Pregnancy after transplantation

Transplantation Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 223-240

  Armenti, Vincent T ^a   Constantinescu, Serban ^b   Moritz, Michael J ^c   Davison, John M ^d  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DACLIZUMAB; FUROSEMIDE; GLUCOSE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INSULIN; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NOVEL ERYTHROPOIESIS STIMULATING PROTEIN; OKT 3; PRAZOSIN; PREDNISONE; RAPAMYCIN; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BREAST FEEDING; BRONCHIECTASIS; CESAREAN SECTION; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; GRAFT DYSFUNCTION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HIGH RISK PREGNANCY; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG GRAFT REJECTION; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHRITIS; MALE INFERTILITY; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PLASMAPHERESIS; POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SURVIVAL RATE; TERATOGENICITY; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 51749110223     PISSN: 0955470X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2008.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Murray J.E., Reid D.E., Harrison J.H., et al. Successful pregnancies after human renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 269 (1963) 341-343
2. Board J.A., Lee H.M., Draper D.A., et al. Pregnancy following kidney homotransplantation from a non-twin. Report of a case with concurrent administration of azathioprine and prednisone. Obstet Gynecol 29 (1967) 318-323
3. McBride W.G. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2 (1961) 1358
4. Finnell R.H. Teratology: general considerations and principles. J Allergy Clin Immunol 103 (1999) S337-S342
5. Penn I., Makowski E.L., and Harris P. Parenthood following renal and hepatic transplantation. Transplantation 30 (1980) 397-400
6. Scantlebury V., Gordon R., Tzakis A., et al. Childbearing after liver transplantation. Transplantation 49 (1990) 317-321
7. Barrou B.M., Gruessner A.C., Sutherland D.E.R., et al. Pregnancy after pancreas transplantation in the cyclosporine era: report from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Transplantation 65 (1998) 524-527
8. Wagoner L.E., Taylor D.O., Olsen S.L., et al. Immunosuppressive therapy, management, and outcome of heart transplant recipients during pregnancy. J Heart Lung Transplant 12 (1993) 993-999
9. Donaldson S., Novotny D., Paradowski L., and Aris R. Acute and chronic lung allograft rejection during pregnancy. Chest 110 (1996) 293-296
10. Kosmach-Park B., Doshi B., Seward L., et al. Successful pregnancy following intestine transplant in a long-term survivor. [WTC Abstracts]. Transplantation 82 1 Suppl 3 (2006) 855
11. Davison J.M., Lind T., and Uldall P.R. Planned pregnancy in a renal transplant recipient. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83 (1976) 518-527
12. Pickrell M.D., Sawers R., and Michael J. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: severe intrauterine growth retardation during treatment with cyclosporin A. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 (1988) 825
13. Fein A., Vechoropoulos M., and Nebel L. Cyclosporin-induced embryotoxicity in mice. Biol Neonate 56 (1989) 165-173
14. Armenti V.T., Daller J.A., Constantinescu S., et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. In: Terasaki P.I. (Ed). Clinical transplants 2006 (2007), Terasaki Foundation Laboratory, Los Angeles 57-70
15. Armenti V.T., Ahlswede K.M., Ahlswede B.A., et al. Variables affecting birthweight and graft survival in 197 pregnancies in cyclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 59 (1995) 476-479
16. Armenti V.T., Wilson G.A., Radomski J.S., Moritz J.M., McGrory C.H., and Coscia L.A. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. In: Cecka J.M., and Terasaki P.I. (Eds). Clinical Transplants 1999 (2000), UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Los Angeles 111-119
17. Khan S.S., Constantinescu S., Silva P., Coscia L.A., and Armenti V.T. Pregnancy outcomes in renal transplant recipients on Neoral vs. tacrolimus. JASN 17 (2006) 562A
18. Sturgiss S.N., and Davison J.M. Effect of pregnancy on long-term function of renal allografts. Am J Kidney Dis 19 (1992) 167-172
19. Sturgiss S.N., and Davison J.M. Effect of pregnancy on the long-term function of renal allografts: an update. Am J Kidney Dis 26 (1995) 54-56
20. Barron W.M. Hypertension. In: Barron W.M., and Lindheimer M.D. (Eds). Medical disorders during pregnancy (2000), Mosby, St. Louis 1-38
21. Armenti V.T., Radomski J.S., Moritz M.J., et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. In: Cecka J.M., and Terasaki P.I. (Eds). Clinical Transplants 2005 (2006), UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles 69-83
22. Armenti V.T., Coscia L.A., Moritz M.J., and Davison J.M. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): there risk factors predictive of pre-eclampsia in cyclosporine-treated female kidney recipients?. Hypertens Pregnancy 19 (2000) S24
23. Davison J.M., Coscia L.A., Silva P., Moritz M.J., and Armenti V.T. Outcomes of successive pregnancies in female kidney transplant recipients reporting pre-eclampsia in their first post-transplant pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 25 Supp 1 (2006) 27
24. McGrory C.H., McCloskey L.J., DeHoratius R.J., et al. Pregnancy outcomes in female renal recipients: a comparison of systemic lupus erythematosus with other diagnoses. Am J Transplant 3 (2003) 35-42
25. Rudolph J.E., Schweizer R.T., and Bartus S.A. Pregnancy in renal transplant patients: a review. Transplantation 27 (1979) 26-29
26. Gaughan W.J., Coscia L.A., Dunn S.R., et al. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry: relationship of transplant to conception interval to pregnancy outcome in cyclosporine-treated female kidney recipients. Am J Transplant 1 Suppl 1 (2001) 377
27. Gaughan W.J., Coscia L.A., Dunn S.R., et al. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry: pregnancy outcomes in cyclosporine-treated female kidney recipients with a conventionally recommended vs. a long transplant-to-conception interval. Am J Transplant 2 Suppl 3 (2002) 402
28. Coscia L.A., Cardonick E.H., Moritz M.J., et al. Multiple gestations in female kidney transplant recipients maintained on calcineurin inhibitors. Am J Transplant 3 Suppl 5 (2003) 563
29. Schiraldi M., Coscia L., Constantinescu S., Moritz M., and Armenti V. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): in vitro fertilization outcomes in female kidney transplant recipients. Presented at: Oocytes, Ovary and Transplantation: new discoveries applied to fertility preservation, Boston, MA, September 28 (2007)
30. Constantinescu S., Silva P., Khan S.S., et al. Outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in female kidney transplant recipients. [Abstract 555]. Am J Transplant Suppl 2 (2007) 292
31. Sifontis N.M., Woodfin K., Thoma B., et al. Pregnancy outcomes in renal transplant recipients treated with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA). [Abstract 826]. Am J Transplant Suppl 2 (2007) 361
32. Stanley C.W., Gottlieb R., Zager R., et al. Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving cyclosporine post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc 31 (1999) 241-242
33. Armenti V.T., Radomski J.S., Moritz M.J., et al. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. In: Cecka J.M., and Terasaki P.I. (Eds). Clinical Transplants 2001 (2002), UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles 97-105
34. Lavelanet A.F., Coscia L.A., Moritz M.J., et al. Long-term follow-up in the offspring of Sandimmune treated female kidney recipients. Am J Transplant 6 Suppl 2 (2006) 164
35. Bar Oz B., Hackman R., Einarson T., et al. Pregnancy outcome after cyclosporine therapy during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Transplantation 71 (2001) 1051-1055
36. Castro L.A., Baltzer U., Hillebrand G., et al. Pregnancy in juvenile diabetes mellitus under cyclosporine treatment after combined kidney and pancreas transplantation. Transplant Proc 18 (1986) 1780-1781
37. Gilbert-Hayn L., Sifontis N.M., McGrory C.H., et al. Pregnancy outcomes in female pancreas-kidney (PK) transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 7 Suppl 2 (2007) 350
38. Wilson G.A., Coscia L.A., McGrory C.H., et al. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry: postpregnancy graft loss among female pancreas-kidney recipients. Trans Proc 33 (2001) 1667-1669
39. Walcott W.O., Derick D.E., Jolley J.J., et al. Successful pregnancy in a liver transplant patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132 (1978) 340-341
40. ® versus tacrolimus based therapy. Am J Transplant S2 (2007) 1264A
41. Armenti V.T., Herrine S.K., Radomski J.S., et al. Pregnancy after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 6 (2000) 671-685
42. Lowenstein B.R., Vain N.W., Perrone S.V., et al. Successful pregnancy and vaginal delivery after heart transplantation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158 (1988) 589-590
43. Ohler L., Coscia L.A., McGrory C.H., et al. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): pregnancy outcomes in female thoracic transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2 Suppl 1 (2007) S158
44. Hou S. Pregnancy in organ transplant recipients. Med Clin North Am 73 (1989) 667-683
45. Casele H.L., and Laifer S.A. Pregnancy after liver transplantation. Semin Perinatol 22 (1998) 149-155
46. McGrory C.H., Groshek M.A., Sollinger H.W., et al. Pregnancy outcomes in female pancreas-kidney recipients. Transplant Proc 31 (1999) 652-653
47. McKay D.B., Josephson M.A., Armenti V.T., et al. on behalf of Women's Health Committee of the American Society of Transplantation. Reproduction and transplantation: report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation. Am J Transplant 5 (2005) 1592-1599
48. Armenti V.T., Moritz M.J., Radomski J.S., et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. In: Cecka J.M., and Terasaki P.I. (Eds). Clinical Transplants 2004 (2005), UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles 103-119
49. McKay D.B., Adams P.L., Bumgardner G.L., et al. Reproduction and pregnancy in transplant recipients: current practices. Prog Transplant 16 (2006) 127-132
50. Armenti V.T., Ahlswede K.M., Ahlswede B.A., et al. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry-outcomes of 154 pregnancies in cyclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 57 (1994) 502-506
51. Registration Committee of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. Successful pregnancies in women treated by dialysis and kidney transplantation. Report from the Registration Committee of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87 (1980) 839-845
52. Davison J.M. Dialysis, transplantation, and pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 17 (1991) 127-132
53. Roche Laboratories. Mycophenolate mofetil package insert (2007), Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ
54. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. Sirolimus [package insert] (2007), Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa
55. Sifontis N.M., Coscia L.A., Constantinescu S., et al. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Transplantation 82 (2006) 1698-1702
56. Jankowska I., Oldakowska-Jednyak U., Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z., et al. Absence of teratogenicity of sirolimus used during early pregnancy in a liver transplant recipient. Transplant Proc 36 (2004) 3232-3233
57. Guardia O., del Rial M.C., and Casadei D. Pregnancy under sirolimus-based immunosuppression. Transplantation 81 (2006) 636
58. EBPG Expert Group on Renal Transplantation. European Best Practice Guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.10. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 Suppl 4 (2002) 50-55
59. Le Ray C., Coulomb A., Elefant E., et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy after renal transplantation: a case of major fetal malformations. Obstet Gynecol 103 (2004) 1091-1094
60. Ehrich J.H.H., Loirat C., Davison J.M., et al. Repeated successful pregnancies after kidney transplantation in 102 women (report by the EDTA Registry). Nephrol Dial Transplant 11 (1996) 1314-1317
61. Kozłlowska-Boszko B., Lao M., Gaciong Z., et al. Chronic rejection as a risk factor for deterioration of renal allograft function following pregnancy. Transplant Proc 29 (1997) 1522-1523
62. Toma H., Tanabe K., Tokumoto T., et al. Pregnancy in women receiving renal dialysis or transplantation in Japan: a nationwide survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 (1999) 1511-1516
63. Tan P.K., Tan A.S., Tan H.K., et al. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: experience in Singapore General Hospital. Ann Acad Med Singapore 31 (2002) 285-289
64. Naqvi R., Noor H., Ambareen S., et al. Outcome of pregnancy in renal allograft recipients: SIUT experience. Transplant Proc 38 (2006) 2001-2002
65. Thompson B.C., Kingdon E.J., Tuck S.M., et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: the Royal Free Hospital experience. QJM 96 (2003) 837
66. Källén B., Westgren M., Aberg A., and Olausson P.O. Pregnancy outcome after maternal organ transplantation in Sweden. BJOG 112 (2005) 904-909
67. Al-Khader A.A., and Shaheen F.A. Posttransplant complications encountered in renal transplantation in the Middle East. Transplant Proc 36 (2004) 180-183
68. Miniero R., Tardivo I., Centofanti P., et al. Pregnancy in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 23 (2004) 898-901
69. Miniero R., Tardivo I., Curtoni E.S., et al. Outcome of pregnancy after organ transplantation: a retrospective survey in Italy. Transpl Int 17 (2005) 724-729
70. Ghazizadeh S., Lessan-Pezeshki M., Khatami M., et al. Unwanted pregnancy among kidney transplant recipients in Iran. Transplant Proc 37 (2005) 3085-3086
71. Zhou R., Zeng W.Y., Liu X.H., et al. Pregnancy and delivery after liver transplantation: the first successful case in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 118 (2005) 869-872
72. Garcia-Donaire J.A., Acevedo M., Gutiérrez M.J., et al. Tacrolimus as basic immunosuppression in pregnancy after renal transplantation. A single-center experience. Transplant Proc 37 (2005) 3754-3755
73. Fischer T., Neumayer H.H., Fischer R., et al. Effect of pregnancy on long-term kidney function in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and with azathioprine. Am J Transplant 5 (2005) 2732-2739
74. Christopher V., Al-Chalabi T., Richardson P.D., et al. Pregnancy outcome after liver transplantation: a single-center experience of 71 pregnancies in 45 recipients. Liver Transpl 12 (2006) 1138-1143
75. Rahamimov R., Ben-Haroush A., Wittenberg C., et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: long-term effect on patient and graft survival. A single-center experience. Transplantation 81 (2006) 660-664
76. McKay D.B., and Josephson M.A. Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs-effects on mother and child. N Eng J Med 354 (2006) 1281-1293
77. Josephson M.A., and McKay D.B. Considerations in the medical management of pregnancy in transplant recipients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14 (2007) 156-167
78. Sibanda N., Briggs J.D., Davison J.M., et al. Pregnancy after organ transplantation: a report from the UK Transplant pregnancy registry. Transplantation 83 (2007) 1301-1307
79. Di Paolo S., Schena A., Morrone L.F., et al. Immunologic evaluation during the first year of life of infants born to cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant recipients: analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin serum levels. Transplantation 69 (2000) 2049-2054
80. Giudice P.L., Dubourg L., Hadj-Aïssa A., et al. Renal function of children exposed to cyclosporine in utero. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15 (2000) 1575-1579
81. Willis F.R., Findlay Ca., Gorrie M.J., et al. Children of renal transplant recipient mothers. J Paediatr Child Health 36 (2000) 230-235
82. Scott J.R., Branch D.W., and Holman J. Autoimmune and pregnancy complications in the daughter of a kidney transplant patient. Transplantation 73 (2002) 815-816
83. Day C., Hewins P., Sheikh L., et al. Cholestasis in pregnancy associated with ciclosporin therapy in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Int 19 (2006) 1026-1029
84. Jarufe N., Soza A., Pérez-Ayuso R.M., et al. Successful liver transplantation and delivery in a women with fulminant hepatic failure occurring during the second trimester of pregnancy. Liver Int 26 (2006) 494-497
85. Gosakan R., von Knorring N., and Stewart P. Successful pregnancy in a patient with hyperoxaluria and combined liver and renal transplant. J Obstet Gynaecol 23 (2003) 434-435
86. Nagy S., Bush M.C., Berkowitz R., Fishbien T.M., et al. Pregnancy outcome in liver transplant recipients. Obstet Gynecol 102 (2003) 121-128
87. Jain A.B., Shapiro R., Scantlebury V.P., et al. Pregnancy after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation under tacrolimus: a single center's experience. Transplantation 77 (2004) 897-902
88. Wasywich C.A., Ruygrok P.N., Wilkinson L., et al. Planned pregnancy in a heart transplant recipient. Intern Med J 34 (2004) 206-209
89. Czajkowski K., Wójcicka-Bentyn J., Sieńko J., et al. Renal function and lipid metabolism in pregnant renal transplant recipients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 114 (2004) 155-161
90. Ventura A.M., Imperiali N., Dorminguez-Gil B., et al. Successful pregnancies in female kidney-transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus infection. Transplant Proc 35 (2003) 1078-1080
91. Barak A., Dulitzki M., Efrati O., et al. Pregnancies and outcome in women with cystic fibrosis. Isr Med Assoc J 7 (2005) 95-98
92. Morton A., Dalzell F., Isbel N., et al. Pregnancy outcome in a renal transplant recipient with residual mild tertiary hyperparathyroidism. BJOG 112 (2005) 124-125
93. Kukura S., Viklicky O., Lácha J., et al. Recurrence of sarcoidosis in renal allograft during pregnancy. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant 19 (2004) 1640-1642
94. Puliyanda D.P., Silverman N.S., Lehman D., et al. Successful use of oral ganciclovir for the treatment of intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection in a renal allograft recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 7 (2005) 71-74
95. Goshorn J., and Youell T.D. Darbepoetin alfa treatment for post-renal transplantation anemia during pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 46 (2005) e81-e86
96. Moreno A., Quereda C., Bárcena R., et al. Successful pregnancy after orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with HIV infection. N Eng J Med 353 (2005) 2517-2518
97. Loreno M., Bo P., Senzolo M., et al. Successful pregnancy in a liver transplant recipient treated with lamivudine for de novo hepatitis B in the graft. Transplant Int 17 (2005) 730-734
98. Saito K., Suzuki K., Yamagishi T., et al. Hydronephrosis in the early stage of pregnancy after renal transplantation. Int J Urol 13 (2006) 809-810
99. Ross L.F. Ethical considerations related to pregnancy in transplant recipients. N Eng J Med 354 (2006) 1313-1316
100. Gardiner S.J., and Begg E.J. Breastfeeding during tacrolimus therapy. Obstet Gynecol 107 (2006) 453-455
101. French A.E., Soldin S.J., Soldin O.P., et al. Milk transfer and neonatal safety of tacrolimus. Ann Pharmacother 37 (2003) 815-818
102. Munoz-Flores-Thiagarajan K.D., Easterling T., Davis C., et al. Breast-feeding by a cyclosporine-treated mother. Obstet Gynecol 97 (2001) 816-818
103. Nyberg G., Haljamäe U., Frisenette-Fich C., et al. Breast-feeding during treatment with cyclosporine. Transplantation 65 (1998) 253-255
104. Zeyneloglu H.B., Oktem M., and Durak T. Male infertility after renal transplantation: achievement of pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Transplant Proc 37 (2005) 3081-3084
105. Deutsch M.A., Kaczmarek I., Huber S., et al. Sirolimus-associated infertility: case report and literature review of possible mechanisms. Am J Transplant 7 (2007) 2414-2421
106. Huyghe E., Zairi A., Nohra J., et al. Gonadal impact of target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) in male patients: an overview. Transpl Int 20 (2007) 305-311
107. Hasani A., Sifontis N.M., Coscia L.A., et al. Incidence of structural malformations in pregnancies fathered by male kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 7 Suppl 2 (2006) 456
108. Armenti V.T., Moritz M.J., and Davison J.M. Pregnancy following transplantation. In: James D.K., Steer P.J., Weiner C.P., and Gonik B. (Eds). High risk pregnancy: management options. 3rd ed. (2006), Elsevier Science, Philadelphia, Pa 1174-1186
109. Bumgardner G.L., and Matas A.J. Transplantation and pregnancy. Transplant Rev 6 (1992) 139-162
110. del Mar Colon M., and Hibbard J.U. Obstetric considerations in the management of pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14 (2007) 168-177