The distinct movement disorder in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis may be related to status dissociatus: A hypothesis

Movement Disorders

Volumn 27, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1360-1363

  Stamelou, Maria ^a   Plazzi, Giuseppe ^b   Lugaresi, Elio ^b   Edwards, Mark J ^a   Bhatia, Kailash P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Agrypnia excitata; Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis; Fatal familial insomnia; Morvan's syndrome; Movement disorder; Narcolepsy with cataplexy; Status dissociatus

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DELIRIUM; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR ENCEPHALITIS; NONREM SLEEP; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REM SLEEP; STEREOTYPY;

ANTI-N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR ENCEPHALITIS; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS; EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; MOVEMENT DISORDERS;

EID: 84866625241     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.25072     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis and other synaptic autoimmune disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2011; 13: 324-332.
2. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 1091-1098.
3. Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain 2010; 133: 1655-1667.
4. Kleinig TJ, Thompson PD, Matar W, et al. The distinctive movement disorder of ovarian teratoma-associated encephalitis. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 1256-1261.
5. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 63-74.
6. Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 11-18.
7. Frechette ES, Zhou L, Galetta SL, Chen L, Dalmau J. Prolonged follow-up and CSF antibody titers in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology; 76( 7 Suppl 2): S64-S66.
8. Mohn AR, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Koller BH. Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia. Cell 1999; 98: 427-436.
9. Scheffer IE, Bhatia KP, Lopes-Cendes I, et al. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A distinctive clinical disorder. Brain 1995; 118: 61-73.
10. Scheffer IE, Bhatia KP, Lopes-Cendes I, et al. Autosomal dominant frontal epilepsy misdiagnosed as sleep disorder. Lancet 1994; 343: 515-517.
11. Mahowald MW, Cramer Bornemann MA, Schenck CH. State dissociation, human behavior, and consciousness. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11: 2392-2402.
12. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Status dissociatus-a perspective on states of being. Sleep 1991; 14: 69-79.
13. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology 1992; 42( 7 Suppl 6): 44-51.
14. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Ettinger MG, Mahowald MW. Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep 1986; 9: 293-308.
15. Raggi A, Cosentino FI, Lanuzza B, Ferri R. Behavioural and neurophysiologic features of state dissociation: a brief review of the literature and three descriptive case studies. Behav Neurol 2010; 22: 91-99.
16. Bonakis A, Howard RS, Williams A. Narcolepsy presenting as REM sleep behaviour disorder. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008; 110: 518-520.
17. Plazzi G, Montagna P, Meletti S, Lugaresi E. Polysomnographic study of sleeplessness and oneiricisms in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3: 279-282.
18. Loukaides P, Schiza N, Pettingill P, et al. Morvan's syndrome associated with antibodies to multiple components of the voltage-gated potassium channel complex. J Neurol Sci 2012; 312: 52-56.
19. Liguori R, Vincent A, Clover L, et al. Morvan's syndrome: peripheral and central nervous system and cardiac involvement with antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels. Brain 2001; 124: 2417-2426.
20. Lugaresi E, Medori R, Montagna P, et al. Fatal familial insomnia and dysautonomia with selective degeneration of thalamic nuclei. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 997-1003.
21. Montagna P, Cortelli P, Avoni P, et al. Clinical features of fatal familial insomnia: phenotypic variability in relation to a polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene. Brain Pathol 1998; 8: 515-520.
22. Provini F, Cortelli P, Montagna P, Gambetti P, Lugaresi E. Fatal insomnia and agrypnia excitata: sleep and the limbic system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 164: 692-700.
23. Hazin R, Abuzetun JY, Giglio P, Khan F. Agrypnia excitata: current concepts and future prospects in management. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 21: 126-131.
24. Lugaresi E, Provini F. Fatal familial insomnia and agrypnia excitata. Rev Neurol Dis 2007; 4: 145-152.
25. Lugaresi E, Provini F. Agrypnia excitata: clinical features and pathophysiological implications. Sleep Med Rev 2001; 5: 313-322.
26. Montagna P, Lugaresi E. Agrypnia Excitata: a generalized overactivity syndrome and a useful concept in the neurophysiopathology of sleep. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 552-560.
27. Montagna P. Fatal familial insomnia: a model disease in sleep physiopathology. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9: 339-353.
28. Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, et al. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med 2000; 6: 991-997.
29. Mignot E, Lin L, Rogers W, et al. Complex HLA-DR and -DQ interactions confer risk of narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 686-699.
30. Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, et al. Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the T-cell receptor alpha locus. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 708-711.
31. Kornum BR, Kawashima M, Faraco J, et al. Common variants in P2RY11 are associated with narcolepsy. Nat Genet 2011; 43: 66-71.
32. Serra L, Montagna P, Mignot E, Lugaresi E, Plazzi G. Cataplexy features in childhood narcolepsy. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 858-865.
33. Plazzi G, Pizza F, Palaia V, et al. Complex movement disorders at disease onset in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain 2011; 13: 3477-3489.
34. Vetrugno R, Alessandria M, D'Angelo R, et al. Status dissociatus evolving from REM sleep behaviour disorder in multiple system atrophy. Sleep Med 2009; 10: 247-252.
35. Poloni C, Korff CM, Ricotti V, et al. Severe childhood encephalopathy with dyskinesia and prolonged cognitive disturbances: evidence for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52: e78-e82.
36. Bonanno FG. Ketamine in war/tropical surgery (a final tribute to the racemic mixture). Injury 2002; 33: 323-327.
37. Heinz P, Geelhoed GC, Wee C, Pascoe EM. Is atropine needed with ketamine sedation? A prospective, randomised, double blind study. Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 206-209.
38. Marco LA, Joshi RS. A ketamine-induced rat model of tardive dyskinesia. Prog Neurobiol 1992; 38: 571-600.
39. Oduntan SA, Gool RY. Clinical trial of ketamine (CI-581): a preliminary report. Can Anaesth Soc J 1970; 17: 411-416.
40. Strayer RJ, Nelson LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26: 985-1028.
41. Ferri R, Franceschini C, Zucconi M, et al. Searching for a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder: submentalis muscle EMG amplitude analysis during sleep in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep 2008; 31: 1409-1417.
42. Tassinari CA, Rubboli G, Gardella E, et al. Central pattern generators for a common semiology in fronto-limbic seizures and in parasomnias. A neuroethologic approach. Neurol Sci 2005; 26( Suppl 3): s225-s232.