Innovation, risk, precaution, and the regulation of GM crops

Frontiers of Economics and Globalization

Volumn 10, Issue , 2011, Pages 337-367

  Randall, Alan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Genetically modified crops; Precaution; Regulation; Risk assessment; Risk management

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867112901     PISSN: 15748715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1108/S1574-8715(2011)0000010019     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Arrow, K., Fisher, A. (1974), Environmental preservation, uncertainty, and irreversibility. Quarterly Journal of Economics 55, 313-319.
2. Bergen Ministerial Declaration on Sustainable Development in the ECE Region (1990), UN Doc. A/CONF.151/PC/10; 1 Yearbook on International Environmental Law 429, 4312.
3. Canadian Perspective on the Precautionary Approach/Principle - Proposed Guiding Principles. (2001), www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/raoicssrdc/default.asp?Language= E&Page=Precaution&Sub=Booklet#3.
4. Cellini, F., Chesson, A., Colquhoun, I., Constable, A., Davies, H., Engel, K., Gatehouse, A., Karenlampi, S., Kok, E., Leguay, J-J., Lehesranta, S., Noteborn, H., Pedersen, J., Smith, M. (2004), Unintended effects and their detection in genetically modified crops. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42, 1089-1125.
5. Cooney, R. (2004), The precautionary principle in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management - an issues paper for policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners. IUCN Policy and Global Change Series No. 2. http://www.pprinciple.net/publications/ PrecautionaryPrincipleissuespaper.pdf
6. European Commission (2000), Communication on the Precautionary Principle. Brussels, February 2, 28pp.
7. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2000), FAO Statement on Biotechnology. http://www.fao.org/biotech
8. Fedoroff, N., Battisti, D., Beachy, R., Cooper, P., Fischhoff, D., Hodges, C., Knauf, V., Lobell, D., Mazur, B., Molden, D., Reynolds, M., Ronald, P., Rosegrant, M., Sanchez, P., Vonshak, A., Zhu, J. (2010), Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21st century. Science 327 (5967), 833-834.
9. Foster, K., Vecchia, P., Repacholi, M. (2000), Risk management: science and the precautionary principle. Science 288 (5468), 979-981.
10. Garrity, T. (2004), MTBE: a precautionary tale. Harvard Environmental Law Review 28, 281-342.
11. Gollier, C., Treich, N. (2003), Decision-making under scientific uncertainty: the economics of the precautionary principle. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27, 77-103.
12. Harris, J., Holm, S. (1999), Precautionary principle stifles discovery. Nature 400, 398.
13. Harris, J., Holm, S. (2002), Extending human life span and the precautionary principle. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27, 355-368.
14. Henry, C. (1974), Option values in the economics of irreplaceable assets. Review of Economic Studies 41 (Symposium), 89-104.
15. Henry, C., Henry, M. (2002), Formalization and applications of the precautionary principle. Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES) Discussion Paper 2002009.
16. Huffman, W. (2011), Contributions of public and private R&D to biotechnology innovation. In: Carter, C.,Moschini, G., Sheldon, I. (Eds.), Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare. Emerald, Bingley, UK.
17. Hughes, J. (2006), How not to criticize the precautionary principle. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31, 447-464.
18. Jasanoff, S. (2000), Commentary: between risk assessment and precaution - reassessing the future of GM crops. Journal of Risk Research 3 (3), 277-282.
19. Kahan, D., Slovic, P., Braman, D., Gastil, J. (2006), Fear of democracy: A cultural evaluation of Sunstein on risk. Harvard Law Review 119, 1071-1109.
20. Kolitch, S. (2006), The environmental and public health impacts of US patent law: making the case for incorporating a precautionary principle. Environmental Law 36, 221-256.
21. Lofstedt, R., Fischhof, B., Fischhof, I. (2002), Precautionary principles: general definitions and specific applications to genetically modified organisms. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21 (3), 381-407.
22. Manski, C. (2009), Adaptive partial drug approval: a health policy proposal. The Economists' Voice 6 (4), Article 9. http://www.bepress.com/ev/ vol6/iss4/art9
23. Matthee, M., Vermersch, D. (2000), Are the precautionary principle and the international trade of genetically modified organisms reconcilable? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 12 (1), 59-70.
24. Peel, J. (2004), Precaution - a matter of principle, approach, or process? Melbourne Journal of International Law 5 (2), 483-501.
25. Peterson, D. (2006), Precaution: principles and practice in Australian environmental and natural resource management. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50, 469-489.
26. Peterson, M. (2006), The precautionary principle is incoherent. Risk Analysis 26, 595-601.
27. Peterson, M. (2007), Should the precautionary principle guide our actions or our beliefs? Journal of Medical Ethics 33, 5-10.
28. Pindyck, R. (2007), Uncertainty in environmental economics. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 1, 45-65.
29. Qaim, M. (2011), Genetically modified crops and global food security. In: Carter, C., Moschini, G., Sheldon, I. (Eds.), Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare. Emerald, Bingley, UK.
30. Raffensperger, C., Tichner, J. (1999), Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Island Press, Washington, DC.
31. Randall, A. (2009), We already have risk management - do we really need the precautionary principle? International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics 3 (1), 39-74.
32. Randall, A. (2011), Risk and Precaution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
33. Raney, T., Matuschke, I. (2011), Current and potential farm-level impacts of genetically modified crops in developing countries. In: Carter, C., Moschini, G., Sheldon, I. (Eds.), Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare. Emerald, Bingley, UK.
34. Sandin, P. (1999), Dimensions of the precautionary principle. Human and Ecology Risk Assessment 5, 889-907.
35. Shaw, S., Schwartz, R. (2005), Trading Precaution: The Precautionary Principle and the WTO. United Nations University, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tokyo.
36. Smyth, S., McHughen, A. (2007), Regulating innovative crop technologies in Canada: the case of regulating genetically modified crops. Plant Biotechnology Journal 6, 213-225.
37. Sunstein, C. (2005), Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
38. Turvey, C.,Mojduszka, E. (2005), The precautionary principle and the law of unintended consequences. Food Policy 30, 145-161.
39. UNESCO (2005), The Precautionary Principle, World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology. UNESCO, Paris.
40. Weitzman, M. (2009), On modeling and interpreting the economics of catastrophic climate change. Review of Economics and Statistics 91 (1), 1-19.
41. Wesseler, J., Scatasta, S., Fall, E. H. (2011), The environmental benefits and costs of GM crops. In: Carter, C., Moschini, G., Sheldon, I. (Eds.), Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare. Emerald, Bingley, UK.
42. Wiener, J., Rogers, M. (2002), Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe. Journal of Risk Research 5 (4), 317-349.
43. Willis, R. (2001), Lighting the leap in the dark. http://www. forumforthefuture.org/greenfutures/articles/60288
44. Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle (1998), http:// www.gdrc.org/u-gov/precaution-3.html.
45. WTO Dispute Settlement DS291, (2006). http://www.wto.org/english/tratop- e/dispu-e/cases-e/ds291-e.htm.