Management of Advanced-Stage Operable Esophageal Cancer

Surgical Clinics of North America

Volumn 92, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1179-1197

  Bharat, Ankit ^a   Crabtree, Traves ^a  

^a BARNES JEWISH HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Esophageal cancer; Neoadjuvant therapy; Surgery

Indexed keywords

CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; PACLITAXEL;

ADJUVANT CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; ADVANCED CANCER; ANASTOMOSIS LEAKAGE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISTANT METASTASIS; EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; EMPYEMA; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; LONG TERM SURVIVAL; LUNG COMPLICATION; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPH VESSEL METASTASIS; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; MICROMETASTASIS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; POSITRON; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; RADIATION DOSE; RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE PALSY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR RECURRENCE; TUMOR VOLUME;

ABDOMEN; ADENOCARCINOMA; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; ESOPHAGECTOMY; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; MEDIASTINUM; NECK; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT;

EID: 84866862491     PISSN: 00396109     EISSN: 15583171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2012.07.012     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M.M., et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011, 61:69-90.
2. Siegel R., Ward E., Brawley O., et al. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011, 61(4):212-236.
3. Engel L.S., Chow W.H., Vaughan T.L., et al. Population attributable risks of esophageal and gastric cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003, 95:1404-1413.
4. Brown L.M., Devesa S.S., Chow W.H. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:1184-1187.
5. Daly J.M., Fry W.A., Little A.G., et al. Esophageal cancer: results of an American College of Surgeons Patient Care Evaluation Study. J Am Coll Surg 2000, 190:562-572. [discussion: 572-3].
6. Rice T.W., Rusch V.W., Ishwaran H., et al. Cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: data-driven staging for the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Cancer Staging Manuals. Cancer 2010, 116(16):3763-3773.
7. Walker A.J., Spier B.J., Perlman S.B., et al. Integrated PET/CT fusion imaging and endoscopic ultrasound in the pre-operative staging and evaluation of esophageal cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2011, 13(1):166-171.
8. Feith M., Stein H.J., Siewert J.R. Pattern of lymphatic spread of Barrett's cancer. World J Surg 2003, 27:1052-1057.
9. Stein H.J., Feith M., Siewert J.R. Individualized surgical strategies for cancer of the esophagogastric junction. Ann Chir Gynaecol 2000, 89:191-198.
10. Hulscher J.B., van Sandick J.W., de Boer A.G., et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1662-1669.
11. Omloo J.M., Lagarde S.M., Hulscher J.B., et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus: five-year survival of a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 2007, 246:992-1000. [discussion: 1000-1].
12. Chu K.M., Law S.Y., Fok M., et al. A prospective randomized comparison of transhiatal and transthoracic resection for lower-third esophageal carcinoma. Am J Surg 1997, 174:320-324.
13. Goldminc M., Maddern G., Le Prise E., et al. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg 1993, 80:367-370.
14. Pennathur A., Zhang J., Chen H., et al. The " best operation" for esophageal cancer?. Ann Thorac Surg 2010, 89:S2163-S2167.
15. Luketich J.D., Alvelo-Rivera M., Buenaventura P.O., et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy: outcomes in 222 patients. Ann Surg 2003, 238:486-494. [discussion: 494-5].
16. Hosch S.B., Stoecklein N.H., Pichlmeier U., et al. Esophageal cancer: the mode of lymphatic tumor cell spread and its prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:1970-1975.
17. Rice T.W. Superficial oesophageal carcinoma: is there a need for three-field lymphadenectomy?. Lancet 1999, 354:792-794.
18. Lerut T., Nafteux P., Moons J., et al. Three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction in 174 R0 resections: impact on staging, disease-free survival, and outcome: a plea for adaptation of TNM classification in upper-half esophageal carcinoma. Ann Surg 2004, 240:962-972. [discussion: 972-4].
19. Siewert J.R., Stein H.J., Bottcher K. Chirurg 1996, 67(9):877-888. [in German].
20. Siewert J.R., Stein H.J. Lymph-node dissection in squamous cell esophageal cancer-who benefits?. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1999, 384(2):141-148.
21. Hennessy T.P. Lymph node dissection. World J Surg 1994, 18(3):367-372.
22. Jamieson G.G., Lamb P.J., Thompson S.K. The role of lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer. Ann Surg 2009, 250(2):206-209.
23. Nishihira T., Hirayama K., Mori S. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am J Surg 1998, 175(1):47-51.
24. Cense H.A., van Eijck C.H., Tilanus H.W. New insights in the lymphatic spread of oesophageal cancer and its implications for the extent of surgical resection. Best practice & research. Clin Gastroenterol 2006, 20(5):893-906.
25. Fang W.T., Chen W.H. Current trends in extended lymph node dissection for esophageal carcinoma. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2009, 17(2):208-213.
26. Tabira Y., Okuma T., Sakaguchi T., et al. Three-field dissection or two-field dissection?-A proposal of new algorithm for lymphadenectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 2004, 51:1015-1020.
27. Fiorica F., Di Bona D., Schepis F., et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2004, 53:925-930.
28. Malthaner R.A., Wong R.K., Rumble R.B., et al. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2004, 2:35.
29. Greer S.E., Goodney P.P., Sutton J.E., et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Surgery 2005, 137:172-177.
30. Orringer M.B., Marshall B., Chang A.C., et al. Two thousand transhiatal esophagectomies: changing trends, lessons learned. Ann Surg 2007, 246:363-372. [discussion: 372-4].
31. Altorki N., Kent M., Ferrara C., et al. Three-field lymph node dissection for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg 2002, 236:177-183.
32. Igaki H., Tachimori Y., Kato H. Improved survival for patients with upper and/or middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower thoracic esophagus treated with 3-field dissection. Ann Surg 2004, 239(4):483-490.
33. Schuhmacher C., Novotny A., Ott K., et al. Chirurg 2007, 78(3):203-206. 208-12, 214-6. [in German].
34. Doki Y., Ishikawa O., Takachi K., et al. Association of the primary tumor location with the site of tumor recurrence after curative resection of thoracic esophageal carcinoma. World J Surg 2005, 29:700-707.
35. Law S., Wong J. Current management of esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2005, 9(2):291-310.
36. Hsu C.P., Hsu N.Y., Shai S.E., et al. Pre-tracheal lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005, 31:749-754.
37. Slim K., Blay J.Y., Brouquet A., et al. J Chir (Paris) 2009, 146(Suppl 2):S11-S80. [in French].
38. Enzinger P.C., Mayer R.J. Esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349(23):2241-2252.
39. Tytgat G.N., Bartelink H., Bernards R., et al. Cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia: recent advances. Dis Esophagus 2004, 17:10-26.
40. Collard J.M., Otte J.B., Fiasse R., et al. Skeletonizing en bloc esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Surg 2001, 234:25-32.
41. Mariette C., Piessen G., Balon J.M., et al. Surgery alone in the curative treatment of localised oesophageal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004, 30:869-876.
42. Ando N., Iizuka T., Ide H., et al. Surgery plus chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study-JCOG9204. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:4592-4596.
43. Ando N., Iizuka T., Kakegawa T., et al. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997, 114:205-209.
44. Rice T.W., Adelstein D.J., Chidel M.A., et al. Benefit of postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced esophageal carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 126:1590-1596.
45. Law S. Optimal surgical approach for esophagectomy: the debate still goes on?. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009, 15(5):277-279.
46. Gignoux M., Roussel A., Paillot B., et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: results of a study of the E.O.R.T.C. World J Surg 1987, 11:426-432.
47. Launois B., Delarue D., Campion J.P., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981, 153:690-692.
48. Nygaard K., Hagen S., Hansen H.S., et al. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg 1992, 16:1104-1109. [discussion: 1110].
49. Arnott S.J., Duncan W., Kerr G.R., et al. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oesophagus: results of a randomized clinical trial. Radiother Oncol 1992, 24:108-113.
50. Wang M., Gu X.Z., Yin W.B., et al. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989, 16:325-327.
51. Arnott S.J., Duncan W., Gignoux M., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, (4). CD001799.
52. Kelsen D.P., Ginsberg R., Pajak T.F., et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1979-1984.
53. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 359(9319):1727-1733.
54. Gebski V., Burmeister B., Smithers B.M., et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2007, 8:226-234.
55. Walsh T.N., Noonan N., Hollywood D., et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:462-467.
56. Burmeister B.H., Smithers B.M., Gebski V., et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2005, 6:659-668.
57. Urba S.G., Orringer B.M., Turrisi A., et al. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:305-313.
58. Tepper J., Krasna M.J., Niedzwiecki D., et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:1086-1092.
59. Urschel J.D., Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg 2003, 185(6):538-543.
60. Stahl M., Walz M.K., Stuschke M., et al. Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:851-856.
61. Stahl M., Stuschke M., Lehmann N., et al. Chemoradiation with and without surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:2310-2317.
62. Bedenne L., Michel P., Bouche O., et al. Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:1160-1168.
63. Tougeron D., Di Fiore F., Hamidou H., et al. Response to definitive chemoradiotherapy and survival in patients with an oesophageal adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma: a matched-pair analysis. Oncology 2007, 73:328-334.
64. Di Fiore F., Lecleire S., Rigal O., et al. Predictive factors of survival in patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:4185-4190.
65. Westerterp M., van Westreenen H.L., Reitsma J.B., et al. Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy-systematic review. Radiology 2005, 236:841-851.
66. Ngamruengphong S., Sharma V.K., Nguyen B., et al. Assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer: an updated systematic review of diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Dis Esophagus 2010, 23:216-231.
67. Machlenkin S., Melzer E., Idelevich E., et al. Endoscopic ultrasound: doubtful accuracy for restaging esophageal cancer after preoperative chemotherapy. Isr Med Assoc J 2009, 11:166-169.
68. Rebollo Aguirre A.C., Ramos-Font C., Villegas Portero R., et al. 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose positron emission tomography for the evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy response in esophageal cancer: systematic review of the literature. Ann Surg 2009, 250:247-254.
69. Junginger T., Dutkowski P. Selective approach to the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 1996, 83(10):1473-1477.
70. Lerut T.E., de Leyn P., Coosemans W., et al. Advanced esophageal carcinoma. World J Surg 1994, 18:379-387.
71. Holscher A.H., Bollschweiler E., Bumm R., et al. Prognostic factors of resected adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Surgery 1995, 118:845-855.
72. Fok M., Law S.Y., Wong J. Operable esophageal carcinoma: current results from Hong Kong. World J Surg 1994, 18(3):355-360.
73. Matsubara T., Ueda M., Kokudo N., et al. Role of esophagectomy in treatment of esophageal carcinoma with clinical evidence of adjacent organ invasion. World J Surg 2001, 25:279-284.
74. Shimada H.S., Okazumi S., Matsubara H., et al. Impact of the number and extent of positive lymph nodes in 200 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after three-field lymph node dissection. World J Surg 2006, 30:1441-1449.
75. Shimada H., Kitabayashi H., Nabeya Y., et al. Treatment response and prognosis of patients after recurrence of esophageal cancer. Surgery 2003, 133:24-31.
76. Ichiyoshi Y., Kawahara H., Taga S., et al. Indications and operative techniques for combined aortoesophageal resection. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999, 47:318-324.
77. Ancona E., Ruol A., Castoro C., et al. First-line chemotherapy improves the resection rate and long-term survival of locally advanced (T4, any N, M0) squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: final report on 163 consecutive patients with 5-year follow-up. Ann Surg 1997, 226:714-723.
78. John M.J., Flam M.S., Mowry P.A., et al. Radiotherapy alone and chemoradiation for nonmetastatic esophageal carcinoma. A critical review of chemoradiation. Cancer 1989, 63:2397-2403.
79. Seto Y., Chin K., Gomi K., et al. Treatment of thoracic esophageal carcinoma invading adjacent structures. Cancer Sci 2007, 98:937-942.
80. Fujita H., Sueyoshi S., Tanaka T., et al. Esophagectomy: is it necessary after chemoradiotherapy for a locally advanced T4 esophageal cancer? Prospective nonrandomized trial comparing chemoradiotherapy with surgery versus without surgery. World J Surg 2005, 29:25-30. [discussion: 30-1].
81. de Manzoni G., Pedrazzani C., Pasini F., et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus with clinical evidence of adjacent organ invasion. J Surg Oncol 2007, 95:261-266.
82. Miyoshi N., Yano M., Takachi K., et al. Myelotoxicity of preoperative chemoradiotherapy is a significant determinant of poor prognosis in patients with T4 esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2009, 99:302-306.
83. Noguchi T., Moriyama H., Wada S., et al. Resection surgery with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy improves outcomes of patients with T4 esophageal carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2003, 16(2):94-98.
84. Ikeda K., Ishida K., Sato N., et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for thoracic esophageal cancer potentially or actually involving adjacent organs. Dis Esophagus 2001, 14:197-201.
85. Yano M., Tsujinaka T., Shiozaki H., et al. Concurrent chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil and cisplatin) and radiation therapy followed by surgery for T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol 1999, 70:25-32.
86. Itoh Y., Fuwa N., Matsumoto A., et al. Outcomes of radiotherapy for inoperable locally advanced (T4) esophageal cancer-retrospective analysis. Radiat Med 2001, 19:231-235.
87. Tachibana M., Dhar D.K., Kinugasa S., et al. Surgical treatment for locally advanced (T4) squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Dysphagia 2002, 17:255-261.
88. Fujita H., Sueyoshi S., Tanaka T., et al. Prospective non-randomized trial comparing esophagectomy-followed-by-chemoradiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy-followed-by-esophagectomy for T4 esophageal cancers. J Surg Oncol 2005, 90:209-219.
89. Lee J., Lee K.E., Im Y.M., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in lymph node-positive thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2005, 80:1170-1175.
90. Schreiber, D, Rineer J, Vongtama D, et al. Impact of postoperative radiation after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Journal of thoracic oncology: official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 2010; 5(2):244-50.
91. Teniere P., Hay J.M., Fingerhut A., et al. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. French University Association for Surgical Research. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991, 173:123-130.
92. Fok M., Sham J.S., Choy D., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Surgery 1993, 113:138-147.
93. Xiao Z.F., Yang Z.Y., Liang J., et al. Value of radiotherapy after radical surgery for esophageal carcinoma: a report of 495 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003, 75:331-336.
94. Macdonald J.S., Smalley S.R., Benedetti J., et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:725-730.
95. Schlag P.M. Randomized trial of preoperative chemotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. The Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fuer Onkologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fuer Chirurgie Study Group. Arch Surg 1992, 127(12):1446-1450.
96. Maipang T., Vasinanukorn P., Petpichetchian C., et al. Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol 1994, 56(3):191-197.
97. Law S., Fok M., Chow S., et al. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997, 114(2):210-217.
98. Ancona E., Ruol A., Santi S., et al. Only pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves significantly the long term survival of patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: final report of a randomized, controlled trial of preoperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone. Cancer 2001, 91(11):2165-2174.