CMR of microvascular obstruction and hemorrhage in myocardial infarction

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Wu, Katherine C ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac magnetic resonance; Microvascular obstruction; Myocardial hemorrhage; Myocardial infarction

Indexed keywords

GADOLINIUM; HEMOGLOBIN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLEEDING; CAPILLARY DENSITY; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CELL DAMAGE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMBOLISM; ERYTHROCYTE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE; MICROVASCULAR OBSTRUCTION; NEUTROPHIL; NO REFLOW PHENOMENON; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

CORONARY CIRCULATION; FEMALE; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, CINE; MALE; MICROCIRCULATION; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; NO-REFLOW PHENOMENON; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; TIME FACTORS; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 84866683309     PISSN: 10976647     EISSN: 1532429X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1532-429X-14-68     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB, J Clin Invest 1974 54 1496 508 10.1172/JCI107898 4140198
2. The "no-reflow" phenomenon: basic science and clinical correlates. Reffelmann T, Kloner RA, Heart 2002 87 162 8 10.1136/heart.87.2.162 11796561
3. The no-reflow phenomenon: a basic mechanism of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Reffelmann T, Kloner RA, Basic Res Cardiol 2006 101 359 72 10.1007/s00395-006-0615-2 16915531
4. Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischemic blood flow. Ambrosio G, Weisman HF, Mannisi JA, Becker LC, Circulation 1989 80 1846 61 10.1161/01.CIR.80.6.1846 2598442
5. Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts. Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Arai M, Kondo T, Croisille P, Lima JA, Mohan V, Becker LC, Zerhouni EA, Circulation 1995 92 1902 10 10.1161/01.CIR.92.7.1902 7671375
6. Coronary no reflow. Schwartz BG, Kloner RA, J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011 52 873 82 21712046
7. Coronary microembolization: from bedside to bench and back to bedside. Heusch G, Kleinbongard P, Bose D, Levkau B, Haude M, Schulz R, Erbel R, Circulation 2009 120 1822 36 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.888784 19884481
8. Usefulness of ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging in healed myocardial infarction. van Rugge FP, van der Wall EE, van Dijkman PR, Louwerenburg HW, de Roos A, Bruschke AV, Am J Cardiol 1992 70 1233 7 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90754-M 1442571
9. First-pass nuclear magnetic resonance imaging studies using gadolinium-DTPA in patients with coronary artery disease. Manning WJ, Atkinson DJ, Grossman W, Paulin S, Edelman RR, J Am Coll Cardiol 1991 18 959 65 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90754-W 1894870
10. Contrast-enhanced first pass myocardial perfusion imaging: correlation between myocardial blood flow in dogs at rest and during hyperemia. Wilke N, Simm C, Zhang J, Ellermann J, Ya X, Merkle H, Path G, Ludemann H, Bache RJ, Ugurbil K, Magn Reson Med 1993 29 485 97 10.1002/mrm.1910290410 8464365
11. Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms. Lima JA, Judd RM, Bazille A, Schulman SP, Atalar E, Zerhouni EA, Circulation 1995 92 1117 25 10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1117 7648655
12. Quantification and time course of microvascular obstruction by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion. Wu KC, Kim RJ, Bluemke DA, Rochitte CE, Zerhouni EA, Becker LC, Lima JA, J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 32 1756 64 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00429-X 9822106
13. A magnetization-driven gradient echo pulse sequence for the study of myocardial perfusion. Judd RM, Reeder SB, Atalar E, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA, Magn Reson Med 1995 34 276 82 10.1002/mrm.1910340220 7476088
14. Magnitude and time course of microvascular obstruction and tissue injury after acute myocardial infarction. Rochitte CE, Lima JA, Bluemke DA, Reeder SB, McVeigh ER, Furuta T, Becker LC, Melin JA, Circulation 1998 98 1006 14 10.1161/01.CIR.98.10.1006 9737521
15. Detection of acutely impaired microvascular reperfusion after infarct angioplasty with magnetic resonance imaging. Taylor AJ, Al-Saadi N, Abdel-Aty H, Schulz-Menger J, Messroghli DR, Friedrich MG, Circulation 2004 109 2080 5 10.1161/01.CIR.0000127812.62277.50 15117844
16. Acute myocardial infarction: evaluation with first-pass enhancement and delayed enhancement MR imaging compared with 201Tl SPECT imaging. Lund GK, Stork A, Saeed M, Bansmann MP, Gerken JH, Muller V, Mester J, Higgins CB, Adam G, Meinertz T, Radiology 2004 232 49 57 10.1148/radiol.2321031127 15166320
17. Characterization of microvascular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance first-pass perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement imaging. Yan AT, Gibson CM, Larose E, Anavekar NS, Tsang S, Solomon SD, Reynolds G, Kwong RY, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006 8 831 7 10.1080/10976640600778049 17060106
18. Detection and characteristics of microvascular obstruction in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using an optimized protocol for contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Bekkers SC, Backes WH, Kim RJ, Snoep G, Gorgels AP, Passos VL, Waltenberger J, Crijns HJ, Schalla S, Eur Radiol 2009 19 2904 12 10.1007/s00330-009-1489-0 19588152
19. Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction. Beek AM, Kuhl HP, Bondarenko O, Twisk JW, Hofman MB, van Dockum WG, Visser CA, van Rossum AC, J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 42 895 901 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00835-0 12957439
20. Sequelae of acute myocardial infarction regarding cardiac structure and function and their prognostic significance as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Hombach V, Grebe O, Merkle N, Waldenmaier S, Hoher M, Kochs M, Wohrle J, Kestler HA, Eur Heart J 2005 26 549 57 15713695
21. Appearance of microvascular obstruction on high resolution first-pass perfusion, early and late gadolinium enhancement CMR in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Mather AN, Lockie T, Nagel E, Marber M, Perera D, Redwood S, Radjenovic A, Saha A, Greenwood JP, Plein S, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009 11 11 33 10.1186/1532-429X-11-11 19397809
22. Microvascular reperfusion injury: rapid expansion of anatomic no reflow during reperfusion in the rabbit. Reffelmann T, Kloner RA, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002 283 1099 107 12181140
23. No-reflow phenomenon: maintaining vascular integrity. Kloner RA, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011 16 244 50 10.1177/1074248411405990 21821523
24. Reduction of "no-reflow" phenomenon by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in a randomized magnetic resonance imaging experimental study. Amado LC, Kraitchman DL, Gerber BL, Castillo E, Boston RC, Grayzel J, Lima JA, J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 43 1291 8 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.034 15063444
25. Microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling early after acute myocardial infarction. Gerber BL, Rochitte CE, Melin JA, McVeigh ER, Bluemke DA, Wu KC, Becker LC, Lima JA, Circulation 2000 101 2734 41 10.1161/01.CIR.101.23.2734 10851212
26. Relationship between progressive microvascular damage and intramyocardial hemorrhage in patients with reperfused anterior myocardial infarction: myocardial contrast echocardiographic study. Asanuma T, Tanabe K, Ochiai K, Yoshitomi H, Nakamura K, Murakami Y, Sano K, Shimada T, Murakami R, Morioka S, Beppu S, Circulation 1997 96 448 53 10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.448 9244211
27. No-reflow phenomenon persists long-term after ischemia/reperfusion in the rat and predicts infarct expansion. Reffelmann T, Hale SL, Dow JS, Kloner RA, Circulation 2003 108 2911 7 10.1161/01.CIR.0000101917.80668.E1 14656914
28. Usefulness of myocardial contrast echocardiography for the assessment of serial changes in risk area in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Sakuma T, Hayashi Y, Shimohara A, Shindo T, Maeda K, Am J Cardiol 1996 78 1273 7 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00610-8 8960589
29. Quantitative tracking of edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction in subacute myocardial infarction in a porcine model by MRI. Ghugre NR, Ramanan V, Pop M, Yang Y, Barry J, Qiang B, Connelly KA, Dick AJ, Wright GA, Magn Reson Med 2011 66 1129 41 10.1002/mrm.22855 21337425
30. Microvascular obstruction is a major determinant of infarct healing and subsequent left ventricular remodelling following primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Orn S, Manhenke C, Greve OJ, Larsen AI, Bonarjee VV, Edvardsen T, Dickstein K, Eur Heart J 2009 30 1978 85 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp219 19502624
31. Temporal changes in myocardial perfusion patterns in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Their relation to myocardial viability. Ito H, Iwakura K, Oh H, Masuyama T, Hori M, Higashino Y, Fujii K, Minamino T, Circulation 1995 91 656 62 10.1161/01.CIR.91.3.656 7828290
32. Determinants of microvascular damage recovery after acute myocardial infarction: results from the acute myocardial infarction contrast imaging (AMICI) multi-centre study. Funaro S, Galiuto L, Boccalini F, Cimino S, Canali E, Evangelio F, DeLuca L, Paraggio L, Mattatelli A, Gnessi L, Agati L, Eur J Echocardiogr 2011 12 306 12 10.1093/ejechocard/jer009 21367810
33. Timing of cardiovascular MR imaging after acute myocardial infarction: effect on estimates of infarct characteristics and prediction of late ventricular remodeling. Mather AN, Fairbairn TA, Artis NJ, Greenwood JP, Plein S, Radiology 2011 261 116 26 10.1148/radiol.11110228 21828188
34. Optimal therapeutic strategies in the setting of post-infarct no reflow: the need for a pathogenetic classification. Galiuto L, Heart 2004 90 123 5 10.1136/hrt.2003.020800 14729769
35. Lessons from human coronary aspirate. Kleinbongard P, Konorza T, Bose D, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011 52 890 6 21762698
36. Effect of distal embolization on myocardial perfusion reserve after percutaneous coronary intervention: a quantitative magnetic resonance perfusion study. Selvanayagam JB, Cheng AS, Jerosch-Herold M, Rahimi K, Porto I, van Gaal W, Channon KM, Neubauer S, Banning AP, Circulation 2007 116 1458 64 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.671909 17785626
37. Cardiac magnetic resonance derived late microvascular obstruction assessment post ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is the best predictor of left ventricular function: a comparison of angiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance derived measurements. Wong DT, Leung MC, Richardson JD, Puri R, Bertaso AG, Williams K, Meredith IT, Teo KS, Worthley MI, Worthley SG, Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012 Epub ahead of print
38. Imaging microvascular obstruction and its clinical significance following acute myocardial infarction. Luo AK, Wu KC, Heart Fail Rev 2006 11 305 312 10.1007/s10741-006-0231-0 17131076
39. Impact of microvascular dysfunction on left ventricular remodeling and long-term clinical outcome after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Bolognese L, Carrabba N, Parodi G, Santoro GM, Buonamici P, Cerisano G, Antoniucci D, Circulation 2004 109 1121 1126 10.1161/01.CIR. 0000118496.44135.A7 14967718
40. Clinical implications of the 'no reflow' phenomenon. a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, Takiuchi S, Masuyama T, Hori M, Higashino Y, Fujii K, Minamino T, Circulation 1996 93 223 228 10.1161/01.CIR.93.2.223 8548892
41. 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ndrepepa G, Tiroch K, Fusaro M, Keta D, Seyfarth M, Byrne RA, Pache J, Alger P, Mehilli J, Schomig A, Kastrati A, J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55 2383 2389 10.1016/j.jacc.2009. 12.054 20488311
42. No-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: incidence, outcome, and effect of pharmacologic therapy. Rezkalla SH, Dharmashankar KC, Abdalrahman IB, Kloner RA, J Interv Cardiol 2010 23 429 436 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00561.x 20819117
43. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Barouch LA, Schulman SP, Blumenthal RS, Lima JA, Circulation 1998 97 765 772 10.1161/01.CIR.97.8.765 9498540
44. Prognostic impact of contrast-enhanced CMR early after acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a regional STEMI network: results of the "Herzinfarktverbund Essen". Bruder O, Breuckmann F, Jensen C, Jochims M, Naber CK, Barkhausen J, Erbel R, Sabin GV, Herz 2008 33 136 142 10.1007/s00059-008-3102-8 18344033
45. Major prognostic impact of persistent microvascular obstruction as assessed by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Cochet AA, Lorgis L, Lalande A, Zeller M, Beer JC, Walker PM, Touzery C, Wolf JE, Brunotte F, Cottin Y, Eur Radiol 2009 19 2117 2126 10.1007/s00330-009-1395-5 19350245
46. Impact of early vs. late microvascular obstruction assessed by magnetic resonance imaging on long-term outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison with traditional prognostic markers. de Waha S, Desch S, Eitel I, Fuernau G, Zachrau J, Leuschner A, Gutberlet M, Schuler G, Thiele H, Eur Heart J 2010 31 2660 2668 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq247 20675660
47. Prognostic value of a comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance assessment soon after a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Bodi V, Sanchis J, Nunez J, Mainar L, Lopez-Lereu MP, Monmeneu JV, Rumiz E, Chaustre F, Trapero I, Husser O, et al. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009 2 835 842 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009. 03.011 19608133
48. Predicting late myocardial recovery and outcomes in the early hours of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction traditional measures compared with microvascular obstruction, salvaged myocardium, and necrosis characteristics by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Larose E, Rodes-Cabau J, Pibarot P, Rinfret S, Proulx G, Nguyen CM, Dery JP, Gleeton O, Roy L, Noel B, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55 2459 2469 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.033 20510213
49. Functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: comparison between angiography, electrocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular injury. Nijveldt R, Beek AM, Hirsch A, Stoel MG, Hofman MB, Umans VA, Algra PR, Twisk JW, van Rossum AC, J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 52 181 189 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.006 18617066
50. Microvascular obstruction remains a portent of adverse remodeling in optimally treated patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. Weir RA, Murphy CA, Petrie CJ, Martin TN, Balmain S, Clements S, Steedman T, Wagner GS, Dargie HJ, McMurray JJ, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010 3 360 367 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.897439 20348438
51. Variation on a theme: CMR as the "one-stop shop" for risk stratification after infarction? Wu KC, JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009 2 843 845 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.02.013 19608134
52. The relationship of vascular injury and myocardial hemorrhage to necrosis after reperfusion. Fishbein MC, YR J, Lando U, Kanmatsuse K, Mercier JC, Ganz W, Circulation 1980 62 1274 1279 10.1161/01.CIR.62.6.1274 7438363
53. The time course and characterization of myocardial hemorrhage after coronary reperfusion in the anesthetized dog. Higginson LA, Beanlands DS, Nair RC, Temple V, Sheldrick K, Circulation 1983 67 1024 1031 10.1161/01.CIR.67.5. 1024 6831666
54. Determinants of myocardial hemorrhage after coronary reperfusion in the anesthetized dog. Higginson LA, White F, Heggtveit HA, Sanders TM, Bloor CM, Covell JW, Circulation 1982 65 62 69 10.1161/01.CIR.65.1.62 7053289
55. Infarct size, myocardial hemorrhage, and recovery of function after mechanical versus pharmacological reperfusion: effects of lytic state and occlusion time. Pislaru SV, Barrios L, Stassen T, Jun L, Pislaru C, Van de Werf F, Circulation 1997 96 659 666 10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.659 9244240
56. Determinants of hemorrhagic infarcts. Histologic observations from experiments involving coronary occlusion, coronary reperfusion, and reocclusion. Garcia-Dorado D, Theroux P, Solares J, Alonso J, Fernandez-Aviles F, Elizaga J, Soriano J, Botas J, Munoz R, Am J Pathol 1990 137 301 311 2386198
57. Myocardial reperfusion: a double-edged sword? Braunwald E, Kloner RA, J Clin Invest 1985 76 1713 1719 10.1172/JCI112160 4056048
58. A clinicopathologic study of patients with hemorrhagic myocardial infarction treated with selective coronary thrombolysis with urokinase. Fujiwara H, Onodera T, Tanaka M, Fujiwara T, Wu DJ, Kawai C, Hamashima Y, Circulation 1986 73 749 757 10.1161/01.CIR.73.4.749 3948373
59. The effect of streptokinase on intramyocardial hemorrhage, infarct size, and the no-reflow phenomenon during coronary reperfusion. Kloner RA, Alker KJ, Circulation 1984 70 513 521 10.1161/01.CIR.70.3.513 6744555
60. How sound is the evidence that thrombolysis increases the risk of cardiac rupture? Massel DR, Br Heart J 1993 69 284 287 10.1136/hrt.69.4.284 8489857
61. Does tissue-type plasminogen activator have direct beneficial effects on the myocardium independent of its ability to lyse intracoronary thrombi? Kloner RA, Alker K, Campbell C, Figures G, Eisenhauer A, Hale S, Circulation 1989 79 1125 1136 10.1161/01.CIR.79.5.1125 2496937
62. The pathophysiology of myocardial reperfusion: a pathologist's perspective. Basso C, Thiene G, Heart 2006 92 1559 1562 10.1136/hrt.2005.086959 16547203
63. Neuroradiologic differential diagnosis of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Anzalone N, Scotti R, Riva R, Neurol Sci 2004 25 Suppl 1 3 5 15045609
64. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Bradley WG Jr, Radiology 1993 189 15 26 8372185
65. Assessment of postreperfusion myocardial hemorrhage using proton NMR imaging at 1.5 T. Lotan CS, Bouchard A, Cranney GB, Bishop SP, Pohost GM, Circulation 199 86 1018 1025
66. Impact of myocardial haemorrhage on left ventricular function and remodelling in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Ganame J, Messalli G, Dymarkowski S, Rademakers FE, Desmet W, Van de Werf F, Bogaert J, Eur Heart J 2009 30 1440 1449 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp093 19346229
67. Prognostic value and determinants of a hypointense infarct core in T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance in acute reperfused ST-elevation- myocardial infarction. Eitel I, Kubusch K, Strohm O, Desch S, Mikami Y, de Waha S, Gutberlet M, Schuler G, Friedrich MG, Thiele H, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011 4 354 362 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.960500 21518773
68. Morphologic validation of reperfused hemorrhagic myocardial infarction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Basso C, Corbetti F, Silva C, Abudureheman A, Lacognata C, Cacciavillani L, Tarantini G, Marra MP, Ramondo A, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Am J Cardiol 2007 100 1322 1327 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.05.062 17920380
69. Postmortem unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial infarction in correlation to histological infarction age characterization. Jackowski C, Christe A, Sonnenschein M, Aghayev E, Thali MJ, Eur Heart J 2006 27 2459 2467 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl255 16973689
70. Relation between signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images and presence of microvascular obstruction in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Mikami Y, Sakuma H, Nagata M, Ishida M, Kurita T, Komuro I, Ito M, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009 193 321 326 10.2214/AJR.09.2335 19770302
71. Hemorrhage in the myocardium following infarction. Cannan C, Eitel I, Hare J, Kumar A, Friedrich M, JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010 3 665 668 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.12.019 20541722
72. T2 quantification for improved detection of myocardial edema. Giri S, Chung YC, Merchant A, Mihai G, Rajagopalan S, Raman SV, Simonetti OP, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009 11 56 10.1186/1532-429X-11-56 20042111
73. Direct T2 quantification of myocardial edema in acute ischemic injury. Verhaert D, Thavendiranathan P, Giri S, Mihai G, Rajagopalan S, Simonetti OP, Raman SV, JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011 4 269 278 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.09.023 21414575
74. Principles, techniques, and applications of T2*-based MR imaging and its special applications. Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Thomas B, Shroff MM, Haacke EM, Radiographics 2009 29 1433 1449 10.1148/rg.295095034 19755604
75. Reperfusion hemorrhage following acute myocardial infarction: assessment with T2* mapping and effect on measuring the area at risk. O'Regan DP, Ahmed R, Karunanithy N, Neuwirth C, Tan Y, Durighel G, Hajnal JV, Nadra I, Corbett SJ, Cook SA, Radiology 2009 250 916 922 10.1148/radiol.2503081154 19164125
76. Detection and quantification of myocardial reperfusion hemorrhage using T2*-weighted CMR. Kumar A, Green JD, Sykes JM, Ephrat P, Carson JJ, Mitchell AJ, Wisenberg G, Friedrich MG, JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011 4 1274 1283 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.08.016 22172784
77. Hemorrhagic myocardial infarction after coronary reperfusion detected in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging in humans: prevalence and clinical implications. Ochiai K, Shimada T, Murakami Y, Ishibashi Y, Sano K, Kitamura J, Inoue S, Murakami R, Kawamitsu H, Sugimura K, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 1999 1 247 256 10.3109/10976649909088337 11550358
78. Assessment of severe reperfusion injury with T2* cardiac MRI in patients with acute myocardial infarction. O'Regan DP, Ariff B, Neuwirth C, Tan Y, Durighel G, Cook SA, Heart 2010 96 1885 1891 10.1136/hrt.2010.200634 20965977
79. MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset. Linfante I, Llinas RH, Caplan LR, Warach S, Stroke 1999 30 2263 2267 10.1161/01.STR.30.11.2263 10548654
80. Detection of hyperacute parenchymal hemorrhage of the brain using echo-planar T2*-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI. Wiesmann M, Mayer TE, Yousry I, Hamann GF, Bruckmann H, Eur Radiol 2001 11 849 853 10.1007/s003300000649 11372621
81. Reperfusion haemorrhage as determined by cardiovascular MRI is a predictor of adverse left ventricular remodelling and markers of late arrhythmic risk. Mather AN, Fairbairn TA, Ball SG, Greenwood JP, Plein S, Heart 2010 97 453 459 21051455
82. Design and methodologies of the POSTconditioning during coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (POST-AMI) trial. Tarantini G, Favaretto E, Napodano M, Perazzolo Marra M, Cacciavillani L, Babuin L, Giovagnoni A, Renda P, De Biasio V, Plebani M, et al. Cardiology 2010 116 110 116 10.1159/000316967 20588019
83. Effect of erythropoietin as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Ludman AJ, Yellon DM, Hasleton J, Ariti C, Babu GG, Boston-Griffiths E, Venugopal V, Walker M, Holdright D, Swanton H, et al. Heart 2011 97 1560 1565 10.1136/hrt.2011.223867 21900585
84. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and infarct size in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction without shock: the CRISP AMI randomized trial. Patel MR, Smalling RW, Thiele H, Barnhart HX, Zhou Y, Chandra P, Chew D, Cohen M, French J, Perera D, Ohman EM, JAMA 2011 306 1329 1337 10.1001/jama.2011.1280 21878431
85. Effect of intravenous FX06 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (results of the F.I.R.E. trial). Atar D, Petzelbauer P, Schwitter J, Huber K, Rensing B, Kasprzak JD, Butter C, Grip L, Hansen PR, Suselbeck T, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 in press
86. MGUard versus bAre-metal stents plus manual thRombectomy in ST-elevation myocarDial Infarction pAtieNts-(GUARDIAN) Trial: study design and rationale. Cassese S, Esposito G, Mauro C, Varbella F, Carraturo A, Montinaro A, Cirillo P, Galasso G, Rapacciuolo A, Piscione F, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011 79 1118 1126
87. Effect of bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin plus abciximab on infarct size and myocardial recovery after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: The horizons-AMI CMRI substudy. Wohrle J, Merkle N, Kunze M, et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011 79 1083 1089 22162175
88. High-dose intracoronary adenosine for myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Desmet W, Bogaert J, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Adriaenssens T, Pappas C, Ganame J, Dymarkowski S, Janssens S, Belmans A, Van de Werf F, Eur Heart J 2011 32 867 877 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq492 21196444
89. Rationale and design of the INFUSE-AMI study: a 2 x 2 factorial, randomized, multicenter, single-blind evaluation of intracoronary abciximab infusion and aspiration thrombectomy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Gibson CM, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, Wohrle J, Stuckey T, Dave R, Cox D, Grines C, Dudek D, Steg G, et al. Am Heart J 2011 161 478 486 e477 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10. 006 21392601
90. Intracoronary compared with intravenous bolus abciximab application in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the randomized Leipzig immediate percutaneous coronary intervention abciximab IV versus IC in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial. Thiele H, Schindler K, Friedenberger J, Eitel I, Furnau G, Grebe E, Erbs S, Linke A, Mobius-Winkler S, Kivelitz D, Schuler G, Circulation 2008 118 49 57 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.747642 18559698
91. Intracoronary compared with intravenous bolus abciximab application during primary percutaneous coronary intervention: design and rationale of the Abciximab Intracoronary versus intravenously Drug Application in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (AIDA STEMI) trial. Thiele H, Wohrle J, Neuhaus P, Brosteanu O, Sick P, Prondzinsky R, Birkemeyer R, Wiemer M, Kerber S, Schuehlen H, et al. Am Heart J 2010 159 547 554 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.12.038 20362711
92. Randomized comparison of pre-hospital-initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction very early after symptom onset: the LIPSIA-STEMI trial (Leipzig immediate prehospital facilitated angioplasty in ST-segment myocardial infarction). Thiele H, Eitel I, Meinberg C, Desch S, Leuschner A, Pfeiffer D, Hartmann A, Lotze U, Strauss W, Schuler G, JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011 4 605 614 10.1016/j.jcin.2011.01.013 21700245
93. Single high-dose erythropoietin administration immediately after reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the erythropoietin in myocardial infarction trial. Prunier F, Biere L, Gilard M, Boschat J, Mouquet F, Bauchart JJ, Charbonnier B, Genee O, Guerin P, Warin-Fresse K, et al. Am Heart J 2012 163 200 207 e201 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.11. 005 22305837
94. - 10 years of intracoronary and intramyocardial bone marrow stem cell therapy of the heart: from the methodological origin to clinical practice. Strauer BE, Steinhoff G, J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 58 1095 1104 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.016 21884944
95. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (CADUCEUS): a prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Makkar RR, Smith RR, Cheng K, Malliaras K, Thomson LE, Berman D, Czer LS, Marban L, Mendizabal A, Johnston PV, et al. Lancet 2012
96. Autologous bone marrow-derived stem-cell transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Janssens S, Dubois C, Bogaert J, Theunissen K, Deroose C, Desmet W, Kalantzi M, Herbots L, Sinnaeve P, Dens J, et al. Lancet 2006 367 113 121 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67861-0 16413875
97. Long-term results after intracoronary injection of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction: the ASTAMI randomised, controlled study. Beitnes JO, Hopp E, Lunde K, Solheim S, Arnesen H, Brinchmann JE, Forfang K, Aakhus S, Heart 2009 95 1983 1989 10.1136/hrt.2009.178913 19833610
98. Cell therapy in myocardial infarction: emphasis on the role of MRI. Ye Y, Bogaert J, Eur Radiol 2008 18 548 569 10.1007/s00330-007-0777-9 17922278
99. Effect of intracoronary delivery of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells 2 to 3 weeks following acute myocardial infarction on left ventricular function: the LateTIME randomized trial. Traverse JH, Henry TD, Ellis SG, Pepine CJ, Willerson JT, Zhao DX, Forder JR, Byrne BJ, Hatzopoulos AK, Penn MS, et al. JAMA 2011 306 2110 2119 10.1001/jama.2011.1670 22084195
100. Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: eighteen months' follow-up data from the randomized, controlled BOOST (BOne marrOw transfer to enhance ST-elevation infarct regeneration) trial. Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J, Steffens J, Lippolt P, Fichtner S, Hecker H, Schaefer A, Arseniev L, Hertenstein B, et al. Circulation 2006 113 1287 1294 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.575118 16520413
101. Intracoronary administration of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells improves left ventricular function in patients at risk for adverse remodeling after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the Reinfusion of Enriched Progenitor cells And Infarct Remodeling in Acute Myocardial Infarction study (REPAIR-AMI) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging substudy. Dill T, Schachinger V, Rolf A, Mollmann S, Thiele H, Tillmanns H, Assmus B, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM, Hamm C, Am Heart J 2009 157 541 547 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.11.011 19249426
102. Intracoronary infusion of mononuclear cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood compared with standard therapy in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the randomized controlled HEBE trial. Hirsch A, Nijveldt R, van der Vleuten PA, Tijssen JG, van der Giessen WJ, Tio RA, Waltenberger J, ten Berg JM, Doevendans PA, Aengevaeren WR, et al. Eur Heart J 2011 32 1736 1747 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq449 21148540
103. Results of intracoronary stem cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Wohrle J, Merkle N, Mailander V, Nusser T, Schauwecker P, von Scheidt F, Schwarz K, Bommer M, Wiesneth M, Schrezenmeier H, Hombach V, Am J Cardiol 2010 105 804 812 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.060 20211323
104. Microvascular obstruction by intracoronary delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and quantification of resulting myocardial infarction by cardiac magnetic resonance. Grieve SM, Bhindi R, Seow J, Doyle A, Turner AJ, Tomka J, Lay W, Gill A, Hunyor SN, Figtree GA, Circ Heart Fail 2011 3 5 6
105. Intracoronary ECG ST-segment recovery during primary percutaneous intervention for ST-segment myocardial infarction: Insights from a cardiac MRI study. Wong DT, Leung MC, Das R, et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012 Epub ahead of print
106. Dynamic changes in ST segment resolution after myocardial infarction and the association with microvascular injury on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Weaver JC, Ramsay DD, Rees D, Binnekamp MF, Prasan AM, McCrohon JA, Heart Lung Circ 2011 20 111 118 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.09.006 20943440
107. Association of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade and ST-segment resolution with cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular obstruction and infarct size following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Appelbaum E, Kirtane AJ, Clark A, Pride YB, Gelfand EV, Harrigan CJ, Kissinger KV, Manning WJ, Gibson CM, J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009 27 123 129 10.1007/s11239-008-0197-y 18246410
108. Correlation of serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters with early resolution of ST-segment elevation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Kim JS, Ko YG, Yoon SJ, Moon JY, Kim YJ, Choi BW, Choi D, Jang Y, Circ J 2008 72 1621 1626 10.1253/circj.CJ-08-0232 18756038
109. Relationship between myocardial blush grades, staining, and severe microvascular damage after primary percutaneous coronary intervention a study performed with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance in a large consecutive series of patients. Marra MP, Corbetti F, Cacciavillani L, Tarantini G, Ramondo AB, Napodano M, Basso C, Lacognata C, Marzari A, Maddalena F, Iliceto S, Am Heart J 2010 159 1124 1132 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.007 20569729
110. Comparison of the angiographic myocardial blush grade with delayed-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance for the assessment of microvascular obstruction in acute myocardial infarctions. Vicente J, Mewton N, Croisille P, Staat P, Bonnefoy-Cudraz E, Ovize M, Revel D, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2009 74 1000 1007 10.1002/ccd.22157 19626683
111. Relation of myocardial blush grade to microvascular perfusion and myocardial infarct size after primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention. Porto I, Burzotta F, Brancati M, Trani C, Lombardo A, Romagnoli E, Niccoli G, Natale L, Bonomo L, Crea F, Am J Cardiol 2007 99 1671 1673 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.01.045 17560873
112. Characterization of acute and chronic myocardial infarcts by multidetector computed tomography: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. Gerber BL, Belge B, Legros GJ, Lim P, Poncelet A, Pasquet A, Gisellu G, Coche E, Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Circulation 2006 113 823 833 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.529511 16461822
113. Reperfused myocardial infarction: contrast-enhanced 64-Section CT in comparison to MR imaging. Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Ferencik M, Nomura CH, Abbara S, Hoffmann U, Gold HK, Jang IK, Brady TJ, Cury RC, Radiology 2008 247 49 56 10.1148/radiol.2471070332 18372464
114. Contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography viability imaging after myocardial infarction: characterization of myocyte death, microvascular obstruction, and chronic scar. Lardo AC, Cordeiro MA, Silva C, Amado LC, George RT, Saliaris AP, Schuleri KH, Fernandes VR, Zviman M, Nazarian S, et al. Circulation 2006 113 394 404 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.521450 16432071