Long-term follow-up of the multicenter, multidisciplinary treatment study HIT-LGG-1996 for low-grade glioma in children and adolescents of the German Speaking Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology

Neuro-Oncology

Volumn 14, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 1265-1284

  Gnekow, Astrid K ^a   Falkenstein, Fabian ^a   Von Hornstein, Stephan ^a   Zwiener, Isabella ^b   Berkefeld, Susanne ^b   Bison, Brigitte ^c   Warmuth Metz, Monika ^c   Driever, Pablo Hernáiz ^d   Soerensen, Niels ^c   Kortmann, Rolf D ^e   Pietsch, Torsten ^f   Faldum, Andreas ^b,g  

^a KLINIKUM AUGSBURG   (Germany)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^d CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

chemotherapy; extended follow up; low grade glioma; radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

CARBOPLATIN; VINCRISTINE;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CHILD; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GLIOMA; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TUMOR LOCALIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CARBOPLATIN; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GLIOMA; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; NEOPLASM GRADING; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RADIOTHERAPY DOSAGE; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; SURVIVAL RATE; TIME FACTORS; VINCRISTINE;

EID: 84866923764     PISSN: 15228517     EISSN: 15235866     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos202     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Abdollahzadeh M, Hoffman HJ, Blazer SI, et al. Benign cerebellar astro-cytoma in childhood: experience at the Hospital for Sick Children 1980-1992. Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10(6): 380-383.
2. Berger MS, Deliganis AV, Dobbins J, Keles GE. The effect of extent of resection on recurrence in patients with low grade cerebral hemisphere gliomas. Cancer. 1994;74(6): 1784-1791.
3. Campbell JW, Pollack IF. Cerebellar astrocytomas in children. J Neurooncol. 1996;28(2-3): 223-231.
4. Constantini S, Houten J, Miller DC, et al. Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children under the age of 3 years. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(6): 1036-1043.
5. Pollack IF, Claassen D, al-Shboul Q, Janosky JE, Deutsch M. Low-grade gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres in children: an analysis of 71 cases. J Neurosurg. 1995;82(4): 536-547.
6. Sutton LN, Molloy PT, Sernyak H, et al. Long-term outcome of hypo-thalamic/chiasmatic astrocytomas in children treated with conservative surgery. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(4): 583-589.
7. Wisoff JH, Abbott R, Epstein F. Surgical management of exophytic chiasmatic-hypothalamic tumors of childhood. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(5): 661-667.
8. Wisoff JH, Sanford RA, Heier LA, et al. Primary neurosurgery for pedi-atric low-grade gliomas: a prospective multi-institutional study from the Children's Oncology Group. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(6): 1548-1554. discussion 1554-1555.
9. Gajjar A, Sanford RA, Heideman R, et al. Low-grade astrocytoma: a decade of experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(8): 2792-2799.
10. Gaynon PS, Ettinger LJ, Baum ES, Siegel SE, Krailo MD, Hammond GD. Carboplatin in childhood brain tumors. A Children's Cancer Study Group phase II trial. Cancer. 1990;66(12): 2465-2469.
11. Packer RJ, Lange B, Ater J, et al. Carboplatin and vincristine for recurrent and newly diagnosed low-grade gliomas of childhood. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(5): 850-856.
12. Grabb PA, Lunsford LD, Albright AL, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC. Stereotactic radiosurgery for glial neoplasms of childhood. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(4): 696-701.
13. Pierce SM, Barnes PD, Loeffler JS, McGinn C, Tarbell NJ. Definitive radiation therapy in the management of symptomatic patients with optic glioma. Survival and long-term effects. Cancer. 1990;65(1): 45-52.
14. Tarbell NJ, Loeffler JS. Recent trends in the radiotherapy of pediatric gliomas. J Neurooncol. 1996;28(2-3): 233-244.
15. West CG, Gattamaneni R, Blair V. Radiotherapy in the treatment of low-grade astrocytomas. I. A survival analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 1995;11(8): 438-442.
16. Bouffet E, Pierre-Kahn A, Marchal JC, et al. Prognostic factors in pedi-atric spinal cord astrocytoma. Cancer. 1998;83(11): 2391-2399.
17. Dirven CM, Mooij JJ, Molenaar WM. Cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma: a treatment protocol based upon analysis of 73 cases and a review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 1997;13(1): 17-23.
18. Smoots DW, Geyer JR, Lieberman DM, Berger MS. Predicting disease progression in childhood cerebellar astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998;14(11): 636-648.
19. Jahraus CD, Tarbell NJ. Optic pathway gliomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;46(5): 586-596.
20. Wiestler OD, Wolf HK. [Revised WHO classification and new developments in diagnosis of central nervous system tumors] [in German]. Pathologe. 1995;16(4): 245-255.
21. Kleihues P, Cavenee W. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Nervous System. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Press; 2000.
22. Walker D, Gnekow A, Perilongo G, Zanetti I. Vincristine (VCR) carbo-platin (CBDCA) in hypothalamic-chiasmatic glioma (HCG): a report of the International Consortium on Low Grade Glioma (ICLGG) [abstract]. Med Ped Oncol. 2002;39: 229.
23. Gnekow AK, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, Emser A. Low grade chiasmatic-hypothalamic glioma-carboplatin and vincristin chemotherapy effectively defers radiotherapy within a comprehensive treatment strategy-report from the multicenter treatment study for children and adolescents with a low grade glioma-HIT-LGG 1996-of the Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH). Klin Padiatr. 2004;216(6): 331-342.
24. Peraud A, Goetz C, Siefert A, Tonn JC, Kreth FW. Interstitial iodine-125 radiosurgery alone or in combination with microsurgery for pediatric patients with eloquently located low-grade glioma: a pilot study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23(1): 39-46.
25. Korinthenberg R, Neuburger D, Trippel M, Ostertag C, Nikkhah G. Long-term results of brachytherapy with temporary iodine-125 seeds in children with low-grade gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(4): 1131-1138.
26. Kaplan E, Meier P. Non parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53: 457-481.
27. Klein J. Small sample moments of the estimator of the variance of the Kaplan-Meier and Nelson-Aalen estimators. Scand J Stat. 1991;18: 333-340.
28. Miller A. Selection of subsets of regression variables (with discussion). J Royal Stat Soc. Series A. 1984;147: 389-425.
29. Gnekow AK. Recommendations of the Brain Tumor Subcommittee for the reporting of trials. SIOP Brain Tumor Subcommittee. International Society of Pediatric Oncology. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;24(2): 104-108.
30. Poussaint TY, Barnes PD, Nichols K, et al. Diencephalic syndrome: clinical features and imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(8): 1499-1505.
31. Gropman AL, Packer RJ, Nicholson HS, et al. Treatment of diencephalic syndrome with chemotherapy: growth, tumor response, and long term control. Cancer. 1998;83(1): 166-172.
32. Perilongo G, Carollo C, Salviati L, et al. Diencephalic syndrome and disseminated juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas of the hypothalamic-optic chiasm region. Cancer. 1997;80(1): 142-146.
33. von Hornstein S, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, et al. Impact of chemotherapy on disseminated low-grade glioma in children and adolescents: report from the HIT-LGG 1996 trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(7): 1046-1054.
34. Stokland T, Liu JF, Ironside JW, et al. A multivariate analysis of factors determining tumor progression in childhood low-grade glioma: a population-based cohort study (CCLG CNS9702). Neuro Oncol. 2010;12(12): 1257-1268.
35. Fisher BJ, Leighton CC, Vujovic O, Macdonald DR, Stitt L. Results of a policy of surveillance alone after surgical management of pediatric low grade gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51(3): 704-710.
36. Qaddoumi I, Sultan I, Gajjar A. Outcome and prognostic features in pediat-ric gliomas: a review of 6212 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cancer. 2009;115(24): 5761-5770.
37. Fisher PG, Tihan T, Goldthwaite PT, et al. Outcome analysis of childhood low-grade astrocytomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51(2): 245-250.
38. Hernaiz Driever P, von Hornstein S, Pietsch T, et al. Natural history and management of low-grade glioma in NF-1 children. J Neurooncol. 2010;100(2): 199-207.
39. Nicolin G, Parkin P, Mabbott D, et al. Natural history and outcome of optic pathway gliomas in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53(7): 1231-1237.
40. Packer RJ, Ater J, Allen J, et al. Carboplatin and vincristine chemotherapy for children with newly diagnosed progressive low-grade gliomas. J Neurosurg. 1997;86(5): 747-754.
41. Massimino M, Spreafico F, Cefalo G, et al. High response rate to cisplat-in/etoposide regimen in childhood low-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(20): 4209-4216.
42. Laithier V, Grill J, Le Deley MC, et al. Progression-free survival in children with optic pathway tumors: dependence on age and the quality of the response to chemotherapy-results of the first French prospective study for the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24): 4572-4578.
43. Ater J, Holmes E, Zhou T, et al. ResultsofCOG protocol A9952: a randomized phase3studyoftwochemotherapy regimes forincompletely resected low-grade glioma in young children. Neuro Oncol. 2008;10(3): 451.
44. Adriaensen ME, Schaefer-Prokop CM, Stijnen T, Duyndam DA, Zonnenberg BA, Prokop M. Prevalence of subependymal giant cell tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis and a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(6): 691-696.
45. Fletcher WA, Imes RK, Hoyt WF. Chiasmal gliomas: appearance and long-term changes demonstrated by computerized tomography. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(2): 154-159.
46. Constantini S, Miller DC, Allen JC, Rorke LB, Freed D, Epstein FJ. Radical excision of intramedullary spinal cord tumors: surgical morbidity and long-term follow-up evaluation in 164 children and young adults. J Neurosurg Spine. 2000;93(2): 183-193.
47. Scheinemann K, Bartels U, Huang A, et al. Survival and functional outcome of childhood spinal cord low-grade gliomas. Clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;4(3): 254-261.
48. Stiller CA, Nectoux J. International incidence of childhood brain and spinal tumours. Int J Epidemiol. 1994;23(3): 458-464.
49. Watson GA, Kadota RP, Wisoff JH. Multidisciplinary management of pe-diatric low-grade gliomas. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2001;11(2): 152-162.
50. Tihan T, Fisher PG, Kepner JL, et al. Pediatric astrocytomas with mono-morphous pilomyxoid features and a less favorable outcome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999;58(10): 1061-1068.
51. Kleihues P, Louis DN, Scheithauer BW, et al. The WHO classification of tumors of the nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61(3): 215-225. discussion 226-229.
52. Jones DT, Mulholland SA, Pearson DM, et al. Adult grade II diffuse astrocytomas are genetically distinct from and more aggressive than their paediatric counterparts. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;121(6): 753-761.
53. Dirks PB, Jay V, Becker LE, et al. Development of anaplastic changes in low-grade astrocytomasofchildhood. Neurosurgery.1994;34(1): 68-78.
54. Krieger MD, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Levy ML, McComb JG. Recurrence patterns and anaplastic change in a long-term study of pilocytic astro-cytomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1997;27(1): 1-11.
55. Zoeller GK, Brathwaite CD, Sandberg DI. Malignant transformation of an optic pathway glioma without prior radiation therapy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;5(5): 507-510.
56. Broniscer A, Baker SJ, West AN, et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of malignant transformation of low-grade glioma in children. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(6): 682-689.
57. Massimino M, Spreafico F, Riva D, et al. A lower-dose, lower-toxicity cisplatin-etoposide regimen for childhood progressive low-grade glioma. J Neurooncol. 2010;100(1): 65-71.
58. Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Sobol RW, et al. IDH1 mutations are common in malignant gliomas arising in adolescents: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;27(1): 87-94.
59. Warmuth-Metz M, Bison B, Leykamm S. Neuroradiologic review in pe-diatric brain tumor studies. Klin Neuroradiol. 2009;19(4): 263-273.
60. Janss AJ, Grundy R, Cnaan A, et al. Optic pathway and hypothalamic/chiasmatic gliomas in children younger than age 5 years with a 6-year follow-up. Cancer. 1995;75(4): 1051-1059.
61. Leonard JR, Perry A, Rubin JB, King AA, Chicoine MR, Gutmann DH. The role of surgical biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma in individuals with neurofibromatosis-1. Neurology. 2006;67(8): 1509-1512.
62. Ekinci G, Akpinar IN, Baltacioglu F, et al. Early-postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in glial tumors: prediction of tumor regrowth and recurrence. Eur J Radiol. 2003;45(2): 99-107.
63. Pencalet P, Maixner W, Sainte-Rose C, et al. Benign cerebellar astrocy-tomas in children. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(2): 265-273.
64. Merchant TE, Kiehna EN, Thompson SJ, Heideman R, Sanford RA, Kun LE. Pediatric low-grade and ependymal spinal cord tumors. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;32(1): 30-36.
65. Silva MM, Goldman S, Keating G, Marymont MA, Kalapurakal J, Tomita T. Optic pathway hypothalamic gliomas in children under three years of age: the roleofchemotherapy. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;33(3): 151-158.
66. Souweidane MM, Hoffman HJ. Current treatment of thalamic gliomas in children. J Neurooncol. 1996;28(2-3): 157-166.
67. Grill J, Laithier V, Rodriguez D, Raquin MA, Pierre-Kahn A, Kalifa C. When do children with optic pathway tumours need treatment? An oncological perspective in 106 patients treated in a single centre. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159(9): 692-696.
68. Huber J, Sovinz P, Lackner H, Mokry M, Eder H, Urban C. Diencephalic syndrome: a frequently delayed diagnosis in failure to thrive. Klin Padiatr. 2007;219(2): 91-94.
69. Shaw EG, Wisoff JH. Prospective clinical trials of intracranial low-grade glioma in adults and children. Neuro Oncol. 2003;5(3): 153-160.
70. Sanford A, Kun L, Sposto R, et al. Low-grade gliomas of childhood: impact of surgical resection. A report from the Childreń s Oncology Group [abstract]. J Neurosurg. 2002;96: 427-428.
71. Scheinemann K, Bartels U, Tsangaris E, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of repeated chemotherapy for progressive pediatric low-grade gliomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57(1): 84-88.
72. Merchant TE, Kun LE, Wu S, Xiong X, Sanford RA, Boop FA. Phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy for pediatric low-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(22): 3598-3604.
73. Mishra KK, Puri DR, Missett BT, et al. The role of up-front radiation therapy for incompletely resected pediatric WHO grade II low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2006;8(2): 166-174.
74. Prados MD, Edwards MS, Rabbitt J, Lamborn K, Davis RL, Levin VA. Treatmentof pediatric low-grade gliomas with a nitrosourea-based multiagent chemotherapy regimen. J Neurooncol. 1997;32(3): 235-241.
75. Packer RJ, Meadows AT, Rorke LB, Goldwein JL, D'Angio G. Long-term sequelae of cancer treatment on the central nervous system in childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1987;15(5): 241-253.
76. Merchant TE, Conklin HM, Wu S, Lustig RH, Xiong X. Late effects of conformal radiation therapy for pediatric patients with low-grade glioma: prospective evaluation of cognitive, endocrine, and hearing deficits. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(22): 3691-3697. Epub 2009 Jul 3696.
77. Aarsen FK, Paquier PF, Arts WF, et al. Cognitive deficits and predictors 3 years after diagnosis of a pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(21): 3526-3532. Epub 2009 May 3511.
78. Lacaze E, Kieffer V, Streri A, et al. Neuropsychological outcome in children with optic pathway tumours when first-line treatment is chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(11): 2038-2044.
79. Tacke U, Karger D, Spreer J, Berlis A, Nikkhah G, Korinthenberg R%.Incidence of vasculopathy in children with hypothalamic/chiasmatic gliomas treated with brachytherapy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(6): 961-966.
80. Mahoney DH, Jr., Cohen ME, Friedman HS, et al. Carboplatin is effective therapy for young children with progressive optic pathway tumors: a Pediatric Oncology Group phase II study. Neuro Oncol. 2000;2(4): 213-220.
81. Marcus KJ, Goumnerova L, Billett AL, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for localized low-grade gliomas in children: final results of a prospective trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(2): 374-379.
82. Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Taylor RE, et al. Current and future strategies in radiotherapy of childhood low-grade glioma of the brain. Part I: Treatment modalities of radiation therapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2003;179(8): 509-520.
83. Combs SE, Schulz-Ertner D, Moschos D, Thilmann C, Huber PE, Debus J. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of optic pathway gliomas: tolerance and long-term outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62(3): 814-819.
84. Lafay-Cousin L, Sung L, Carret AS, et al. Carboplatin hypersensitivity reaction in pediatric patients with low-grade glioma: a Canadian Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium experience. Cancer. 2008;112(4): 892-899.
85. Genc DB, Canpolat C, Berrak SG. Clinical features and management of carboplatin-related hypersensitivity reactions in pediatric low-grade glioma. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20: 385-393.
86. Dalla Via P, Opocher E, Pinello ML, et al. Visual outcome of a cohort of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and optic pathway glioma followed by a pediatric neuro-oncology program. Neuro Oncol. 2007;9(4): 430-437.
87. Campagna M, Opocher E, Viscardi E, et al. Optic pathway glioma: long-term visual outcome in children without neurofibromatosis type-1. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(6): 1083-1088.
88. Moreno L, Bautista F, Ashley S, Duncan C, Zacharoulis S. Does chemotherapy affect the visual outcome in children with optic pathway glioma? A systematic review of the evidence. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(12): 2253-2259.
89. Packer RJ, Jakacki R, Horn M, et al. Objective response of multiply recurrent low-grade gliomas to bevacizumab and irinotecan. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52(7): 791-795.
90. Ronghe M, Hargrave D, Bartels U, et al. Vincristine and carboplatin chemotherapy for unresectable and/or recurrent low-grade astrocytoma of the brainstem. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(3): 471-477.
91. Opocher E, Kremer LC, Da Dalt L, et al. Prognostic factors for progression of childhood optic pathway glioma: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(12): 1807-1816.
92. Perilongo G, Garre ML, Giangaspero F. Low-grade gliomas and lepto-meningeal dissemination: a poorly understood phenomenon. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19(4): 197-203.
93. Hukin J, Siffert J, Cohen H, Velasquez L, Zagzag D, Allen J. Leptomeningeal dissemination at diagnosis of pediatric low-grade neu-roepithelial tumors. Neuro Oncol. 2003;5(3): 188-196.
94. Gajjar A, Bhargava R, Jenkins JJ, et al. Low-grade astrocytoma with neuraxis dissemination at diagnosis. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(1): 67-71.
95. Pollack IF, Hurtt M, Pang D, Albright AL. Dissemination of low grade intracranial astrocytomas in children. Cancer. 1994;73(11): 2869-2878.
96. Kovalic JJ, Grigsby PW, Shepard MJ, Fineberg BB, Thomas PR. Radiation therapy for gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18(4): 927-932.
97. Grabenbauer GG, Schuchardt U, Buchfelder M, et al. Radiation therapy of optico-hypothalamic gliomas (OHG)-radiographic response, vision and late toxicity. Radiother Oncol. 2000;54(3): 239-245.
98. Saran FH, Baumert BG, Khoo VS, et al. Stereotactically guided confor-mal radiotherapy for progressive low-grade gliomas of childhood. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53(1): 43-51.
99. Erkal HS, Serin M, Cakmak A. Management of optic pathway and chiasmatic-hypothalamic gliomas in children with radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol. 1997;45(1): 11-15.
100. Grill J, Couanet D, Cappelli C, et al. Radiation-induced cerebral vascul-opathy in children with neurofibromatosis and optic pathway glioma. Ann Neurol. 1999;45(3): 393-396.
101. Horn P, Pfister S, Bueltmann E, Vajkoczy P, Schmiedek P. Moyamoya-like vasculopathy (moyamoya syndrome) in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20(6): 382-391.
102. Rueckriegel SM, Driever PH, Blankenburg F, Ludemann L, Henze G, Bruhn H. Differences in supratentorial damage of white matter in pedi-atric survivors of posterior fossa tumors with and without adjuvant treatment as detected by magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3): 859-866.
103. Rueckriegel SM, Blankenburg F, Henze G, Baque H, Driever PH. Loss of fine motor function correlates with ataxia and decline of cognition in cerebellar tumor survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53(3): 424-431.
104. Peters O, Gnekow AK, Rating D, Wolff JE. Impact of location on outcome in children with low-grade oligodendroglioma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004;43(3): 250-256.
105. Hargrave D. Paediatric high and low grade glioma: the impact of tumour biology on current and future therapy. Br J Neurosurg. 2009;23(4): 351-363.
106. Cappellano AM, Bouffet E, Cavalheiro S, Seixas MT, da Silva NS. Diffuse intrinsic brainstem tumor in an infant: a case of therapeutic efficacy with vinorelbine. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;33(2): 116-118.
107. Jakacki RI, Hamilton M, Gilbertson RJ, et al. Pediatric phase I and phar-macokinetic study of erlotinib followed by the combination of erlotinib and temozolomide: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I Consortium Study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(30): 4921-4927.
108. Hegedus B, Banerjee D, Yeh TH, et al. Preclinical cancer therapy in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis-1 optic glioma. Cancer Res. 2008;68(5): 1520-1528.
109. Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Oncogenic RAF1 rearrangement and a novel BRAF mutation as alternatives to KIAA1549: BRAF fusion in activating the MAPK pathway in pilo-cytic astrocytoma. Oncogene. 2009;28(20): 2119-2123.
110. Pfister S, Janzarik WG, Remke M, et al. BRAF gene duplication constitutes a mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in low-grade astrocy-tomas. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(5): 1739-1749.
111. Pfister S, Remke M, Benner A, et al. Outcome prediction in pediatric medulloblastoma based on DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 6q and 17q and the MYC and MYCN loci. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(10): 1627-1636.
112. Kool M, Koster J, Bunt J, et al. Integrated genomics identifies five medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct genetic profiles, pathway signatures and clinicopathological features. PLoS One. 2008;3(8): e3088.