Staging Dementia

Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 162-169

  Reisberg, Barry ^a   Jamil, Imran A ^a   Khan, Sharjeel ^a   Monteiro, Isabel ^a   Torossian, Carol ^a   Ferris, Steven ^a   Sabbagh, Marwan ^b   Gauthier, Serge ^c   Auer, Stefanie ^d   Shulman, Melanie B ^a   Kluger, Alan ^a   Franssen, Emile ^a   Wegiel, Jerzy ^e  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b SUN HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d MAS Alzheimerhilfe ^*  (Australia)

^e NEW YORK STATE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Assessment; Brief cognitive rating scale; Clinical dementia rating; Dementia; Functional assessment staging; Global deterioration scale; Mild cognitive impairment; Staging; Subjective cognitive impairment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866647108     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470669600.ch31     Document Type: Chapter

References (72)

1. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL et al. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 566-72.
2. Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology 1993; 43: 2412-14.
3. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ et al. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1136-9.
4. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ et al. The Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 661-3.
5. Reisberg B. Functional assessment staging (FAST). Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 653-9.
6. Sclan SG, Reisberg B. Functional assessment staging (FAST) in Alzheimer's disease: reliability, validity and ordinality. Int Psychogeriatr 1992; 4: 55-69.
7. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189-98.
8. Reisberg B. Dementia: a systematic approach to identifying reversible causes. Geriatrics 1986; 41(4): 30-46.
9. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Franssen E et al. Mortality and temporal course of probable Alzheimer's disease: a five-year prospective study. Int Psychogeriatr 1996; 8: 291-311.
10. Bobinski M, Wegiel J, Wisniewski HM et al. Atrophy of hippocampal formation subdivisions correlates with stage and duration of Alzheimer disease. Dementia 1995; 6: 205-10.
11. Bobinski M, Wegiel J, Tarnawski M et al. Relationships between regional neuronal loss and neurofibrillary changes in the hippocampal formation and duration and severity of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997; 56: 414-20.
12. Kluger A, Ferris SH, Golomb J et al. Neuropsychological prediction of decline to dementia in nondemented elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12: 168-79.
13. Prichep LS, John ER, Ferris SH et al. Prediction of longitudinal cognitive decline in normal elderly using electrophysiological imaging. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 471-81.
14. Reisberg B, Gauthier S. Current evidence for subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) as the pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of subsequently manifest Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20: 1-16.
15. Weigel J, Dowjat K, Kaczmarski W et al. The role of overexpressed DYRK1A protein in the early onset of neurofibrillary degeneration in Down syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116: 391-407.
16. Reisberg B, Shulman MB, Torossian C, Ling L, ZhuW. Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2010; 6(1): 11-24.
17. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Kluger A et al. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a historical perspective. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20: 18-31.
18. Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet 2006; 367: 1262-70.
19. Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M et al. Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med 2004; 256: 240-6.
20. Reisberg B,Wegiel J, Franssen E et al. Clinical features of severe dementia: staging. In Burns A, Winblad B (eds), Severe Dementia. London: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006, 83-115.
21. Reisberg B, Doody R, Stöffler A et al. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1333-41.
22. Corey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J. A randomised trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol 1998; 1: 55-65.
23. Reisberg B. Global measures: utility in defining and measuring treatment response in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2007; 19: 421-56.
24. Auer SR, Sclan SG, Yaffee RA, Reisberg B. The neglected half of Alzheimer disease: cognitive and functional concomitants of severe dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 1266-72.
25. Reisberg B, Kenowsky S, Franssen EH et al. President's Report: Towards a science of Alzheimer's disease management: a model based upon current knowledge of retrogenesis. Int Psychogeriatr 1999; 11: 7-23.
26. Reisberg B, Franssen EH, Souren LEM et al. Evidence and mechanisms of retrogenesis in Alzheimer's and other dementias: management and treatment import. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2002; 17: 202-12.
27. Rockwood K, Howard K, Thomas VS et al. Retrospective diagnosis of dementia using an informant interview based on the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale. Int Psychogeriatr 1998; 10, 53-60.
28. Cohen GD. Historical views and evolution of concepts. In Reisberg B (ed.), Alzheimer's Disease. New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1983, 29-33.
29. Prichard JC. A Treatise on Insanity. Philadelphia: Haswell, Barrington and Haswell, 1837.
30. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
31. Reisberg B. Abridged Global Deterioration Scale. In Hermann N, Gauthier S. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 6. Management of severe Alzheimer's disease. CMAJ 2008; 179: 1281.
32. Berg L. Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 637-9.
33. Jonker C, Geerlings MI, Schmand B. Are memory complaints predictive for dementia? A review of clinical and populationbased studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 983-91.
34. Wang P-N, Wang S-J, Fuh J-L et al. Subjective memory complaint in relation to cognitive performance and depression: a longitudinal study of a rural Chinese population. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 295-9.
35. Brucki SMD, Nitrini R. Subjective memory impairment in a rural population with low education in the Amazon rainforest: an exploratory study. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 21: 164-71.
36. Geerlings MI, Jonker C, Bouter LM et al. Association between memory complaints and incident Alzheimer's disease in elderly people with normal baseline cognition. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 531-7.
37. St John P, Montgomery P. Are cognitively intact seniors with subjective memory loss more likely to develop dementia? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 814-20.
38. van Oijen M, de Jong F, Hofman A et al. Subjective memory complaints, education, and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2007; 3: 92-7.
39. Reisberg B, Prichep L, Mosconi L et al. The pre-mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4: S98-108.
40. Mosconi L, De Santi S, Brys M et al. Hypometabolism and altered cerebrospinal fluid markers in normal apolipoprotein E E4 carriers with subjective memory complaints. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 609-18.
41. Wolf OT, Dziobek I, McHugh P et al. Subjective memory complaints in aging are associated with elevated cortisol levels. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 1357-63.
42. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ et al. Stage-specific behavioral, cognitive, and in vivo changes in community residing subjects with age-associated memory impairment and primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type. Drug Dev Res 1988; 15: 101-14.
43. Reisberg B, Franssen E, Bobinski M et al. Overview of methodologic issues for pharmacologic trials in mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1996; 8: 159-93.
44. Overall JE, Scott J, Rhoades HM et al. Empirical scaling of the stages of cognitive decline in senile dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990; 3(4): 212-20.
45. Reisberg B, Sclan S, Franssen E et al. The GDS Staging System: Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS), Functional Assessment Staging (FAST). In Rush AJ, First Jr MB, Blacker D (eds.), Handbook of Psychiatric Measures, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008, 431-5.
46. Franssen EH, Reisberg B. Neurologic markers of the progression of Alzheimer disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9(Suppl 1): 297-306.
47. Foster JR, Sclan S, Welkowitz J et al. Psychiatric assessment in medical long-term care facilities: reliability of commonly used rating scales. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998; 3: 229-33.
48. Gottlieb GL, Gur RE, Gur RC. Reliability of psychiatric scales in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 45: 857-9.
49. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Steinberg G et al. Longitudinal study of dementia patients and aged controls: an approach to methodologic issues. In Lawton MP, Herzog AR (eds.), Special Research Methods for Gerontology. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishers, 1989, 195-231.
50. Dura JR, Haywood-Niler E, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Spousal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease dementia: a preliminary comparison. Gerontologist 1990; 30: 332-6.
51. Hartmaier SL, Sloan PD, Guess HA et al. The MDS Cognition Scale: a valid instrument for identifying and staging nursing home residents with dementia using the Minimum Data Set. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 1173-9.
52. Monteiro IM, Boksay I, Auer SR et al. The reliability of routine clinical instruments for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease administered by telephone. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1998; 11: 18-24.
53. de Ajuriaguerra J, Rey Bellet-Muller M, Tissot R. A propos de quelques problèmes posés par le déficit opératoire des vieillards atteints de démence dégénérative en début d'evolution. Cortex 1964; 1: 103-32.
54. de Ajuriaguerra J, Tissot R. Some aspects of psychoneurologic disintegration in senile dementia. In Mueller CH, Ciompi L (eds.) Senile Dementia. Bern: Huber, 1968, 69-79.
55. de Ajuriaguerra J, Tissot R. Some aspects of language in various forms of senile dementia: comparisons with language in childhood. In Lennenberg EH, Lennenberg E (eds.) Foundations of Language Development, vol. 1. New York: Academic Press, 1975, 323-39.
56. Cole MG, Dastoor D. Development of a dementia rating scale: preliminary communication. J Clin Exp Gerontol 1980; 2: 46-63.
57. Cole MG, Dastoor DP, Koszycki D. The Hierarchic Dementia Scale. J Clin Exp Gerontol 1983; 5: 219-34.
58. Cole MG, Dastoor D. A new hierarchic approach to the measurement of dementia. Psychosomatics 1987; 28: 298-304.
59. Gottfries CG, Brane G, Steen B. A new rating scale for dementia syndromes. Gerontology 1982; 28(suppl): 20-31.
60. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL et al. Clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale. In American Psychiatric Association, Task Force for the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures, Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000, 446-50.
61. Reisberg B, Schneck MK, Ferris SH et al. The Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS): findings in primary degenerative dementia (PDD). Psychopharmacol Bull 1983; 19: 47-50.
62. Reisberg B, London E, Ferris SH et al. The Brief Cognitive Rating Scale: language, motoric, and mood concomitants in primary degenerative dementia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1983; 19: 702-8.
63. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ et al. The stage specific temporal course of Alzheimer's disease: functional and behavioral concomitants based upon cross-sectional and longitudinal observation. In Iqbal K, Wisniewski HM, Winblad B (eds.), Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders: Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, vol. 317. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989, 23-41.
64. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Torossian C et al. Pharmacologic treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a methodologic critique based upon current knowledge of symptomatology and relevance for drug trials. Int Psychogeriatr 1992; 4(Suppl 1): 9-42.
65. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Franssen E. An ordinal functional assessment tool for Alzheimer's-type dementia. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1985; 36: 593-5.
66. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ. Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: diagnostic and differential diagnostic features with special reference to functional assessment staging. In Traber J, Gispen WH (eds.), Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type, vol.2. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985, 18-37.
67. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Anand R et al. Functional staging of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984; 435: 481-3.
68. US Health Care Financing Administration. Hospice- Determining Terminal Status in Non-Cancer Diagnoses- Dementia, Policy Number: (YPF #163) (Y Med #20), The Medicare News Brief (A Publication for all Medicare Part B Providers), Issue no. MNB-98-7, September 1998. Washington, DC: US HCFA. For a current reference see Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Medicare Coverage Database, LCD for Hospice Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (L16343); www.medicare.gov/coverage/home.asp, searching for ID L16343.
69. Reisberg B, Ferris SH. Clinician's interview-based impression of change-plus. In Kelly C, Newton-Howes G (eds.), Guide to Assessment Scales in Dementia. London: Science Press, Ltd, 2004, 9-10, and 21-page scale reproduction.
70. Sabbagh MN, Silverberg N, Bircea S et al. Is the functional decline in Parkinson's disease similar to the functional decline of Alzheimer's disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005; 11: 311-15.
71. Sabbagh MN, Lahti T, Connor DJ et al. Functional ability correlates with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 24: 327-34.
72. Paul RH, Cohen RA, Moser DJ. The Global Deterioration Scale: relationships to neuropsychological performance and activities of daily living in patients with vascular dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15: 50-4.