The ecology of the European badger (Meles meles) in Ireland: A review

Biology and Environment

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 105-132

  Byrne, Andrew W ^a   Paddy Sleeman, D ^b   O'Keeffe, James ^c,d   Davenport, John ^b  

^a TEAGASC   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^c Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Food ^*  (Ireland)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; MELES MELES; TAXIDIINAE;

EID: 84866456973     PISSN: 07917945     EISSN: 2009003X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3318/BIOE.2012.02     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Abernethy, D.A., Denny, G.O., Menzies, F.D., McGuckian, P., Honhold, N. and Roberts, A.R. 2006 The Northern Ireland programme for the control and eradication of Mycobacterium bovis. Veterinary microbiology 112, 231 7.
2. Aznar, I., McGrath, G., Murphy, D., Corner, L.A.L., Gormley, E., Frankena, K., More, S.J., Martin, W., O'Keeffe, J. and De Jong, M.C.M. 2011 Trial design to estimate the effect of vaccination on tuberculosis incidence in badgers. Veterinary Microbiology 151 (1 2), 104 11.DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic. 2011.02.032.
3. Balestrieri, A., Remonti, L. and Prigioni, C. 2009 Exploitation of food resources by the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) at the altitudinal limit of its Alpine range (NW Italy). Zoological Science 26, 821 7.
4. Barea-Azcon, J., Ballesteros-Duperon, E., Gil-Sanchez, J. and Virgos, E. 2010 Badger Meles meles feeding ecology in dry Mediterranean environments of the southwest edge of its distribution range. Acta Theriologica 55, 45 52.
5. Bond, K.G.M., Barnes, D.K.A. and Sleeman, D.P. 2003 Scatopse lapponica Duda (Diptera: Scatopsidae) new to Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 5, 210.
6. Bourne, J., Donnelly, C.A., Cox, D.R., Gettinby G, McInerney, J.P., Morrison, W.I. and Woodroffe, R. 2007 Bovine TB: the scientific evidence. The final report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB. London. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
7. Boyle, K. and Whelan, J. 1990 Changes in the diet of the badger Meles meles L. from autumn to winter. Irish Naturalists' Journal 23, 199 202.
8. Brøseth, H., Knutsen, B. and Bevanger, K. 1997 Spatial organization and habitat utilization of badgers Meles meles: effects of food patch dispersion in the boreal forest of central Norway. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 62, 12 22.
9. Carleton, R. 1978 Wild mammals of Donegal. Ireland. Donegal Democrat Ltd.
10. Carroll, R., Corner, L.A.L. and Marples, N.M. 2010 The effects of culling on the badger (Meles meles) in Ireland. Biennial report, 2008 2009. Dublin. Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin.
11. Cheeseman, C.L., Jones, G.W., Gallagher, J. and Mallinson, P.J. 1981 The population structure, density and prevalence of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in badgers (Meles meles) from four areas in south-west England. Journal of Applied Ecology 18, 795 804.
12. Cheeseman, C.L., Little, T.W.A., Mallinson, P.J., Page, R.J.C., Wilesmith, J.W. and Pritchard, D.G. 1985 Population ecology and prevalence of tuberculosis in badgers in an area of Staffordshire. Mammal Review 15, 125 35.
13. Cheeseman, C.L., Wilesmith, J.W., Ryan, J. and Mallinson, P.J. 1987 Badger population dynamics in a high-density area. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 58, 279 94.
14. Cheeseman, C.L., Cresswell, W.J., Harris, S. and Mallinson, P.J. 1988 Comparison of dispersal and other movements in two Badger (Meles meles) populations. Mammal Review 18, 51 9.
15. Cheeseman, C.L., Mallinson, P.J., Ryan, J. and Wilesmith, J.W. 1993 Recolonisation by badgers in Gloucestershire. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger, 78 93. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
16. Clarke, G.P., White, P.C.L. and Harris, S. 1998 Effects of roads on badger Meles meles populations in south-west England. Biological Conservation 86, 117 24.
17. Cleary, G.P., Corner, L.A.L., O'Keeffe, J. and Marples, N.M. 2009 The diet of the badger Meles meles in the Republic of Ireland. Mammalian Biology 74, 438 47.
18. Cleary, G.P., Corner, L.A.L., O'Keeffe, J. and Marples, N.M. 2010 Diet of the badger (Meles meles) in the Republic of Ireland: a comparison of results from an analysis of stomach contents and rectal faeces. Mammalian Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam bio.2010.10.012.
19. Clements, E.D., Neal, E.G. and Yalden, D.W. 1988 The national badger sett survey. Mammal Review 18, 1 9.
20. Corner, L.A.L., Clegg, T.A., More, S.J., Williams, D.H., O'Boyle, I., Costello, E., Sleeman, D.P. and Griffin, J.M. 2008 The effect of varying levels of population control on the prevalence of tuberculosis in badgers in Ireland. Research in Veterinary Science 85, 238 49.
21. Corner, L.A.L., Murphy, D. and Gormley, E. 2010 Mycobacterium bovis infection in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles): the disease, pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Journal of Comparative Pathology 144, 1 24.
22. Creel, S. and MacDonald, D. 1995 Sociality, group size, and reproductive suppression among carnivores. Advances in the Study of Behavior 24, 203 57.
23. Cresswell, W.J. and Harris, S. 1988 Foraging behaviour and home-range utilization in a suburban badger (Meles meles) population. Mammal Review 18, 37 49.
24. Cresswell, P., Harris, S. and Jefferies, D.J. 1990 The history, distribution, status and habitat requirements of the badger in Britain. Peterborough. Nature Conservancy Council.
25. Cresswell, W.J., Harris, S., Cheeseman, C.L. and Mallinson, P.J. 1992 To breed or not to breed: an analysis of the social and density-dependent constraints on the fecundity of female badgers (Meles meles). Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 338, 393 407.
26. Crichton, M. 1974 Provisional distribution maps of amphibians, reptiles and mammals in Ireland. Dublin. An Foras Forbartha/Folens.
27. DAFF. 1996 Badger manual. Dublin. Department of Agriculture Food and Forestry.
28. Davenport, J.L., Sleeman, D.P. and Woodman, P.C. (eds) 2008 Mind the gap: postglacial colonization of Ireland. Special Supplement to the Irish Naturalists' Journal.
29. Davison, J., Huck, M., Delahay, R.J. and Roper, T.J. 2008 Urban badger setts: characteristics, patterns of use and management implications. Journal of Zoology 275, 190 200.
30. Davison, J., Huck, M., Delahay, R.J. and Roper, T.J. 2009 Restricted ranging behaviour in a highdensity population of urban badgers. Journal of Zoology 277, 45 53.
31. Dayan, T. and Simberloff, D. 1994 Character displacement, sexual dimorphism and morphological variation among British and Irish mustelids. Ecology 75, 1063 73.
32. Dekker, J.J.A. and Bekker, H.G.J. 2010 Badger (Meles meles) road mortality in the Netherlands: the characteristics of victims and the effects of mitigation measures Lutra 53, 81 92.
33. Del Cerro, I., Marmi, J., Ferrando, A., Chashchin, P., Taberlet, P. and Bosch, M. 2010 Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies provide evidence for four species of Eurasian badgers (Carnivora). Zoologica Scripta 39, 415 25.
34. Delahay, R.J., Wilson, G.J., Smith, G.C. and Cheeseman, C.L. 2003 Vaccinating badgers (Meles meles) against Mycobacterium bovis: the ecological considerations. Veterinary Journal 166, 43 51.
35. Delahay, R., Walker, N.J., Forrester, G.J., Harmsen, B.J., Riordan, P., Macdonald, D.W., Newman, C. and Cheesman, C.L. 2006 Demographic correlates of bite wounding in Eurasian badgers, Meles meles L., in stable and perturbed populations. Animal Behaviour 71, 1047 55.
36. Denny, G.O. and Wilesmith, J.W. 1999 Bovine tuberculosis in Northern Ireland: a case-control study of herd risk factors. The Veterinary Record 144, 305 10.
37. Dolan, L. 1993 Badgers and bovine tuberculosis in Ireland: a review. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger, 108 16. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
38. Dolan, L., Eves, J. and Bray, D. 1994 East Offaly Badger Research Project (EOP): interim report for the period, January 1989 to December 1994. In Selected Papers 1994, 1 3. Dublin. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit.
39. Do Linh San, E., Ferrari, N. and Weber, J.M. 2007 Socio-spatial organization of Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in a low-density population of central Europe. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, 973 84.
40. Doncaster, C.P. 1992 Testing the role of intraguild predation in regulating hedgehog populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 249, 113 7.
41. Dugdale, H.L., Macdonald, D.W., Pope, L.C. and Burke, T. 2007 Polygynandry, extra-group paternity and multiple-paternity litters in European badger (Meles meles) social groups. Molecular Ecology 16, 5294 306.
42. Environmental Information Portal. 2010 Forests, grasslands and drylands-Ireland. The environmental information portal. Available at http://earthtrends. wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_372.pdf (accessed 8 July 2010).
43. Eves, J. 1993 The East Offaly Badger Research Project: an interim report. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger, 166 73. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
44. Eves, J. 1999 Impact of badger removal on bovine tuberculosis in east County Offaly. Irish Veterinary Journal 52, 199 204.
45. Fairley, J.S. 1967 An indication of the food of the badger in north-east Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 15, 267 9
46. Fairley, J. 1992 Irish wild mammals: a guide to the literature. Galway. Clódóiri Lurgan Teo.
47. Fairley, J. 2001 A basket of weasels. Belfast. Self published.
48. Fannon, P. and Fannon, E. 1983 Badger in the inner city of Dublin. Irish Naturalists' Journal 21, 137.
49. Feore, S. and Montgomery, W.I. 1999 Habitat effects on the spatial ecology of the European badger (Meles meles). Journal of Zoology 247, 537 49.
50. Feore, S.M. 1994 The distribution and abundance of the badger Meles meles L. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Queens University Belfast.
51. Ferreras, P., Travaini, A., Cristina Zapata, S. and Delibes, M. 2011 Short-term responses of mammalian carnivores to a sudden collapse of rabbits in Mediterranean Spain. Basic and Applied Ecology 12, 116 24.
52. Frantz, A.C., Do Linh San, E., Pope, L.C., Burke, T. 2010a Using genetic methods to investigate dispersal in two badger (Meles meles) populations with different ecological characteristics. Heredity 104, 493 501.
53. Frantz, A.C., Pope, L.C., Etherington, T.R., Wilson, G.J. and Burke, T. 2010b Using isolation-by-distance-based approaches to assess the barrier effect of linear landscape elements on badger (Meles meles) dispersal. Molecular Ecology 19, 1663 74.
54. Frantz, A., Schley, L., Schaul, M., Balestrieri, A. and Roper, T. 2010c Spatial organisation of badgers (Meles meles) in a medium-density population in Luxembourg. Hystrix-Italian Journal of Mammalogy 21, 3 18.
55. Gaffney, R.J. and Sleeman, D.P. 2006 Badger Meles meles (L.) track at altitude in Co. Mayo. Irish Naturalists' Journal 28, 344.
56. Gallagher, J. 1998 The natural history of spontaneous tuberculosis in wild badgers. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London.
57. Garnett, B.T., Delahay, R.J. and Roper, T.J. 2002 Use of cattle farm resources by badgers (Meles meles) and risk of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) transmission to cattle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269, 1487.
58. Gilmore, R.M. 1899 Pine marten and common badger in County Galway. Irish Naturalist 8, 252.
59. Good, M. 2006 Bovine tuberculosis eradication in Ireland. Irish Veterinary Journal 59 (3), 154.
60. Gormley, E. and Costello, E. 2003 Tuberculosis and badgers: new approaches to diagnosis and control. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 80 86.
61. Goszczynski, J. and Skoczynska, J. 1996 Density estimation, family group size and recruitment in a badger population near Rogów (Central Poland). Miscellania Zoologica 19, 27 33.
62. Goszczynski, J., Jedrzejewska, B. and Jedrzejewska, W. 2000 Diet composition of badgers (Meles meles) in a pristine forest and rural habitats of Poland compared to other European populations. Journal of Zoology (London) 250, 495 505.
63. Griffin, J.M., Quigley, F., Towey, K.P., Costello, E., Hammond, R.F., McGrath, G. and Sleeman, D.P. 1998 The four area badger study: a progress report. In J.D. Collins and R.F. Hammond (eds), Selected papers 1998. Dublin. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit.
64. Griffin, J.M., Quigley, F., Towey, E., Hammond, R.F., McGrath, G., Sleeman, D.P. and Costello, K.P. 1999 The four area badger study: a progress report 1996 1999. In J.D. Collins and R.F. Hammond (eds), Selected papers 1999. Dublin. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit.
65. Griffin, J.M., Clegg, T.A., Quigley, F., Towey, E., Hammond, R.F., McGrath, G., Sleeman, D.P., Costello, K.P. and O'Boyle, I. 2003 The four area badger study: 1997 2002. In Selected papers 2002 2003. Dublin. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit.
66. Griffin, J.M., More, S.J., Clegg, T.A., Collins, J.D., O'Boyle, I., Williams, D.H., Kelly, G.E., Costello, E., Sleeman, D.P., O'Shea, F., Duggan, M., Murphy, J. and Lavin, D.P.T. 2005a Tuberculosis in cattle: the results of the four-area project. Irish Veterinary Journal 58 (11), 629.
67. Griffin, J.M., Williams, D.H., Kelly, G.E., Clegg, T.A., O'Boyle, I., Collins, J.D. and More, S.J. 2005b The impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in Ireland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 67 (4), 237 66.
68. Griffiths, H.I. and Thomas, D.H. 1997 The conservation and management of the European badger (Meles meles). Nature and Environment no. 90. Strasbourg. Council of Europe Publishing.
69. Hahesy, T., Sleeman, P. and Twomey, N. 1993 The use of electric fencing to control badger movement. In Selected papers 1992. Dublin. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit.
70. Hahesy, T., Hammond, R.F. and Sleeman, D.P. 1997 The influence of cattle feed/water trough height in preventing access to badger. In Selected Papers 1998, 41 2. Dublin. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit.
71. Haigh, A. and Lawton, C. 2007 Wild mammals of an Irish urban forest. Irish Naturalists' Journal 28, 395 403.
72. Hammond, R.F., McGrath, G. and Martin, S.W. 2001 Irish soil and land-use classifications as predictors of numbers of badgers and badger setts. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 51, 137 48.
73. Hancox, M. 1988 The nidicolous fauna of badger setts. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 124 (1484), 93 5.
74. Harris, S. 1984 Ecology of urban badgers Meles meles: distribution in Britain and habitat selection, persecution, food and damage in the city of Bristol. Biological Conservation 28, 349 75.
75. Harris, S., Morris, P., Wray, S. and Yalden, D. 1995 A review of British mammals: population estimates and conservation status of British mammals other than Cetaceans. Peterborough, UK. Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
76. Hayden, T.J. (ed.) 1993 The badger, Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
77. Hofmann, T. 1999 Untersuchungen zur Okologie des europäischen Dachses (Meles meles, L. 1758) im Hakelwald (nordostliches Harzvorland). Unpublished PhD thesis, Martin-Luther University, Germany.
78. Hounsome, T. and Delahay, R. 2005 Birds in the diet of the Eurasian badger Meles meles: a review and meta-analysis. Mammal Review 35, 199 209.
79. House of Commons. 2008 Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee-badgers and cattle TB: the final report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB. Fourth Report of Session 2007 08 Volume II. London. The Stationery Office Ltd.
80. Huck, M., Frantz, A.C., Dawson, D.A., Burke, T. and Roper, T.J. 2008 Low genetic variability, female-biased dispersal and high movement rates in an urban population of Eurasian badgers Meles meles. Journal of Animal Ecology 77, 905 15.
81. Hunter, S.A. 1934 Parasites of badger. Irish Naturalists' Journal 5, 72.
82. Irish Naturalist. 1893 The badger (Meles taxus) in Ireland. Irish Naturalist 2, 2.
83. Johnson, D.D.P., Jetz, W. and Macdonald, D.W. 2002 Environmental correlates of badger social spacing and densities across Europe. Journal of Biogeography 29, 411 25.
84. Johnson, D.D.P., MacDonald, D.W., Newman, C. and Morecroft, M.D. 2001 Group size versus territory size in group-living badgers: a large-sample field test of the resource dispersion hypothesis. Oikos 95, 265 74.
85. Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H. and Shachak, M. 1994 Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69, 373 386.
86. Judge, J., Ward, A., Delahay, R., McDonald, R., Roper, T., Tolhurst, B., Garnett, B. 2009 Tracking badger visits to farmyards. Veterinary record 164, 667 8.
87. Kelly, D., Corner, L., Gormley, E., Murphy, D., Costello, E., Aldwell, F. and Marples, N. 2011 Evaluation of attractant flavours for use in oral vaccine baits for badgers (Meles meles). European Journal of Wildlife Research DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0485-7.
88. King, H.H. 1931 Working terriers, badgers and badger digging. Warwickshire. Read Books (reprinted 2005).
89. Kowalczyk, R., Zalewski, A., Jedrzejewska, B. and Jedrzejewski, W. 2003 Spatial organization and demography of badgers (Meles meles) in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland, and the influence of earthworms on badger densities in Europe. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 74 87.
90. Kruuk, H. 1978 Foraging and spatial organisation of the European badger, Meles meles L. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4, 75 89.
91. Kruuk, H. 1989 The social badger: ecology and behaviour of a group-living carnivore (Meles meles). United Kingdom. Oxford University Press.
92. Kruuk, H. and Parish, T. 1981 Feeding specialization of the European badger Meles meles in Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 50, 773 88.
93. Kruuk, H. and Parish, T. 1982 Factors affecting population density, group size and territory size of the European badger, Meles meles. Journal of Zoology 196, 31 39.
94. Kruuk, H. and Parish, T. 1987 Changes in the size of groups and ranges of the European badger (Meles meles L.) in an area in Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 56, 351 64.
95. Lucherini, M. and Crema, G. 1995 Seasonal variation in the food habits of badgers in an Alpine valley. Hystrix-the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 7, 1 2.
96. Lynch, J.M. 1996 Postglacial colonization of Ireland by mustelids, with particular reference to the badger (Meles meles L.). Journal of Biogeography 23, 179 185.
97. Lynch, J.M. and Hayden, T.J. 1993 Multivariate morphometrics and the biogeography of Irish mustelids. Occasional Publications of the Irish Biogeographical Society 2, 25 34.
98. Mac an Bhaird, A. 1980 Varia II. Tadhg mac Céin and the Badgers. Ériu, 31, 150 55.
99. Macdonald, D.W. and Newman, C. 2002 Population dynamics of badgers (Meles meles) in Oxfordshire, UK: numbers, density and cohort life histories, and a possible role of climate change in population growth. Journal of Zoology 256, 121 38.
100. Macdonald, D.W., Harmsen, B.J., Johnson, P.J. and Newman, C. 2004 Increasing frequency of bite wounds with increasing population density in Eurasian badgers, Meles meles. Animal Behaviour 67, 745 51.
101. Madsen, S.A., Madsen, A.B. and Elmeros, M. 2002 Seasonal food of badgers (Meles meles) in Denmark. Mammalia 66, 341 52.
102. Marmi, J., López-Giráldez, F., Macdonald, D.W., Calafell, F., Zholnerovskaya, E. and Domingo-Roura, X. 2006 Mitochondrial DNA reveals a strong phylogeographic structure in the badger across Eurasia. Molecular Ecology 15, 1007 20.
103. Marnell, F., Kingston, N. and Looney, D. 2009 Ireland Red List No. 3: terrestrial mammals. Dublin. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.
104. McCarthy, J. 1993 The badger vaccination trial in West Cork: progress report. In T.J. Haydon (ed.), The badger, 181 8. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
105. McDonald, R.A. 2002 Resource partitioning among British and Irish mustelids. Journal of Animal Ecology 71, 185 200.
106. McGrath, D. 2006 A guide to wildlife in Waterford city. Waterford. Intacta Print.
107. McGrath, G. 2001 The categorisation of badger habitats using Geographic Information Systems. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Dublin, Trinity College.
108. Menzies, F.D., Abernethy, D.A., Stringer, L.A. and Jordan, C. 2011 A comparison of badger activity in two areas of high and low bovine tuberculosis incidence of Northern Ireland. Veterinary Microbiology, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011. 02.033.
109. Moffat, C.B. 1926 The badger. Irish Naturalists' Journal 1, 130 2.
110. Molina-Vacas, G., Bonet-Arboli, V., Rafart-Plaza, E. and Rodriguez-Teijeiro, J.D. 2009 Spatial ecology of European badgers (Meles meles) in mediterranean habitats of the north-eastern Iberian peninsula. i: home range size, spatial distribution and social organization. Vie et milieu 59, 223 32.
111. More, S.J. 2005 Towards eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Ireland: a critical review of progress. Cattle Practice 13, 313 18.
112. More, S.J. and Good, M. 2006 The tuberculosis eradication programme in Ireland: a review of scientific and policy advances since 1988. Veterinary microbiology 112, 239 51.
113. Morris, P.A. 1987 Changing attitudes towards British mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 32, 225 233.
114. Muldowney, J., Curry, J.P., O'Keeffe, J. and Schmidt, O. 2003 Relationships between earthworm populations, grassland management and badger densities in County Kilkenny, Ireland. Pedobiologia 47, 913 9.
115. Murphy, D., Gormley, E., Costello, E., O'Meara, D. and Corner, L. 2010 The prevalence and distribution of Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles) as determined by enhanced post mortem examination and bacteriological culture. Research in Veterinary Science 88, 1 5.
116. Neal, E. and Cheeseman, C. 1996 Badgers. London. Poyser.
117. Neal, E.G. and Harbison, R.J. 1958 Reproduction in the European badger (Meles meles L.). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29, 67 130.
118. Ní Lamhna, E. 1979 Provisional distribution maps of amphibians, reptiles and mammals in Ireland. Dublin. An Foras Forbartha.
119. Noonan, N., Sheane, W.D., Harper, L.R. and Ryan, P.J. 1975 Wildlife as a possible reservoir of bovine TB. Irish Veterinary Journal 29, 1 5.
120. O'Boyle, I., Higgins, I., Costello, E., Power, E.P., Kelleher, P.F., Bradley, J., Redahan, E., Quigley, F. and Fogarty, U. 2006 Review of badger (Meles meles) research licences in 2003. Tuberculosis Investigation Unit Biennial Report, 2004 5. Dublin. University College Dublin.
121. O'Connor, C.M., Orton, R.J., Haydon, D.T. and Kao, R.R. 2009 Implications of bovine tuberculosis badger culling trials in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. In Proceedings of the 12th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. International Symposia on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE). Durban. South Africa.
122. O'Corry-Crowe, G., Eves, J. and Hayden, T.J. 1993 Sett distribution, territory size and population density of badgers (Meles meles L.) in east Offaly. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger, 35 56. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
123. O'Corry-Crowe, G., Hammond, R.A.F., Eves, J. and Hayden, T.J.F. 1996 The effect of reduction in badger density on the spatial organisation and activity of badgers Meles meles L. in relation to farms in central Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 96B, 147 58.
124. O'Keeffe, J.J. 2006 Description of a medium term national strategy toward eradication of tuberculosis in cattle in Ireland. In Tuberculosis Investigation Unit Biennial Report, 2004 5. Dublin. University College Dublin.
125. Olea-Popelka, F.J., Griffin, J., Collins, D., McGrath, G., and Martin, S.W. 2003 Bovine tuberculosis in badgers in four areas in Ireland: does tuberculosis cluster? Preventive Veterinary Medicine 59, 103 11.
126. Olea-Popelka, F., Costello, E., McGrath, G., Collins, J.D., O'Keeffe, J., Kelton, D.F., Berke, O. and Martin, S.W. 2005 Spatial relationship between Mycobacterium bovis strains in cattle and badgers in four areas in Ireland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 71, 57 70.
127. O'Shea, F., Sleeman, D.P. and Davenport, J. 2010 Mammalian road casualties in the Cork four area project. In S.J. More and D.M. Collins (eds), Biennial report, 2008 2009, 32. Dublin. Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin.
128. Page, R.J.C., Ross, J. and Langton, S.D. 1994 Seasonality of reproduction in the European badger Meles meles in south-west England. Journal of Zoology 233, 69 91.
129. Palphramand, K.L., Newton-Cross, G. and White, P.C.L. 2007 Spatial organization and behavior of badgers (Meles meles) in a moderate-density population. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61, 401 13.
130. Pigozzi, G. 1992 Frugivory and seed dispersal by the European badger in a Mediterranean habitat. Journal of Mammalogy 73, 630 9.
131. Poole, D.W., Western, G. and McKillop, I.G. 2004 The effects of fence voltage and the type of conducting wire on the efficacy of an electric fence to exclude badgers (Meles meles). Crop protection 23, 27 33.
132. Pope, L.C., Domingo-Roura, X., Erven, K., Burke, T. 2006 Isolation by distance and gene flow in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) at both a local and broad scale. Molecular Ecology 15, 371 86.
133. Pope, L.C., Butlin, R.K., Wilson, G.J., Woodroffe, R., Erven, K., Conyers, C.M., Franklin, T., Delahay, R.J., Cheeseman, C.L. and Burke, T. 2007 Genetic evidence that culling increases badger move-130ment: implications for the spread of bovine tuberculosis. Molecular Ecology 16, 4919 29.
134. Praeger, R.Ll. 1950 The natural history of Ireland. London.
135. Reason, P., Harris, S. and Cresswell, P. 1993 Estimating the impact of past persecution and habitat changes on the numbers of Badgers Meles meles in Britain. Mammal Review 23, 1 15.
136. Reid, N., Etherington, T. and Wilson, G. 2008 Badger survey of Northern Ireland 2007/08. Report prepared by Quercus and Central Science Laboratory for the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Northern Ireland, UK.
137. Revilla, E. and Palomares, F. 2002a Does local feeding specialization exist in Eurasian badgers? Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, 83 93.
138. Revilla, E. and Palomares, F. 2002b Spatial organization, group living and ecological correlates in lowdensity populations of Eurasian badgers, Meles meles. Journal of Animal Ecology 71, 497 512.
139. Roellig, K., Menzies, B.R., Hildebrandt, T.B. and Goeritz, F. 2011 The concept of superfetation: a critical review on a 'myth' in mammalian reproduction. Biological Reviews 86, 77 95.
140. Rogers, L.M., Cheeseman, C.L., Mallinson, P.J. 1997 The demography of a high-density badger (Meles meles) population in the west of England. Journal of Zoology, 242, 705 28.
141. Roper, T.J. 1993 Badger setts as a limiting resource. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger, 26 43. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
142. Roper, T.J. 2010 The badger. London. Collins New Naturalist.
143. Roper, T.J. and Mickevicius, E. 1995 Badger Meles meles diet: a review of literature from the former Soviet Union. Mammal Review 25, 117 29.
144. Roper, T.J., Ostler, R.J., Schmid, T.K. and Christian, S.F. 2001 Sett use in European Badgers Meles meles. Behaviour 138 (2), 173 87.
145. Rosalino, L.M., Macdonald, D.W. and Santos-Reis, M. 2004 Spatial structure and land-cover use in a low-density Mediterranean population of Eurasian badgers. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, 1493 502.
146. Rosalino, L.M., Loureiro, F., Macdonald, D.W. and Santos-Reis, M. 2005 Dietary shifts of the badger (Meles meles) in Mediterranean woodlands: an opportunistic forager with seasonal specialisms. Mammalian Biology 70, 12 23.
147. Rosalino, L.M., Rosa, S. and Santos-Reis, M. 2010 The role of carnivores as Mediterranean seed dispersers. Annales Zoologici Fennici 47, 195 205.
148. Sadlier, L. and Montgomery, I. 2004 The impact of sett disturbance on badger Meles meles numbers; when does protective legislation work? Biological Conservation 119, 455 62.
149. Scheppers, T.J.L., Roper, T.J., Frantz, A.C., Schaul, M., Engel, E., Breyne, P. and Schley, L. 2007 Estimating social group size of Eurasian badgers Meles meles by genotyping remotely plucked single hairs. Wildlife Biology 13, 195 207.
150. Schley, L., Schaul, M. and Roper, T.J. 2004 Distribution and population density of badgers Meles meles in Luxembourg. Mammal Review 34, 233 40.
151. Schupp, E.W., Jordano, P. and Gómez, J.M. 2010 Seed dispersal effectiveness revisited: a conceptual review. New Phytologist 188, 333 53.
152. Searle, J.B. 2008 The colonization of Ireland by mammals. In J.L. Davenport, D.P. Sleeman and P.C. Woodman (eds), Mind the gap: postglacial colonization of Ireland, 109 15. Special Supplement to the Irish Naturalists' Journal.
153. Shephardson, D.J., Roper, T.J. and Lups, P. 1990 Diet, food availability and foraging behaviour of badgers (Meles meles L.) in southern England. Zeitschrift fur Säugetierkunde 55, 81 93.
154. Sheridan, M. 2011 Progress in tuberculosis eradication in Ireland, Veterinary Microbiology, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.040.
155. Sidorovich, V.E., Rotenko, I.I. and Krasko, D.A. 2011 Badger Meles meles spatial structure and diet in an area of low earthworm biomass and high predation risk. Annales Zoologici Fennici 48, 1 16.
156. Sleeman, D.P. 1992 Long-distance movements in an Irish badger population. In I.G. Priede, and S.M. Swift (eds), Wildlife telemetry, 670 76. Chichester. Ellis Horwood.
157. Sleeman, D.P. 1997 Mammals and mammalogy. In J. Foster-Wilson (ed.), Nature in Ireland. Dublin. The Lilliput Press Ltd.
158. Sleeman, D.P. and Jones, P. 2000 Further records of stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus Pers.) and dog stinkhorn (Mutinus caninus (Pers.)) fungi from England, Ireland, Luxembourg and Scotland. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society 24, 168 70.
159. Sleeman, D.P. and Mulcahy, M.F. 1993 Behaviour of Irish badgers in relation to bovine tuberculosis. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger, 154 65. Dublin. Royal Irish Academy.
160. Sleeman, D.P. and Mulcahy, M.F. 2005 Loss of territoriality in a local badger Meles meles population at Kilmurry, Co. Cork, Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 28, 11 19.
161. Sleeman, D.P. and Smiddy, P. 1999 Records of otters Lutra lutra (L.) in the vicinity of Irish badger Meles meles (L.) setts. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society 23, 92 7.
162. Sleeman, D.P., Jones, P. and Cronin, N. 1995 Initial observations on stinkhorn fungi at badger setts. Irish Naturalists' Journal 26, 76 77.
163. Sleeman, D.P., Cronin, J.N. and Jones, P. 1996 Records of stinkhorn fungi (Phallus impudicus Pers.) from Ireland, England and Italy. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society 19, 148 50.
164. Sleeman, D.P., Jones, P. and Cronin, J.N. 1997 Investigations of an association between the stinkhorn fungus and badger setts. Journal of Natural History 31, 983 92.
165. Sleeman, D.P., O'Leary, D. and Cussen, R. 1999 The colonisation by badgers (Meles meles) of Coney Island, Co Sligo, Ireland. Small Carnivore Conservation 20, 28 29.
166. Sleeman, D.P., Bond, K.G.M. and Barnes, D.K.A. 2003 Flies (Diptera) trapped at a badgers' sett in Co. Cork, Ireland. Entomologists Gazette 54, 167 70.
167. Sleeman, D.P., Statham, M. and Dixon, C. 2006 Records of otters (Lutra lutra L.) and badgers (Meles meles L.) from built-up areas in Ireland. Bulletin Irish Biogeographical Society 30, 3 6.
168. Sleeman, D.P., Davenport, J. and Fitzgerald, A. 2008 Incidence of visits by badgers to farmyards in Ireland in winter. The Veterinary Record 163, 724.
169. Sleeman, D.P., Davenport, J., Cussen, R.E. and Hammond, R.F. 2009a The small-bodied badgers (Meles meles (L.)) of Rutland Island, Co. Donegal. Irish Naturalists' Journal 30, 1 6.
170. Sleeman, D.P., Davenport, J., Fitzgerald, A. 2009b Letter response. The Veterinary Record 164, 668.
171. Sleeman, D.P., Davenport, J., More, S.J., Clegg, T.A., Collins, J.D., Martin, S.W., Williams, D.H., Griffin, J.M. and O'Boyle, I. 2009c How many Eurasian badgers Meles meles L. are there in the Republic of Ireland? European Journal of Wildlife Research 55, 333 44.
172. Sleeman, D.P., Davenport, J., More, S.J., Clegg, T.A., Griffin, J.M. and O'Boyle, I. 2009d The effectiveness of barriers to badger Meles meles immigration in the Irish Four Area project. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55, 267 78.
173. Sleeman, D.P., Partridge, T., O'Boyle, I., Gormley, E. and Toolan, D. 2011 The badgers (Meles meles (L.)) of Little Island, Co. Waterford. Irish Naturalists' Journal 31 (2), 94 9.
174. Smal, C. 1995 The badger and habitat survey of Ireland. Dublin. Government Stationery Office.
175. Southern, H.N. and Linn, I. 1964 Distribution, range and habitat. In H.N. Southern (ed.) The handbook of British mammals, 1st ed, 59 72. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing.
176. Southey, A., Sleeman, D.P.S., Lloyd, K., Dalley, D., Chambers, M.A., Hewinson, R.G. and Gormley, E. 2001 Immunological responses of Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacillus calmette guerin). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 79, 197 207.
177. Southey, A.K., Sleeman, D.P. and Gormley, E. 2002 Sulfadimethoxine and rhodamine B as oral biomarkers for European badgers (Meles meles). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38, 378 84.
178. Stringer, A. 1714 The experienced huntsman. Belfast. Blackstaff Press.
179. Stuart, A.J. and Van Wijngaarden-Bakker, L.H. 1985 Quaternary vertebrates. In K.J. Edwards and W.P. Warren (eds), The Quaternary history of Ireland, 221 49. London. Academic Press.
180. Stuart, L. 2006 Reproduction in Irish badgers: a preliminary examination. In VENMYC Wildlife Resevoirs and Mycobacterial Infections Workshop. 22. Dublin. Department of Food and Agriculture.
181. Stuart, L. 2010 The reproductive cycle of male and female Eurasian badger, Meles meles. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Dublin, Trinity College.
182. Stuart, L., Corner, L.A.L., O'Keeffe, J. and Marples, N.M. 2010 The reproductive cycle of male and female Eurasian badger. In S.J. More and D.M. Collins (eds), Biennial report, 2008 2009, 33. Dublin. Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin.
183. Tavecchia, G. 1995 Data on urban badger activity in South Wales: a brief study. Hystrix 7, 173 6.
184. Thornton, P.S. 1988 Density and distribution of badgers in south-west England-a predictive model. Mammal Review 18, 11 23.
185. Trewby, I.D., Wilson, G.J., Delahay, R.J., Walker, N., Young, R., Davison, J., Cheeseman, C., Robertson, P.A., Gorman, M.L. and McDonald, R.A. 2008 Experimental evidence of competitive release in sympatric carnivores. Biology Letters 4, 170 2.
186. Tuyttens, F.A.M., Macdonald, D.W., Delahay, R., Rogers, L.M., Mallinson, P.J., Donnelly, C.A. and Newman, C. 1999 Differences in trappability of European badgers Meles meles in three populations in England. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 1051 62.
187. Tuyttens, F.A.M., Delahay, R.J., Macdonald, D.W., Cheeseman, C.L., Long, B. and Donnelly, C.A. 2000a Spatial perturbation caused by a badger (Meles meles) culling operation: implications for the function of territoriality and the control of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis). Journal of Animal Ecology 69, 815 28.
188. Tuyttens, F.A.M., Macdonald, D.W., Rogers, L.M., Cheeseman, C.L. and Roddam, A.W. 2000b Comparative study on the consequences of culling badgers (Meles meles) on biometrics, population dynamics and movement. Journal of Animal Ecology 69, 567 80.
189. Van Apeldoorn, R.C., Vink, J. and Matyastik, T. 2006 Dynamics of a local badger (Meles meles) population in the Netherlands over the years 1983 2001. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 71, 25 38.
190. Venderick, A. 2007 Le Blaireau Européen (Meles Meles, L 1758) En Region Wallonne: regards sur son éco-éthologie et estimation de sa population via la technique de l'affût. unpublished PhD Thesis, Université De Liège, Belgium. Licenciée en Sciences Biologiques.
191. Vink, H. 2001 The badger (Meles meles L): a bibliography of literature up to April 2001. Nijmegen. Zoogdiervereniging VZZ.
192. Virgós, E., Mangas, J.G., Blanco-Aguiar, J.A., Garrote, G., Almagro, N. and Viso, R.P. 2004 Food habits of European badgers (Meles meles) along an altitudinal gradient of Mediterranean environments: a field test of the earthworm specialization hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, 41 51.
193. Walliser, G. 2003 Auswirkungen anthropogener Landnutzung auf die Siedlungsstruktur, Raumund Habitatnutzung des Europäischen Dachses (Meles meles L., 1758) auf der Insel Rugen. Unpublished dissertation (Doctor rerum naturalium). Technischen Universität Dresden, Germany.
194. Warren, A. 1892 The badger in Ireland. The Field 80, 726.
195. Wentworth-Day, J. 1937 Sporting adventures. London. George C. Harrap & Co. Ltd.
196. Whelan, R. 1998 Reproduction and population structure in the European badger (Meles meles L). Unpublished PhD thesis, University College Dublin.
197. Whelan, R. and Hayden, T. 1993 The reproductive cycle of female badgers in Ireland. In T.J. Hayden (ed.), The badger. Dublin, 63 77. Royal Irish Academy.
198. Wilson, G.J., Harris, S. and McLaren, G. 1997 Changes in the British badger population, 1988 1997. London. People's Trust for Endangered Species.
199. Wilson, G.J., Carter, S.P. and Delahay, R.J. 2011 Advances and prospects for management of TB transmission between badgers and cattle. Veterinary Microbiology, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.024.
200. Woodland Trust. 2007 Woodland challenges for Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland. UK. The Woodland Trust.
201. Woodroffe, R. 1993 Alloparental behaviour in the European badger. Animal behaviour 46, 413 15.
202. Woodroffe, R. and MacDonald, D.W. 1995 Female/ female Competition in European badgers Meles meles: effects on breeding success. Journal of Animal Ecology 64, 12 20.
203. Woodroffe, R., Macdonald, D.W. and Silva, J. 1995 Dispersal and philopatry in the European badger, Meles meles. Journal of Zoology 237, 227 39.
204. Woodroffe, R., Donnelly, C.A., Cox, D.R., Bourne, F., Cheeseman, C.L., Delahay, R.J., Gettinby, G., Mcinerney, J.P. and Morrison, W. 2006 Effects of culling on badger Meles meles spatial organization: implications for the control of bovine tuberculosis. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1 10.
205. Woodroffe, R., Donnelly, C.A., Wei, G., Cox, D.R., Bourne, F.J., Burke, T., Butlin, R.K., Cheeseman, C.L., Gettinby, G., Gilks, P., Hedges, S., Jenkins, H.E., Johnston, W.T., McInerney, J.P., Morrison, W.I. and Pope, L.C. 2009 Social group size affects Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles). Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 818 27.
206. Yamaguchi, N., Dugdale, H.L. and Macdonald, D.W. 2006 Female receptivity, embryonic diapause, and superfetation in the European badger (Meles meles): implications for the reproductive tactics of males and females. The Quarterly Review of Biology 81, 33 48.
207. Young, R.P., Davison, J., Trewby, I.D., Wilson, G.J., Delahay, R.J. and Doncaster, C.P. 2006 Abundance of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in relation to the density and distribution of badgers (Meles meles). Journal of Zoology 269, 349 56.
208. Zabala, J., Garin, I., Zuberogoitia, I. and Aihartza, J. 2002 Habitat selection and diet of badgers (Meles meles) in Biscay (northern Iberian Peninsula). Italian Journal of Zoology 69, 233 8.
209. Zande, L.V.D., Vliet, M.V.D., Pertoldi, C., Loeschcke, V., Muskens, G. and Bijlsma, R. 2007 Genetic structure within and among regional populations of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) from Denmark and the Netherlands. Journal of Zoology 271, 302 9.