Collins (1971) The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Philadelphia: FA Davis
49. AD Thomson, H Baker and CM Leevy (1970) Patterns of S-thiamine hydrochloride absorption in the malnourished alcoholic patient. J Lab Clin Med 76 34-45.
50. J Homewood and NW Bond (1999) Thiamin deficiency and Korsakoff's syndrome: failure to find memory impairments following nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy. Alcohol 19 75-84.
51. RA Adler (1992) Clinically important effects of alcohol on endocrine function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74 957-960.
52. ML Halperin, M Hammeke, RG Josse, et al. (1983) Metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: a pathophysiologic approach. Metabolism 32 308-315.
53. G Ragland (1990) Electrolyte abnormalities in the alcoholic patient. Emerg Med Clin North Am 8 761-773.
54. K Duffens and JA Marx (1987) Alcoholic ketoacidosis: a review. J Emerg Med 5 399-406.
55. MR Piano and DW Schwertz (1994) Alcoholic heart disease: a review. Heart Lung 23 3-17.
56. IB Puddey, RR Zilkens, KD Croft, et al. (2001) Alcohol and endothelial function: a brief review. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 28 1020-1024.
57. RM Lang, KM Borow, A Neumann, et al. (1985) Adverse cardiac effects of acute alcohol ingestion in young adults. Ann Intern Med 102 742-747.
58. SK Ahlawat and SB Siwach (1994) Alcohol and coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 44 157-162.
59. K Reynolds, B Lewis, JD Nolen, et al. (2003) Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 289 579-588.
60. PO Ettinger, CF Wu, L. De La, C Cruz II, et al. (1978) Arrhythmias and the “holiday heart”: alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders. Am Heart J 95 555-562.
61. SR Lowenstein, PA Gabow, J Cramer, et al. (1983) The role of alcohol in new-onset atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 143 1882-1885.
62. DE Girard, KL Kumar and JH McAfee (1987) Hematologic effects of acute and chronic alcohol abuse. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1 321-334.
63. RR MacGregor (1986) Alcohol and immune defense. JAMA 256 1474-1478.
64. LP Gonzalez, LM Veatch, MK Ticku, et al. (2001) Alcohol withdrawal kindling: mechanisms and implications for treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 197S-201S.
65. M Linnoila, I Mefford, D Nutt, et al. (1987) NIH conference: alcohol withdrawal and noradrenergic function. Ann Intern Med 107 875-889.
66. A Rosenbloom (1988) Emerging treatment options in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 49 28-31.
67. H Isbell, HF Fraser, A Wikler, et al. (1955) An experimental study of the etiology of rum fits and delirium tremens. Q J Stud Alcohol 16 1-33.
68. WD Lerner and HJ Fallon (1985) The alcohol withdrawal syndrome. N Engl J Med 313 951-952.
69. M Victor and C Brausch (1967) The role of abstinence in the genesis of alcoholic epilepsy. Epilepsia 8 1-20.
70. ME Tavel, W Davidson and TD Batterton (1961) A critical analysis of mortality associated with delirium tremens. Am J Med Sci 242 18-29.
71. SK Ng, WA Hauser, JC Brust, et al. (1988) Alcohol consumption and withdrawal in new-onset seizures. N Engl J Med 319 666-673.
72. RP Simon (1988) Alcohol and seizures. N Engl J Med 319 715-716.
73. M Moore and MG Gray (1939) Delirium tremens: a study of cases at the Boston City Hospital, 1915–1936. N Engl J Med 220 953-956.
74. EM Sellers and CA Naranjo (1986) New strategies for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Psychopharmacol Bull 22 88-92.
75. JT Sullivan, RM Swift and DC Lewis (1991) Benzodiazepine requirements during alcohol withdrawal syndrome: clinical implications of using a standardized withdrawal scale. J Clin Psychopharmacol 11 291-295.
76. KD Wrenn, F Murphy and CM Slovis (1989) A toxicity study of parenteral thiamine hydrochloride. Ann Emerg Med 18 867-870.
77. M Hayashida, AI Alterman, AT McLellan, et al. (1989) Comparative effectiveness and costs of inpatient and outpatient detoxification of patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome. N Engl J Med 320 358-365.
78. RD Bird and EH Makela (1994) Alcohol withdrawal: what is the benzodiazepine of choice? Ann Pharmacother 28 67-71.
79. G Sereny and H Kalant (1965) Comparative clinical evaluation of chlordiazepoxide and promazine in treatment of alcohol-withdrawal syndrome. BMJ 1 92-97.
80. SC Kaim, CJ Klett and B Rothfeld (1969) Treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal state: a comparison of four drugs. Am J Psychiatry 125 1640-1646.
81. MF Mayo-Smith (1997) Pharmocological management of alcohol withdrawal. JAMA 278 144-151.
82. RR Griffiths and B Wolf (1990) Relative abuse liability of different benzodiazepines in drug abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 237-243.
83. B Ritson and J Chick (1986) Comparison of two benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal: effects on symptoms and cognitive recovery. Drug Alcohol Depend 18 329-334.
84. J Solomon, LA Rouck and HH Koepke (1983) Double-blind comparison of lorazepam and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of the acute alcohol abstinence syndrome. Clin Ther 6 52-58.
85. WC Miller II and L McCurdy (1984) A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Clin Ther 6 364-371.
86. JE Massman and DM Tipton (1988) Signs and symptoms assessment: a guide for the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Psychoactive Drugs 20 443-444.
87. G Moskowitz, TC Chalmers, HS Sacks, et al. (1983) Deficiencies of clinical trials of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 7 42-46.
88. AM Holbrook, R Crowther, A Lotter, et al. (1999) Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ 160 649-655.
89. R Saitz, MF Mayo-Smith, MS Roberts, et al. (1994) Individualized treatment for alcohol withdrawal: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. JAMA 272 519-523.
90. EM Sellers (1988) Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical management. CMAJ 139 113-120.
91. M Lejoyeux, J Solomon and J Ades (1998) Benzodiazepine treatment for alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Alcohol 33 563-575.
92. P Heinala, T Piepponen and H Heikkinen (1990) Diazepam loading in alcohol withdrawal: clinical pharmacokinetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 28 211-217.
93. JT Sullivan (1995) Individualized treatment of alcohol withdrawal. JAMA 273 183-184.
94. KB Nolop and A Natow (1985) Unprecedented sedative requirements during delirium tremens. Crit Care Med 13 246-247.
95. C McCowan and P Marik (2000) Refractory delirium tremens treated with propofol: a case series. Crit Care Med 28 1781-1784.
96. R Malcolm, H Myrick, KT Brady, et al. (2001) Update on anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Addict 10(Suppl), 16-23.
97. G Addolorato, G Balducci, E Capristo, et al. (1999) Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 1596-1604.
98. TR Coomes and SW Smith (1997) Successful use of propofol in refractory delirium tremens. Ann Emerg Med 30 825-828.
99. U Bonnet, M Banger, FM Leweke, et al. (1999) Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with gabapentin. Pharmacopsychiatry 32 107-109.
100. GR Baumgartner and RC Rowen (1991) Transdermal clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. South Med J 84 312-321.
101. BI Liskow and DW Goodwin (1987) Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence: a critical review. J Stud Alcohol 48 356-370.
102. G D'Onofrio, NK Rathlev, AS Ulrich, et al. (1999) Lorazepam for the prevention of recurrent seizures related to alcohol. N Engl J Med 340 915-919.