Melanoma Staging. Where Are We Now?

Dermatologic Clinics

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 581-592

  Piris, Adriano ^a   Lobo, Alice Coelho ^b   Duncan, Lyn M ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

American Joint Committee on Cancer; Melanoma classification; Melanoma staging

Indexed keywords

EOSIN; HEMATOXYLIN; KI 67 ANTIGEN; MELAN A; MICROPHTHALMIA ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; PROTEIN S 100;

CANCER INVASION; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL COUNT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE MARKER; DISTANT METASTASIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN-TRANSIT METASTASIS; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; MELANOMA; MELANOMA CELL; MITOSIS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGIONAL METASTASIS; REVIEW; SATELLITE METASTASIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; SKIN ULCER; TUMOR VOLUME;

HUMANS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MELANOMA; MITOTIC INDEX; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84866786261     PISSN: 07338635     EISSN: 15580520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2012.06.001     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Balch C.M., Gershenwald J.E., Soong S.J., et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:6199-6206.
2. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional area and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1970, 172:902-908.
3. Piris A., Mihm M.C., Duncan L.M. AJCC melanoma staging update: impact on dermatopathology practice and patient management. J Cutan Pathol 2011, 38:394-400.
4. Azzola M.F., Shaw H.M., Thompson J.F., et al. Tumor mitotic rate is a more powerful prognostic indicator than ulceration in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of 3661 patients from a single center. Cancer 2003, 97:1488-1498.
5. Karakousis G.C., Gimotty P.A., Botbyl J.D., et al. Predictors of regional nodal disease in patients with thin melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2006, 13:533-541.
6. Kesmodel S.B., Karakousis G.C., Botbyl J.D., et al. Mitotic rate as a predictor of sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with thin melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:449-458.
7. Thompson J.F., Soong S.J., Balch C.M., et al. Prognostic significance of mitotic rate in localized primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of patients in the multi-institutional American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging database. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:2199-2205.
8. AJCC cancer staging manual 2009, 332. Springer, Chicago. 7th edition. S.B. Edge, D.R. Byrd, C.C. Compton (Eds.).
9. Gimotty P.A., Van Belle P., Elder D.E., et al. Biologic and prognostic significance of dermal Ki67 expression, mitoses, and tumorigenicity in thin invasive cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:8048-8056.
10. Allen A.C., Spitz S. Malignant melanoma a clinicopathological analysis of the criteria for diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer 1953, 6:1-45.
11. Balch C.M., Murad T.M., Soong S.J., et al. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: prognostic histopathological features comparing Clark's and Breslow's staging methods. Ann Surg 1978, 188:732-742.
12. Balch C.M., Buzaid A.C., Atkins M.B., et al. A new American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2000, 88:1484-1491.
13. Balch C.M., Buzaid A.C., Soong S.J., et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:3635-3648.
14. Clark W.H., Elder D.E., Guerry D., et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989, 81:1893-1904.
15. Ronan S.G., Eng A.M., Briele H.A., et al. Thin malignant melanomas with regression and metastases. Arch Dermatol 1987, 123:1326-1330.
16. Busam K.J., Antonescu C.R., Marghoob A.A., et al. Histologic classification of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. A study of interobserver agreement. Am J Clin Pathol 2001, 115:856-860.
17. Clemente C.G., Mihm M.C., Bufalino R., et al. Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1996, 77:1303-1310.
18. Jacobs J., Nierkens S., Figdor C., et al. Regulatory T cells in melanoma: the final hurdle towards effective immunotherapy?. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13:e32-e42.
19. Soiffer R., Hodi F.S., Haluska F., et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:3343-3350.
20. Hodi F.S., Oble D.A., Drappatz J., et al. CTLA-4 blockade with ipilimumab induces significant clinical benefit in a female with melanoma metastases to the CNS. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008, 5:557-561.
21. Petersson F., Diwan A.H., Ivan D., et al. Immunohistochemical detection of lymphovascular invasion with D2-40 in melanoma correlates with sentinel lymph node status, metastasis and survival. J Cutan Pathol 2009, 36:1157-1163.
22. Schmidt C.R., Panageas K.S., Coit D.G., et al. An increased number of sentinel lymph nodes is associated with advanced Breslow depth and lymphovascular invasion in patients with primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009, 16:948-952.
23. Barnhill R.L., Fine J.A., Roush G.C., et al. Predicting five-year outcome for patients with cutaneous melanoma in a population-based study. Cancer 1996, 78:427-432.
24. Doeden K., Ma Z., Narasimhan B., et al. Lymphatic invasion in cutaneous melanoma is associated with sentinel lymph node metastasis. J Cutan Pathol 2009, 36:772-780.
25. Barnhill R.L., Lugassy C. Angiotropic malignant melanoma and extravascular migratory metastasis: description of 36 cases with emphasis on a new mechanism of tumour spread. Pathology 2004, 36:485-490.
26. Lugassy C., Barnhill R.L. Angiotropic melanoma and extravascular migratory metastasis: a review. Adv Anat Pathol 2007, 14:195-201.
27. Xu X., Chen L., Guerry D., et al. Lymphatic invasion is independently prognostic of metastasis in primary cutaneous melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:229-237.
28. Yun S.J., Gimotty P.A., Hwang W.T., et al. High lymphatic vessel density and lymphatic invasion underlie the adverse prognostic effect of radial growth phase regression in melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:235-242.
29. Xu X., Gimotty P.A., Guerry D., et al. Lymphatic invasion revealed by multispectral imaging is common in primary melanomas and associates with prognosis. Hum Pathol 2008, 39:901-909.
30. Gershenwald J.E., Soong S.J., Balch C.M., American Joint Committee on Cancer Melanoma Staging Committee 2010 TNM staging system for cutaneous melanoma... and beyond. Ann Surg Oncol 2010, 17:1475-1477.
31. Day C.L., Harrist T.J., Gorstein F., et al. Malignant melanoma. Prognostic significance of " microscopic satellites" in the reticular dermis and subcutaneous fat. Ann Surg 1981, 194:108-112.
32. Harrist T.J., Rigel D.S., Day C.L., et al. " Microscopic satellites" are more highly associated with regional lymph node metastases than is primary melanoma thickness. Cancer 1984, 53:2183-2187.
33. Murali R., Desilva C., Thompson J.F., et al. Factors predicting recurrence and survival in sentinel lymph node-positive melanoma patients. Ann Surg 2011, 253:1155-1164.
34. Gershenwald J., Thompson W., Mansfield P.F., et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999, 27:976-983.
35. Morton D., Wen D.R., Wong J., et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992, 127:392-399.
36. Liu L.C., Lang J.E., Jenkins T., et al. Is it necessary to harvest additional lymph nodes after resection of the most radioactive sentinel lymph node in breast cancer?. J Am Coll Surg 2008, 207:853-858.
37. Kroon H.M., Lowe L., Wong S., et al. What is a sentinel node? Re-evaluating the 10% rule for sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2007, 95:623-628.
38. Reintgen D., Cruse C.W., Wells K., et al. The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases. Ann Surg 1994, 220:759-767.
39. Yu L.L., Flotte T.J., Tanabe K.K., et al. Detection of microscopic melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer 1999, 86:617-627.
40. Scolyer R.A., Murali R., McCarthy S.W., et al. Pathologic examination of sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008, 25:100-111.
41. Clary B.M., Brady M.S., Lewis J.J., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: review of a large single-institutional experience with an emphasis on recurrence. Ann Surg 2001, 233:250-258.
42. Shidham V.B., Qi D.Y., Acker S., et al. Evaluation of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes of cutaneous melanoma: higher diagnostic accuracy with Melan-A and MART-1 compared with S-100 protein and HMB-45. Am J Surg Pathol 2001, 25:1039-1046.
43. Abrahamsen H.N., Hamilton-Dutoit S.J., Larsen J., et al. Sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma: extended histopathologic evaluation improves diagnostic precision. Cancer 2004, 100:1683-1691.
44. Scolyer R.A., Thompson J.F., McCarthy S.W., et al. Intraoperative frozen-section evaluation can reduce accuracy of pathologic assessment of sentinel nodes in melanoma patients. J Am Coll Surg 2005, 201:821-823.
45. Thompson J.F. The value of sentinel node biopsy in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Dermatol Surg 2008, 34:550-554. [discussion: 4-5].
46. Biddle D.A., Evans H.L., Kemp B.L., et al. Intraparenchymal nevus cell aggregates in lymph nodes: a possible diagnostic pitfall with malignant melanoma and carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:673-681.
47. Gershenwald J.E., Ross M.I. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:1738-1745.
48. Veenstra H.J., Wouters M.J., Kroon B.B., et al. Less false-negative sentinel node procedures in melanoma patients with experience and proper collaboration. J Surg Oncol 2011, 104:454-457.
49. Gershenwald J.E., Colome M.I., Lee J.E., et al. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:2253-2260.
50. Kanzler M.H. Sentinel node biopsy and standard of care for melanoma: a re-evaluation of the evidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010, 62:880-884.
51. Gershenwald J.E., Andtbacka R.H., Prieto V.G., et al. Microscopic tumor burden in sentinel lymph nodes predicts synchronous nonsentinel lymph node involvement in patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4296-4303.
52. Cadili A., Scolyer R.A., Brown P.T., et al. Total sentinel lymph node tumor size predicts nonsentinel node metastasis and survival in patients with melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2010, 17:3015-3020.
53. Balch C.M., Gershenwald J.E., Soong S.J., et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors among 2,313 patients with stage III melanoma: comparison of nodal micrometastases versus macrometastases. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2452-2459.