How much muscle strength is required to walk in a crouch gait?

Journal of Biomechanics

Volumn 45, Issue 15, 2012, Pages 2564-2569

  Steele, Katherine M ^a   van der Krogt, Marjolein M ^c,d   Schwartz, Michael H ^b,e   Delp, Scott L ^a,b  

^a Stanford University   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral palsy; Crouch gait; Muscle; Simulation; Strength

Indexed keywords

CEREBRAL PALSY; CROUCH GAIT; ISOMETRIC FORCE; KNEE EXTENSOR; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; POTENTIAL TARGETS; SIMULATION; STRENGTH; TRAINING PROGRAM;

DISEASES;

MUSCLE;

ARTICLE; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CROUCH GAIT; DISEASE SEVERITY; GAIT DISORDER; GLUTEUS MAXIMUS MUSCLE; HAMSTRING; HUMAN; ILIOPSOAS MUSCLE; JOINT MOBILITY; KNEE FUNCTION; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUADRICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE; RANGE OF MOTION; SCHOOL CHILD; STANDING;

ADOLESCENT; ANKLE; BIOMECHANICS; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GAIT; GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC; HIP; HUMANS; KNEE; MODELS, ANATOMIC; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; POSTURE; RESISTANCE TRAINING;

EID: 84866769590     PISSN: 00219290     EISSN: 18732380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.028     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Anderson F.C., Pandy M.G. A dynamic optimization solution for vertical jumping in three dimensions. Computer Methods in Biomechics and Biomedical Engineering 1999, 2:201-231.
2. Blundell S.W., Shepherd R.B., Dean C.M., Adams R.D., Cahill B.M. Functional strength training in cerebral palsy: a pilot study of a group circuit training class for children aged 4-8 years. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003, 17:48-57.
3. Burden, R.L. Faires, J.D., 1985. 2.1 The bisection algorithm. In: Numerical Analysis. Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, Boston, MA., pp. x, 676 p.
4. Damiano D.L., Arnold A.S., Steele K.M., Delp S.L. Can strength training predictably improve gait kinematics? A pilot study on the effects of hip and knee extensor strengthening on lower-extremity alignment in cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy 2010, 90:269-279.
5. Damiano, D.L., Kelly, L.E. and Vaughn, C.L., 1995a. Effects of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening on crouch gait in children with spastic diplegia. Physical Therapy 75, 658-667; discussion 668-671.
6. Damiano D.L., Vaughan C.L., Abel M.F. Muscle response to heavy resistance exercise in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 1995, 37:731-739.
7. Damron T.A., Greenwald T.A., Breed A.L. Chronologic outcome of surgical tendoachilles lengthening and natural history of gastroc-soleus contracture in cerebral palsy. A two-part study. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1994, 301:249-255.
8. Davis R., Ounpuu S., Tyburski D., Gage J. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Human Movement Science 1991, 10:575-587.
9. Delp S.L., Anderson F.C., Arnold A.S., Loan P., Habib A., John C.T., Guendelman E., Thelen D.G. OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2007, 54:1940-1950.
10. Delp S.L., Loan J.P., Hoy M.G., Zajac F.E., Topp E.L., Rosen J.M. An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 1990, 37:757-767.
11. Dietz F.R., Albright J.C., Dolan L. Medium-term follow-up of Achilles tendon lengthening in the treatment of ankle equinus in cerebral palsy. Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 2006, 26:27-32.
12. Dodd K.J., Taylor N.F., Damiano D.L. A systematic review of the effectiveness of strength-training programs for people with cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002, 83:1157-1164.
13. Dodd K.J., Taylor N.F., Graham H.K. A randomized clinical trial of strength training in young people with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2003, 45:652-657.
14. Elder G.C., Kirk J., Stewart G., Cook K., Weir D., Marshall A., Leahey L. Contributing factors to muscle weakness in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2003, 45:542-550.
15. Engsberg J.R., Ross S.A., Collins D.R. Increasing ankle strength to improve gait and function in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2006, 18:266-275.
16. Gage J.R. Surgical treatment of knee dysfunction in cerebral palsy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1990, 45-54.
17. Gage J.R., Novacheck T.F. An update on the treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 2001, 10:265-274.
18. Graham H., Selber P. Musculoskeletal aspects of cerebral palsy. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British 2003, 85:157-166.
19. Hsu A.T., Perry J., Gronley J.K., Hislop H.J. Quadriceps force and myoelectric activity during flexed knee stance. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1993, 254-262.
20. Jahnsen R., Villien L., Aamodt G., Stanghelle J.K., Holm I. Musculoskeletal pain in adults with cerebral palsy compared with the general population. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004, 36:78-84.
21. Jaric S. Muscle strength testing: use of normalisation for body size. Sports Medicine 2002, 32:615-631.
22. Kerr C., McDowell B., Cosgrove A., Walsh D., Bradbury I., McDonough S. Electrical stimulation in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2006, 48:870-876.
23. Liao H.F., Liu Y.C., Liu W.Y., Lin Y.T. Effectiveness of loaded sit-to-stand resistance exercise for children with mild spastic diplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007, 88:25-31.
24. Lin C.J., Guo L.Y., Su F.C., Chou Y.L., Cherng R.J. Common abnormal kinetic patterns of the knee in gait in spastic diplegia of cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2000, 11:224-232.
25. Liu S., Tu D. On the Applications of Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) Procedure in Three-Arm Clinical Trials With Survival Endpoints. Drug Information Journal 2008, 42:81-91.
26. Meier U. A note on the power of Fisher's least significant difference procedure. Pharmaceutical Statistics 2006, 5:253-263.
27. Mockford M., Caulton J.M. Systematic review of progressive strength training in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy who are ambulatory. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2008, 20:318-333.
28. Moreau N.G., Teefey S.A., Damiano D.L. In vivo muscle architecture and size of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2009, 51:800-806.
29. Parker D.F., Round J.M., Sacco P., Jones D.A. A cross-sectional survey of upper and lower limb strength in boys and girls during childhood and adolescence. Annals of Human Biology 1990, 17:199-211.
30. Perry J., Antonelli D., Ford W. Analysis of knee-joint forces during flexed-knee stance. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 1975, 57:961-967.
31. Perry, J., 1992. Gait Analysis - Normal and Pathological Gait. Slack Inc., Thorofare, NJ, pp. 268-270.
32. Pippenger W.S., Scalzitti D.A. What are the effects, if any, of lower-extremity strength training on gait in children with cerebral palsy?. Physical Therapy 2004, 84:849-858.
33. Rose J., McGill K.C. Neuromuscular activation and motor-unit firing characteristics in cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2005, 47:329-336.
34. Schantz P., Randall-Fox E., Hutchison W., Tyden A., Astrand P.O. Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross-sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1983, 117:219-226.
35. Steele K.M., Seth A., Hicks J.L., Schwartz M.S., Delp S.L. Muscle contributions to support and progression during single-limb stance in crouch gait. Journal of Biomechanics 2010, 43:2099-2105.
36. Thelen D.G., Anderson F.C. Using computed muscle control to generate forward dynamic simulations of human walking from experimental data. Journal of Biomechanics 2006, 39:1107-1115.
37. Thelen D.G., Anderson F.C., Delp S.L. Generating dynamic simulations of movement using computed muscle control. Journal of Biomechanics 2003, 36:321-328.
38. van der Krogt, M.M., Delp, S.L., Schwartz, M.H., 2012. How robust is human gait to muscle weakness? Gait Posture 36, 113-119.
39. Wiley M.E., Damiano D.L. Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 1998, 40:100-107.
40. Yeargin-Allsopp M., Van Naarden Braun K., Doernberg N.S., Benedict R.E., Kirby R.S., Durkin M.S. Prevalence of cerebral palsy in 8-year-old children in three areas of the United States in 2002: a multisite collaboration. Pediatrics 2008, 121:547-554.