Pregnancy following liver transplantation: Review of outcomes and recommendations for management

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 26, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 621-626

  Parhar, Kuljit S ^a   Gibson, Paul S ^a   Coffin, Carla S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Conception; Fetal outcomes; Immunosuppression; Liver transplantation; Maternal outcomes; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; TACROLIMUS;

ABORTION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ANEMIA; BIRTH WEIGHT; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT PALATE; FEMALE; FETAL ANEMIA; FETAL PERINATAL HYPERKALEMIA; FETUS MORTALITY; FETUS OUTCOME; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER GRAFT REJECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MATERNAL CARE; MATERNAL DIABETES MELLITUS; MATERNAL HYPERTENSION; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MICROTIA; NEWBORN INFECTION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREMATURE LABOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; STILLBIRTH; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; UNPLANNED PREGNANCY;

EID: 84866768648     PISSN: 08357900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/137129     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Walcott WO, Derick DE, Jolley JJ, Snyder DL. Successful pregnancy in a liver transplant patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;132:340-1. (Pubitemid 8399393)
2. U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 〈http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/〉 (Accessed October 18, 2011).
3. Cundy TF, O'Grady JG, Williams R. Recovery of menstruation and pregnancy after liver transplantation. Gut 1990;31:337-8. (Pubitemid 20093675)
4. Bell H, Raknerud N, Falch JA, Haug E. Inappropriately low levels of gonadotrophins in amenorrhoeic women with alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:444-9.
5. Cundy TF, Butler J, Pope RM, Saggar-Malik AK, Wheeler MJ, Williams R. Amenorrhoea in women with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease. Gut 1991;32:202-6.
6. Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Kaminski P, Bobrowska K, et al. Menstrual function in female liver transplant recipients of reproductive age. Transplant Proc 2009;41:1735-9.
7. Coscia LA, Constantinescu S, Moritz MJ, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl 2009:103-22.
8. McKay DB, Josephson MA, Armenti VT, et al. Reproduction and transplantation: Report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005;5:1592-9. (Pubitemid 40910441)
9. Paulen ME, Folger SG, Curtis KM, Jamieson DJ. Contraceptive use among solid organ transplant patients: A systematic review. Contraception 2010;82:102-12.
10. Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Bobrowska K, Kaminski P, Wielgos M, Zieniewicz K, Krawczyk M. Low-dose hormonal contraception after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2007;39:1530-2. (Pubitemid 46907863)
11. Fedorkow DM, Corenblum B, Shaffer EA. Cholestasis induced by oestrogen after liver transplantation. BMJ 1989;299:1080-1. (Pubitemid 19262536)
12. Estes CM. Response to Surti et al. 'Pregnancy and liver transplantation'. Liver Int 2009;29:475; author reply, 6.
13. Zerner J, Doil KL, Drewry J, Leeber DA. Intrauterine contraceptive device failures in renal transplant patients. J Reprod Med 1981;26:99-102. (Pubitemid 11056672)
14. Jain A, Venkataramanan R, Fung JJ, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplantation under tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997;64:559-65. (Pubitemid 27377184)
15. Kainz A, Harabacz I, Cowlrick IS, Gadgil SD, Hagiwara D. Review of the course and outcome of 100 pregnancies in 84 women treated with tacrolimus. Transplantation 2000;70:1718-21. (Pubitemid 32064826)
16. Pickrell MD, Sawers R, Michael J. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: Severe intrauterine growth retardation during treatment with cyclosporin A. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:825. (Pubitemid 18097349)
17. Casele HL, Laifer SA. Association of pregnancy complications and choice of immunosuppressant in liver transplant patients. Transplantation 1998;65:581-3. (Pubitemid 28136506)
18. Armenti VT, Constantinescu S, Moritz MJ, Davison JM. Pregnancy after transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2008;22:223-40.
19. Armenti VT, Moritz MJ, Davison JM. Pregnancy in female pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Clin North Am 2003;50:1543-60. (Pubitemid 37549400)
20. Janssen NM, Genta MS. The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medications on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:610-9. (Pubitemid 30140410)
21. Saarikoski S, Seppala M. Immunosuppression during pregnancy: Transmission of azathioprine and its metabolites from the mother to the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973;115:1100-6.
22. Goldstein LH, Dolinsky G, Greenberg R, et al. Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to azathioprine during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2007;79:696-701.
23. Fraser FC, Fainstat TD. Production of congenital defects in the off-spring of pregnant mice treated with cortisone; progress report. Pediatrics 1951;8:527-33.
24. Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: Prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000;62:385-92.
25. Anderson GG, Rotchell Y, Kaiser DG. Placental transfer of methylprednisolone following maternal intravenous administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140:699-701. (Pubitemid 11046355)
26. McKay DB, Josephson MA. Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs-effects on mother and child. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1281-93.
27. Blanford AT, Murphy BE. In vitro metabolism of prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and cortisol by the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:264-7. (Pubitemid 8040586)
28. Armenti VT, Radomski JS, Moritz MJ, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl 2005:69-83.
29. Sifontis NM, Coscia LA, Constantinescu S, Lavelanet AF, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Transplantation 2006;82:1698-702. (Pubitemid 46035654)
30. Pergola PE, Kancharla A, Riley DJ. Kidney transplantation during the first trimester of pregnancy: Immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and prednisone. Transplantation 2001;71:994-7. (Pubitemid 32417365)
31. Anderka MT, Lin AE, Abuelo DN, Mitchell AA, Rasmussen SA. Reviewing the evidence for mycophenolate mofetil as a new teratogen: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2009;149A:1241-8.
32. Merlob P, Stahl B, Klinger G. Tetrada of the possible mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy: A review. Reprod Toxicol 2009;28:105-8.
33. Tjeertes IF, Bastiaans DE, van Ganzewinkel CJ, Zegers SH. Neonatal anemia and hydrops fetalis after maternal mycophenolate mofetil use. J Perinatol 2007;27:62-4. (Pubitemid 44971056)
34. Coffin CS, Shaheen AA, Burak KW, Myers RP. Pregnancy outcomes among liver transplant recipients in the United States: A nationwide case-control analysis. Liver Transpl 2010;16:56-63.
35. Jain AB, Reyes J, Marcos A, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression: A single center's experience update at 13 years. Transplantation 2003;76:827-32. (Pubitemid 37140228)
36. Wu A, Nashan B, Messner U, et al. Outcome of 22 successful pregnancies after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1998;12:454-64. (Pubitemid 28446137)
37. Ville Y, Fernandez H, Samuel D, Bismuth H, Frydman R. Pregnancy in liver transplant recipients:course and outcome in 19 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:896-902. (Pubitemid 23096016)
38. Sibanda N, Briggs JD, Davison JM, Johnson RJ, Rudge CJ. Pregnancy after organ transplantation:a report from the UK Transplant pregnancy registry. Transplantation 2007;83:1301-7. (Pubitemid 46800304)
39. Christopher V, Al-Chalabi T, Richardson PD, et al. Pregnancy outcome after liver transplantation: A single-center experience of 71 pregnancies in 45 recipients. Liver Transpl 2006;12:1138-43. (Pubitemid 44063790)
40. Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Szpotanska-Sikorska M, Pietrzak B, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among female recipients after liver transplantation: Further experience. Transplant Proc 2011;43:3043-7.
41. Radomski JS, Ahlswede BA, Jarrell BE, et al. Outcomes of 500 pregnancies in 335 female kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1995;27:1089-90.
42. Nagy S, Bush MC, Berkowitz R, Fishbein TM, Gomez-Lobo V. Pregnancy outcome in liver transplant recipients. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:121-8. (Pubitemid 36792133)
43. Kociszewska-Najman B, Pietrzak B, Cyganek A, et al. Intrauterine hypotrophy and premature births in neonates delivered by female renal and liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2011;43:3048-51.
44. Patapis P, Irani S, Mirza DF, et al. Outcome of graft function and pregnancy following liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997;29:1565-6. (Pubitemid 27126316)
45. Raakow R, Neuhaus R, Buscher U, et al. Parenthood following liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001;33:1450-2. (Pubitemid 32237922)
46. Scantlebury V, Gordon R, Tzakis A, et al. Childbearing after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1990;49:317-21. (Pubitemid 20088168)
47. Wielgos M, Szpotanska-Sikorska M, Mazanowska N, et al. Pregnancy risk in female kidney and liver recipients: A retrospective comparative study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:1090-5.
48. Rayes N, Neuhaus R, David M, Steinmuller T, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus P. Pregnancies following liver transplantation - how safe are they? A report of 19 cases under cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. Clin Transplant 1998;12:396-400. (Pubitemid 28446127)
49. Dei Malatesta MF, Rossi M, Rocca B, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplantation: Report of 8 new cases and review of the literature. Transpl Immunol 2006;15:297-302. (Pubitemid 44382530)
50. Gerlei Z, Wettstein D, Rigo J, Asztalos L, Langer RM. Childbirth after organ transplantation in Hungary. Transplant Proc 2011;43:1223-4.
51. Morton A. Liver transplantation and pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;43:236-8. (Pubitemid 36790197)
52. Costa ML, Surita FG, Passini R Jr, Cecatti JG, Boin IF. Pregnancy outcome in female liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2011;43:1337-9.