메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 5-

Avian assemblages differ between old-growth and mature white pine forests of Ontario, Canada: A role for supercanopy trees?;Différence d'assemblage aviaire entre les forêts matures et les vieilles forêts de pins blancs en Ontario, Canada: Un rôle pour les arbres de très grande taille?

Author keywords

Avian abundance; Avian assemblage; Avian diversity; Canada; Forest management; Old growth pine stands; Ontario; Supercanopy pine; White pine

Indexed keywords

AVES; CERTHIA AMERICANA; COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINUS; DENDROICA FUSCA; DENDROICA PINUS; DENDROICA VIRENS; DRYOCOPUS PILEATUS; PARULA AMERICANA; PIRANGA OLIVACEA; SETOPHAGA;

EID: 84866458519     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17126568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/ACE-00503-070104     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (109)
  • 1
    • 33646583350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra)
    • A. Poole, editor, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA
    • Adkisson, C. D. 1996. Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). In A. Poole, editor. The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.256
    • (1996) The Birds of North America Online
    • Adkisson, C.D.1
  • 3
    • 0033675304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Null hypothesis testing: Problems, prevalence, and an alternative
    • Anderson, D. R., K. P. Burnham, and W. L. Thompson. 2000. Null hypothesis testing: problems, prevalence, and an alternative. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:912-923. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803199
    • (2000) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , pp. 912-923
    • Anderson, D.R.1    Burnham, K.P.2    Thompson, W.L.3
  • 5
    • 0003036343 scopus 로고
    • Old-growth forests of the northern lake states: A landscape ecosystem perspective
    • Barnes, B. V. 1989. Old-growth forests of the northern lake states: a landscape ecosystem perspective. Natural Areas Journal 9:45-57.
    • (1989) Natural Areas Journal , vol.9 , pp. 45-57
    • Barnes, B.V.1
  • 6
    • 0037791452 scopus 로고
    • Estimating density and dispersion from truncated or unrestricted joint point-distance nearest neighbour distances
    • Batcheler, C. L. 1973. Estimating density and dispersion from truncated or unrestricted joint point-distance nearest neighbour distances. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 20:131-147.
    • (1973) Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society , vol.20 , pp. 131-147
    • Batcheler, C.L.1
  • 7
    • 0242616372 scopus 로고
    • Probable limit of error of the point distance-neighbour distance estimate of density
    • Batcheler, C. L. 1975. Probable limit of error of the point distance-neighbour distance estimate of density. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 22:28-33.
    • (1975) Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society , vol.22 , pp. 28-33
    • Batcheler, C.L.1
  • 8
    • 1642564056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diameter increment in mature eastern white pine Pinus strobus L
    • Bebber, D. P., S. C. Thomas, W. G. Cole, and D. Balsillie. 2004. Diameter increment in mature eastern white pine Pinus strobus L. Trees 18:29-34.
    • (2004) Trees , vol.18 , pp. 29-34
    • Bebber, D.P.1    Thomas, S.C.2    Cole, W.G.3    Balsillie, D.4
  • 9
    • 0024876408 scopus 로고
    • On the evolution and ecology of island populations of crossbills
    • Benkman, C. W. 1989. On the evolution and ecology of island populations of crossbills. Evolution 43:1324-1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409369
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1324-1330
    • Benkman, C.W.1
  • 10
    • 0027847095 scopus 로고
    • Logging, conifers and the conservation of crossbills
    • Benkman, C. W. 1993. Logging, conifers and the conservation of crossbills. Conservation Biology 7:473-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030473.x
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 473-479
    • Benkman, C.W.1
  • 11
    • 0030613282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basing silviculture on natural ecosystem dynamics: An approach applied to the southern boreal mixedwood forest of Quebec
    • Bergeron, Y., and B. Harvey. 1997. Basing silviculture on natural ecosystem dynamics: an approach applied to the southern boreal mixedwood forest of Quebec. Forest Ecology and Management 92:235-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03924-2
    • (1997) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.92 , pp. 235-242
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Harvey, B.2
  • 13
    • 0004292627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second edition. British Trust for Ornithology and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • Bibby, C. J., N. J. Burgess, and D. A. Hill. 2000. Bird census techniques. Second edition. British Trust for Ornithology and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (2000) Bird Census Techniques
    • Bibby, C.J.1    Burgess, N.J.2    Hill, D.A.3
  • 14
    • 9444283190 scopus 로고
    • A case for eastern old-growth
    • May/June
    • Bolgiano, C. 1989. A case for eastern old-growth. American Forests May/June 1989:26-50.
    • (1989) American Forests , pp. 26-50
    • Bolgiano, C.1
  • 15
    • 0026499092 scopus 로고
    • Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation
    • Borcard, D., P. Legendre, and P. Drapeau. 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73:1045-1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940179
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1045-1055
    • Borcard, D.1    Legendre, P.2    Drapeau, P.3
  • 16
    • 0035123639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial component of variation in small mammal abundance measured at three scales
    • Bowman, J., G. J. Forbes, and T. G. Dilworth. 2001. The spatial component of variation in small mammal abundance measured at three scales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:137-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-188
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.79 , pp. 137-144
    • Bowman, J.1    Forbes, G.J.2    Dilworth, T.G.3
  • 17
    • 0141852561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in northern Finland
    • Brotons, L., M. Mönkkönen, E. Huhta, A. Nikula, and A. Rajasärkkä. 2003. Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in northern Finland. Landscape Ecology 18:377-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026148825138
    • (2003) Landscape Ecology , vol.18 , pp. 377-393
    • Brotons, L.1    Mönkkönen, M.2    Huhta, E.3    Nikula, A.4    Rajasärkkä, A.5
  • 19
    • 69649107379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • editors, Bird Studies Canada, Environment Canada, Ontario Field Ornithologists, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Ontario Nature, Toronto, Canada
    • Cadman, M. D., D. A. Sutherland, G. G. Beck, D. Lepage, and A. R. Couturier, editors. 2007. Atlas of the breeding birds of Ontario, 2001-2005. Bird Studies Canada, Environment Canada, Ontario Field Ornithologists, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Ontario Nature, Toronto, Canada.
    • (2007) Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario, 2001-2005
    • Cadman, M.D.1    Sutherland, D.A.2    Beck, G.G.3    Lepage, D.4    Couturier, A.R.5
  • 21
    • 0242467977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old growth in the Great Lakes forest
    • Carleton, T. J. 2003. Old growth in the Great Lakes forest. Environmental Reviews 11:S115-S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-009
    • (2003) Environmental Reviews , vol.11
    • Carleton, T.J.1
  • 24
    • 0034160053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest
    • Costello, C. A., M. Yamasaki, P. J. Pekins, W. B. Leak, and C. D. Neefus. 2000. Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 127:41-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00131-0
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.127 , pp. 41-54
    • Costello, C.A.1    Yamasaki, M.2    Pekins, P.J.3    Leak, W.B.4    Neefus, C.D.5
  • 25
    • 84877711276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Crown Forest Sustainability Act, 1994. Statutes of Ontario. Canada.
  • 26
    • 0036971232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical, multiscale decomposition of species-environment relationships
    • Cushman, S. A., and K. McGarigal. 2002. Hierarchical, multiscale decomposition of species-environment relationships. Landscape Ecology 17:637-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021571603605
    • (2002) Landscape Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 637-646
    • Cushman, S.A.1    McGarigal, K.2
  • 27
    • 84952503973 scopus 로고
    • A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality
    • D'Agostino, R. B., A. Belanger, and R. B. D'Agostino, Jr. 1990. A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. The American Statistician 44:316-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2684359
    • (1990) The American Statistician , vol.44 , pp. 316-321
    • D'agostino, R.B.1    Belanger, A.2    D'agostino, R.B.3
  • 28
    • 67650496952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of distancerelated heterogeneity on population size estimates from point counts
    • Dawson, D. K., and M. G. Efford. 2009. Effect of distancerelated heterogeneity on population size estimates from point counts. Auk 126:100-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.07197
    • (2009) Auk , vol.126 , pp. 100-111
    • Dawson, D.K.1    Efford, M.G.2
  • 29
    • 0003750009 scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-108. Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Broomall, Pennsylvania, USA
    • DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1986. New England wildlife: habitat, natural history and distribution. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-108. Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Broomall, Pennsylvania, USA.
    • (1986) New England Wildlife: Habitat, Natural History and Distribution
    • Degraaf, R.M.1    Rudis, D.D.2
  • 30
    • 3543098115 scopus 로고
    • The Old Northeasterner subspecies of Red Crossbill
    • Dickerman, R.W. 1987. The Old Northeasterner subspecies of Red Crossbill. American Birds 41:189-194.
    • (1987) American Birds , vol.41 , pp. 189-194
    • Dickerman, R.W.1
  • 31
    • 0001873911 scopus 로고
    • in T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch, editors. Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review of critical issues. Oxford University Press, New York, USA
    • Dickson, J. G., F. R. Thompson, III, R. N. Conner, and K. Franzreb. 1995. Silviculture in central and southeastern oakpine forests. Pages 245-266 in T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch, editors. Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review of critical issues. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
    • (1995) Silviculture In Central and Southeastern Oakpine Forests , pp. 245-266
    • Dickson, J.G.1    Thompson III, F.R.2    Conner, R.N.3    Franzreb, K.4
  • 32
    • 0033820625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape scale disturbances and changes in bird communities of boreal mixed-wood forests
    • Drapeau, P., A. Leduc, J.-F Giroux, J.-P. Savard, Y. Bergeron, and W. L. Vickery. 2000. Landscape scale disturbances and changes in bird communities of boreal mixed-wood forests. Ecological Monographs 70:423-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0423:LSDACI]2.0.CO;2
    • (2000) Ecological Monographs , vol.70 , pp. 423-444
    • Drapeau, P.1    Leduc, A.2    Giroux, J.-F.3    Savard, J.-P.4    Bergeron, Y.5    Vickery, W.L.6
  • 34
    • 0003468613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northwest Science and Technology Technical Manual TM-002. Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Northwest Science and Technology, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Environment Canada. 2006. Recovery strategy for the Red Crossbill, percna subspecies (Loxia curvirostra percna), in Canada [proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada
    • Elkie, P. C., R. S. Rempel, and A. P. Carr. 1999. Patch analyst user's manual: a tool for quantifying landscape structure. Northwest Science and Technology Technical Manual TM-002. Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Northwest Science and Technology, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Environment Canada. 2006. Recovery strategy for the Red Crossbill, percna subspecies (Loxia curvirostra percna), in Canada [proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
    • (1999) Patch Analyst User's Manual: A Tool For Quantifying Landscape Structur
    • Elkie, P.C.1    Rempel, R.S.2    Carr, A.P.3
  • 36
    • 41349117956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus)
    • A. Poole, editor, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA
    • Evans M. D., and W. Yong. 2000. Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). In A. Poole, editor. The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/50.2.845
    • (2000) The Birds of North America Online
    • Evans, M.D.1    Yong, W.2
  • 38
    • 84877690816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • FAO Forestry Paper 163. Food and Agriculture Oranisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  • 39
    • 0036091816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point count surveys
    • (2002) 119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2
    • Farnsworth, G. L., K. H. Pollock, J. D. Nichols, T. R. Simmons, J. E. Hines, and J. R. Sauer. 2002. A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point count surveys. Auk 119:414-425 http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038 (2002) 119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2
    • (2002) Auk , vol.119 , pp. 414-425
    • Farnsworth, G.L.1    Pollock, K.H.2    Nichols, J.D.3    Simmons, T.R.4    Hines, J.E.5    Sauer, J.R.6
  • 40
    • 0032936720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of foraging trees selected by Pileated Woodpeckers in New Brunswick
    • Flemming, S. P., G. L. Holloway, E. J. Watts, and P. S. Lawrence. 1999. Characteristics of foraging trees selected by Pileated Woodpeckers in New Brunswick. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:461-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802631
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.63 , pp. 461-469
    • Flemming, S.P.1    Holloway, G.L.2    Watts, E.J.3    Lawrence, P.S.4
  • 41
    • 0003022190 scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests
    • in E. O. Wilson, editor, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Franklin, J. F. 1989. Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests. Pages 166-175 in E. O. Wilson, editor. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1989) Biodiversity , pp. 166-175
    • Franklin, J.F.1
  • 42
    • 0034866196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birds on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: Partitioning effects of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance
    • Freemark, K. E., and D. A. Kirk. 2001. Birds on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: partitioning effects of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance. Biological Conservation 101:337-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00079-9
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.101 , pp. 337-350
    • Freemark, K.E.1    Kirk, D.A.2
  • 43
    • 0026005385 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes region
    • Frelich, L. E., and C. G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1943005
    • (1991) Ecological Monographs , vol.61 , pp. 145-164
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 44
    • 0002954191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old growth in the Great Lakes Region
    • in M. B. Davis, editor, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Frelich, L. E., and P. B. Reich. 1996. Old growth in the Great Lakes Region. Pages 144-160 in M. B. Davis, editor. Eastern old growth forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1996) Eastern Old Growth Forests , pp. 144-160
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Reich, P.B.2
  • 45
    • 34547344722 scopus 로고
    • Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, No. 13. Washington, D.C., USA
    • Frotheringham, E. H. 1914. White pine under forest management. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, No. 13. Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1914) White Pine Under Forest Management
    • Frotheringham, E.H.1
  • 48
    • 0033014488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical comparisons of breeding birds in old-growth conifer-hardwood forest on the Appalachian Plateau
    • Haney, J. C. 1999. Hierarchical comparisons of breeding birds in old-growth conifer-hardwood forest on the Appalachian Plateau. Wilson Bulletin 111:89-99.
    • (1999) Wilson Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 89-99
    • Haney, J.C.1
  • 49
    • 0002178964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional roles of eastern old growth in promoting forest bird diversity
    • M. B. Davis, editor, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Haney, J. C., and C. P. Schaadt. 1996. Functional roles of eastern old growth in promoting forest bird diversity. Pages 76-88 in M. B. Davis, editor. Eastern old growth forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1996) Eastern Old Growth Forests , pp. 76-88
    • Haney, J.C.1    Schaadt, C.P.2
  • 52
    • 0022879460 scopus 로고
    • Population trends of north Finnish land birds in relation to their habitat selection and changes in forest structure
    • Helle, P., and O. Jarvinen. 1986. Population trends of north Finnish land birds in relation to their habitat selection and changes in forest structure. Oikos 46:107-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3565386
    • (1986) Oikos , vol.46 , pp. 107-115
    • Helle, P.1    Jarvinen, O.2
  • 53
    • 0024905849 scopus 로고
    • What constitutes an old-growth stand?
    • Hunter, M. L., Jr. 1989. What constitutes an old-growth stand?. Journal of Forestry 87(8):33-50.
    • (1989) Journal of Forestry , vol.87 , Issue.8 , pp. 33-50
    • Hunter Jr., M.L.1
  • 55
    • 0003214529 scopus 로고
    • Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis)
    • Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA
    • Jackson, J. A. 1994. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis). The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.85
    • (1994) The Birds of North America Online
    • Jackson, J.A.1
  • 56
    • 32344442687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)
    • Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA
    • Jackson, J. A. 2002. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.711
    • (2002) The Birds of North America Online
    • Jackson, J.A.1
  • 57
    • 43249126977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In defense of indices: The case of bird surveys
    • Johnson, D. H. 2008. In defense of indices: the case of bird surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:857-868.
    • (2008) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.72 , pp. 857-868
    • Johnson, D.H.1
  • 58
    • 0034915197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity of early successional shrubland birds in clearcuts and group cuts in an eastern deciduous forest
    • King, D. I., R. M. DeGraaf, and C. R. Griffin. 2001. Productivity of early successional shrubland birds in clearcuts and group cuts in an eastern deciduous forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:345-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802914
    • (2001) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.65 , pp. 345-350
    • King, D.I.1    Degraaf, R.M.2    Griffin, C.R.3
  • 60
    • 0035973434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird-habitat relationships in jack pine boreal forests
    • Kirk, D. A., and K. A. Hobson. 2001. Bird-habitat relationships in jack pine boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 147:217-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00465-5
    • (2001) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.147 , pp. 217-243
    • Kirk, D.A.1    Hobson, K.A.2
  • 62
    • 0036663050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of historical and current forest cover in selected areas of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest of central Ontario
    • Leadbitter, P., D. Euler, and B. Naylor. 2002. A comparison of historical and current forest cover in selected areas of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest of central Ontario. The Forestry Chronicle 78:522-529.
    • (2002) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.78 , pp. 522-529
    • Leadbitter, P.1    Euler, D.2    Naylor, B.3
  • 63
    • 0027881344 scopus 로고
    • Spatial autocorrelation: Trouble or new paradigm?
    • Legendre, P., 1993. Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology 74:1659-1673.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1659-1673
    • Legendre, P.1
  • 64
    • 0004170691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second English edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Legendre, P., and L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical ecology. Second English edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70880-0
    • (1998) Numerical Ecology
    • Legendre, P.1    Legendre, L.2
  • 65
    • 0002190933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definitions and history
    • in M. B. Davis, editor, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Leverett, R. 1996. Definitions and history. Pages 76-88 in M. B. Davis, editor. Eastern old growth forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1996) Eastern Old Growth Forests , pp. 76-88
    • Leverett, R.1
  • 66
    • 0027100710 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the boreal forest of Sweden 1870-1991
    • Linder, P., and L. Östlund. 1992. Changes in the boreal forest of Sweden 1870-1991. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 86:199-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589809383006
    • (1992) Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift , vol.86 , pp. 199-215
    • Linder, P.1    Östlund, L.2
  • 67
    • 1442309643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blackburnian Warbler (Setophaga fusca)
    • Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL
    • Morse, D. A. 2004. Blackburnian Warbler (Setophaga fusca). The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/102.
    • (2004) The Birds of North America Online
    • Morse, D.A.1
  • 68
    • 84866460572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens)
    • Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL
    • Morse, D. H., and A. F. Poole. 2005. Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens). The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/055.
    • (2005) The Birds of North America Online
    • Morse, D.H.1    Poole, A.F.2
  • 69
    • 0242468015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of old-growth forests in Canada from a science perspective
    • Mosseler, A., I. Thompson, and B. A. Pendrel. 2003. Overview of old-growth forests in Canada from a science perspective. Environmental Reviews 11:S1-S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-018
    • (2003) Environmental Reviews , vol.11
    • Mosseler, A.1    Thompson, I.2    Pendrel, B.A.3
  • 70
    • 0009633452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)
    • Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL, http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.479
    • Mowbray, T. 1999. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea). The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.479
    • (1999) The Birds of North America Online
    • Mowbray, T.1
  • 71
    • 0009570797 scopus 로고
    • Managing wildlife habitat in red pine and white pine in Ontario
    • Naylor, B. J. 1994. Managing wildlife habitat in red pine and white pine in Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 70:411-419.
    • (1994) Forestry Chronicle , vol.70 , pp. 411-419
    • Naylor, B.J.1
  • 73
    • 0034008770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts
    • (2000)117[0393:ADOAFE]2.0.CO;2
    • Nichols, J. D., J. E. Hines, J. R. Sauer, F. W. Fallon, F. E. Fallon, and P. J. Heglund. 2000. A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts. Auk 117:393-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038 (2000)117[0393:ADOAFE]2.0.CO;2
    • (2000) Auk , vol.117 , pp. 393-408
    • Nichols, J.D.1    Hines, J.E.2    Sauer, J.R.3    Fallon, F.W.4    Fallon, F.E.5    Heglund, P.J.6
  • 74
    • 84866439142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Ontario Partners in Flight. 2008. Ontario landbird conservation plan: bboreal hardwood transition, North American Bird Conservation Region 12. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Bird Studies Canada; and Environment Canada; Ontario, Canada
    • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2010. Forest Management Guide for Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest landscapes (landscape guide). Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Ontario Partners in Flight. 2008. Ontario landbird conservation plan: bboreal hardwood transition, North American Bird Conservation Region 12. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Bird Studies Canada; and Environment Canada; Ontario, Canada.
    • (2010) Forest Management Guide For Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Landscapes (landscape Guide)
  • 75
    • 33847476651 scopus 로고
    • Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project Report No. 9. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
    • Perera, A. H., and D. J. B. Baldwin. 1993. Spatial characteristics of eastern white pine and red pine forests in Ontario. Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project Report No. 9. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
    • (1993) Spatial Characteristics of Eastern White Pine and Red Pine Forests In Ontario
    • Perera, A.H.1    Baldwin, D.J.B.2
  • 77
    • 33845367389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variance partitioning of species data matrices: Estimation and comparison of fractions
    • (2006)87 [2614:VPOSDM]2.0.CO;2
    • Peres-Neto, P. R., Legendre, P., Dray, S., and Borcard, D. 2006. Variance partitioning of species data matrices: estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology 87:2614-2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658 (2006)87 [2614:VPOSDM]2.0.CO;2
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 2614-2625
    • Peres-Neto, P.R.1    Legendre, P.2    Dray, S.3    Borcard, D.4
  • 79
    • 47649094079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes to preindustrial forest tree composition in central and northeastern Ontario, Canada
    • Pinto, F., S. Romaniuk, and M. Ferguson. 2008. Changes to preindustrial forest tree composition in central and northeastern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:1842-1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/X08-034
    • (2008) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.38 , pp. 1842-1854
    • Pinto, F.1    Romaniuk, S.2    Ferguson, M.3
  • 82
    • 41949099757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in nesting habitat requirements of an old forest specialist, the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana), as conservation targets
    • Poulin, J.-F., M.-A. Villard, M. Edman, P. J. Goulet, and A.- M. Eriksson, 2008. Thresholds in nesting habitat requirements of an old forest specialist, the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana), as conservation targets. Biological Conservation 141:1129-1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.02.012
    • (2008) Biological Conservation , vol.141 , pp. 1129-1137
    • Poulin, J.-F.1    Villard, M.-A.2    Edman, M.3    Goulet, P.J.4    Eriksson A.-, M.5
  • 83
    • 77950979101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term demographic response of an old forest specialist to experimental selection harvesting
    • Poulin, J-F., M-A. Villard, and S. Haché. 2010. Short-term demographic response of an old forest specialist to experimental selection harvesting. ÉcoScience 17:20-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2980/17-1-3297
    • (2010) ÉcoScience , vol.17 , pp. 20-27
    • Poulin, J.-F.1    Villard, M.-A.2    Haché, S.3
  • 84
    • 0032023892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity and population structure of disjunct Newfoundland and central Ontario populations of eastern white pine
    • Rajora, O. P., L. DeVerno, A. Mosseler, and D. J. Innes. 1998. Genetic diversity and population structure of disjunct Newfoundland and central Ontario populations of eastern white pine. Canadian Journal of Botany 76:500-508.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.76 , pp. 500-508
    • Rajora, O.P.1    Deverno, L.2    Mosseler, A.3    Innes, D.J.4
  • 85
    • 0003607907 scopus 로고
    • technical editors, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, USDA Forest Service, Albany California, USA
    • Ralph, C. J., J. R. Sauer, and S. Droege, technical editors. 1995. Monitoring bird populations by point counts. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, USDA Forest Service, Albany California, USA.
    • (1995) Monitoring Bird Populations By Point Counts
    • Ralph, C.J.1    Sauer, J.R.2    Droege, S.3
  • 86
    • 35748932852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
    • R Development Core Team. 2007. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    • (2007) R: A Language and Environment For Statistical Computing
  • 88
    • 0006331510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pine Warbler (Setophaga pinus)
    • Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL
    • Rodewald, P. G., J. H. Withgott, and K. G. Smith. 1999. Pine Warbler (Setophaga pinus). The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [online] URL: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/438.
    • (1999) The Birds of North America Online
    • Rodewald, P.G.1    Withgott, J.H.2    Smith, K.G.3
  • 90
    • 84866446614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Global biodiversity outlook 3. Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • SAS Institute. 2008. SAS/STAT user's guide: statistics, release 8. Cary, North Carolina, USA. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Global biodiversity outlook 3. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
    • (2008) SAS/STAT User's Guide: Statistics, Release 8
  • 92
    • 0141566531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism
    • Suffling, R., M. Evans, and A. Perera. 2003. Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: ecosystems measured through a cultural prism. Forestry Chronicle 79:485-501.
    • (2003) Forestry Chronicle , vol.79 , pp. 485-501
    • Suffling, R.1    Evans, M.2    Perera, A.3
  • 93
    • 0002521330 scopus 로고
    • Ordination
    • in R. H. G. Jongman, C. J. F. ter Braak and O. F. R. van Tongeren, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
    • ter Braak, C. J. F. 1995. Ordination. Pages 91-173 in R. H. G. Jongman, C. J. F. ter Braak and O. F. R. van Tongeren, editors. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203180419.ch5
    • (1995) Data Analysis In Community and Landscape Ecology , pp. 91-173
    • ter Braak, C.J.F.1
  • 94
    • 84866448810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide: software for community ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York, USA
    • ter Braak, C. J. F., and P. Smilauer. 2002. CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide: software for community ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York, USA.
    • (2002)
    • ter Braak, C.J.F.1    Smilauer, P.2
  • 97
    • 0002575289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest vertebrates of Ontario: Patterns of distribution
    • in A. H. Perera, D. L. Euler, and I. D. Thompson, editors, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
    • Thompson, I. D. 2000. Forest vertebrates of Ontario: patterns of distribution. Pages 54-73 in A. H. Perera, D. L. Euler, and I. D. Thompson, editors. Ecology of a managed terrestrial landscape: Patterns and processes of forest landscapes in Ontario. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
    • (2000) Ecology of a Managed Terrestrial Landscape: Patterns and Processes of Forest Landscapes In Ontario , pp. 54-73
    • Thompson, I.D.1
  • 98
    • 0038303790 scopus 로고
    • Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project Report No. 21. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
    • Thompson, I. D., A. Applejohn, T. S. Jung, and L. A. Walton. 1995a. A short-term study of the faunal associations in old white pine ecosystems. Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project Report No. 21. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
    • (1995) A Short-term Study of the Faunal Associations In Old White Pine Ecosystems
    • Thompson, I.D.1    Applejohn, A.2    Jung, T.S.3    Walton, L.A.4
  • 99
    • 65649085552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest birds and forest management in Ontario: Status, management and policy
    • Thompson, I. D., J. A. Baker, S. J. Harmon, R. S. Rempel, and K. J. Szuba. 2009. Forest birds and forest management in Ontario: status, management and policy. Forestry Chronicle 85:245-257.
    • (2009) Forestry Chronicle , vol.85 , pp. 245-257
    • Thompson, I.D.1    Baker, J.A.2    Harmon, S.J.3    Rempel, R.S.4    Szuba, K.J.5
  • 100
    • 35448981936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of forest inventory mapping: Some implications for boreal forest management
    • Thompson, I. D., S. C. Maher, D. P. Rouillard, J. M. Fryxell, and J. A. Baker. 2007. Accuracy of forest inventory mapping: some implications for boreal forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 252:208-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.033
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.252 , pp. 208-221
    • Thompson, I.D.1    Maher, S.C.2    Rouillard, D.P.3    Fryxell, J.M.4    Baker, J.A.5
  • 101
    • 31144464683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical changes in white pine (Pinus strobus L.) density in Algonquin Park, Ontario, during the 19th century
    • (2006)26[61:HCIWPP]2.0.CO;2
    • Thompson, I. D., J. H. Simard, and R. D. Titman. 2006. Historical changes in white pine (Pinus strobus L.) density in Algonquin Park, Ontario, during the 19th century. Natural Areas Journal 26:61-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608 (2006)26[61:HCIWPP]2.0.CO;2
    • (2006) Natural Areas Journal , vol.26 , pp. 61-71
    • Thompson, I.D.1    Simard, J.H.2    Titman, R.D.3
  • 103
    • 0024873811 scopus 로고
    • Short-term fluctuations of bird communities and populations in virgin and managed forest in Northern Finland
    • Virkkala, R. 1989. Short-term fluctuations of bird communities and populations in virgin and managed forest in Northern Finland. Annales Zoologica Fennici 26:277-285.
    • (1989) Annales Zoologica Fennici , vol.26 , pp. 277-285
    • Virkkala, R.1
  • 104
    • 0003627483 scopus 로고
    • An overview of the Forest Bird Monitoring Program in Ontario, Canada
    • in C. J. Ralph, J. R. Sauer, and S. Droege, editors, Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. Forest Service, USDA, Albany, California, USDA
    • Welsh, D. A. 1995. An overview of the Forest Bird Monitoring Program in Ontario, Canada. Pages 93-97 in C. J. Ralph, J. R. Sauer, and S. Droege, editors. Monitoring bird populations by point counts. Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. Forest Service, USDA, Albany, California, USDA.
    • (1995) Monitoring Bird Populations By Point Counts , pp. 93-97
    • Welsh, D.A.1
  • 106
    • 0022847805 scopus 로고
    • Relation of Michigan's presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history
    • Whitney, G. G. 1986. Relation of Michigan's presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history. Ecology 67:1548-1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939085
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1548-1559
    • Whitney, G.G.1
  • 107
    • 33244482799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of dynamic-landscape metapopulation models for sustainable forest management
    • Wintle, B. A., S. A. Bekessy, L. A. Venier, J. L. Pearce, and R. A. Chisholm. 2005. Utility of dynamic-landscape metapopulation models for sustainable forest management. Conservation Biology 19:1930-1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00276.x
    • (2005) Conservation Biology , vol.19 , pp. 1930-1943
    • Wintle, B.A.1    Bekessy, S.A.2    Venier, L.A.3    Pearce, J.L.4    Chisholm, R.A.5
  • 109
    • 33745658902 scopus 로고
    • Managing white pine in Ontario
    • in D. T. Funk, editor, General Technical Report WO-51. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
    • Wray, D. 1986. Managing white pine in Ontario. Pp. 67-69 in D. T. Funk, editor, Eastern white pine: today and tomorrow, symposium proceedings, 12-14 June, 1985, Durham, NH. General Technical Report WO-51. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
    • (1986) Eastern White Pine: Today and Tomorrow, Symposium Proceedings, 12-14 June, 1985, Durham, NH , pp. 67-69
    • Wray, D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.