Typhoid fever "you can't hit what you can't see"

Gut Microbes

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 88-92

  Wangdi, Tamding ^a   Winter, Sebastian E ^a   Bäumler, Andreas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Diarrhea; Gastroenteritis; Inflammation; Salmonella; Typhoid fever

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; FLAGELLIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE MUCOSA; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PROGNOSIS; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; SALMONELLA TYPHI; SEROTYPE; TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM; TYPHOID FEVER; GENETICS; IMMUNE EVASION; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SECRETION; VIRULENCE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); SALMONELLA; SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSP. ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHI; SALMONELLA TYPHI;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; IMMUNE EVASION; SALMONELLA TYPHI; TYPHOID FEVER; VIRULENCE; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 84866443774     PISSN: 19490976     EISSN: 19490984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/gmic.18602     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Rabsch W, Tschape H, Baumler AJ. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:237-247. PMID:11358718; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01375-2
2. Galán JE, Curtiss R, III. Cloning and molecular characterization of genes whose products allow Salmonella typhimurium to penetrate tissue culture cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:6383-6387. PMID: 2548211; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.16.6383
3. Khoramian-Falsafi T, Harayama S, Kutsukake K, Pechere JC. Effect of motility and chemotaxis on the invasion of Salmonella typhimurium into HeLa cells. Microb Pathog 1990; 9:47-53. PMID:2077343; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(90)90039-S
4. Ochman H, Soncini FC, Solomon F, Groisman EA. Identification of a pathogenicity island for Salmonella survival in host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:7800-7804. PMID:8755556; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.15.7800
5. Janeway CA, Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989; 54:1-13. PMID:2700931
6. Gewirtz AT, Navas TA, Lyons S, Godowski PJ, Madara JL. Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression. J Immunol 2001; 167:1882-1885. PMID:11489966
7. Vazquez-Torres A, Vallance BA, Bergman MA, Finlay BB, Cookson BT, Jones-Carson J, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 dependence of innate and adaptive immunity to Salmonella: importance of the Kupffer cell network. J Immunol 2004; 172:6202-6208. PMID:15128808
8. Joiner KA, Ganz T, Albert J, Rotrosen D. The opsonizing ligand on Salmonella typhimurium influences incorporation of specific, but not azurophil, granule constituents into neutrophil phagosomes. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:2771-2782. PMID:2480351; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.6.2771
9. Vance RE, Isberg RR, Portnoy DA. Patterns of pathogenesis: discrimination of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes by the innate immune system. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:10-21. PMID:19616762; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.06.007
10. Miao EA, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Dors M, Clark AE, Bader MW, Miller SI, et al. Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:569-575. PMID:16648853; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1344
11. Franchi L, Amer A, Body-Malapel M, Kanneganti TD, Ozoren N, Jagirdar R, et al. Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in salmonella-infected macrophages. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:576-582. PMID:16648852; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1346
12. Miao EA, Mao DP, Yudkovsky N, Bonneau R, Lorang CG, Warren SE, et al. Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 3076-3080. PMID:20133635; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913087107
13. Santos RL, Raffatellu M, Bevins CL, Adams LG, Tukel C, Tsolis RM, et al. Life in the inflamed intestine, Salmonella style. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:498-506. PMID:19819699; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2009.08.008
14. Bergsbaken T, Fink SL, Cookson BT. Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:99-109. PMID:19148178; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2070
15. Miao EA, Leaf IA, Treuting PM, Mao DP, Dors M, Sarkar A, et al. Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1136-1142. PMID: 21057511; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.1960
16. Noriega LM, van der Auwera P, Daneau D, Meunier F, Aoun M. Salmonella infections in a cancer center. Support Care Cancer 1994; 2:116-122. PMID: 8156265; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572093
17. Tumbarello M, Tacconelli E, Caponera S, Cauda R, Ortona L. The impact of bacteraemia on HIV infection. Nine years experience in a large Italian university hospital. J Infect 1995; 31:123-131. PMID:8666842; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-4453(95)92110-9
18. Liu SL, Ezaki T, Miura H, Matsui K, Yabuuchi E. Intact motility as a Salmonella typhi invasion-related factor. Infect Immun 1988; 56:1967-1973. PMID:2840399
19. Elsinghorst EA, Baron LS, Kopecko DJ. Penetration of human intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella: molecular cloning and expression of Salmonella typhi invasion determinants in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:5173-5177. PMID:2662196; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.13.5173
20. Forest CG, Ferraro E, Sabbagh SC, Daigle F. Intracellular survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in human macrophages is independent of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-2. Microbiology 2010; 156:3689-3698. PMID:20817644; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.041624-0
21. Wyant TL, Tanner MK, Sztein MB. Salmonella typhi flagella are potent inducers of proinflammatory cytokine secretion by human monocytes. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3619-3624. PMID:10377147
22. Bignold LP, Rogers SD, Siaw TM, Bahnisch J. Inhibition of chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to interleukin-8 by endotoxins of various bacteria. Infect Immun 1991; 59:4255-4258. PMID:1937782
23. Gewurz H, Mergenhagen SE, Nowotny A, Phillips JK. Interactions of the complement system with native and chemically modified endotoxins. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:397-405. PMID:4170751
24. Hersh D, Monack DM, Smith MR, Ghori N, Falkow S, Zychlinsky A. The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:2396-2401. PMID: 10051653; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.5.2396
25. Tsolis RM, Young GM, Solnick JV, Baumler AJ. From bench to bedside: stealth of enteroinvasive pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:883-892. PMID:18955984; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2012
26. Glynn JR, Palmer SR. Incubation period, severity of disease, and infecting dose: evidence from a Salmonella outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:1369-1377. PMID: 1488963
27. Olsen SJ, Bleasdale SC, Magnano AR, Landrigan C, Holland BH, Tauxe RV, et al. Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960-99. Epidemiol Infect 2003; 130:13-21. PMID:12613741; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268802007598
28. Mallory FB. A histological study of typhoid fever. J Exp Med 1898; 3:611-38. PMID:19866884; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.3.6.611
29. Sprinz H, Gangarosa EJ, Williams M, Hornick RB, Woodward TE. Histopathology of the upper small intestines in typhoid fever. Biopsy study of experimental disease in man. Am J Dig Dis 1966; 11:615-624. PMID: 5943767; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02233509
30. Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, DuPont HL, Dawkins AT, Snyder MJ. Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1970; 283:739-746. PMID:4916916; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197010012831406
31. Mukawi TJ. Histopathological study of typhoid perforation of the small intestines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1978; 9:252-255. PMID:725659
32. Kraus MD, Amatya B, Kimula Y. Histopathology of typhoid enteritis: morphologic and immunophenotypic findings. Mod Pathol 1999; 12:949-955. PMID: 10530559
33. Tartera C, Metcalf ES. Osmolarity and growth phase overlap in regulation of Salmonella typhi adherence to and invasion of human intestinal cells. Infect Immun 1993; 61:3084-3089. PMID:8514418
34. Leclerc GJ, Tartera C, Metcalf ES. Environmental regulation of Salmonella typhi invasion-defective mutants. Infect Immun 1998; 66:682-691. PMID: 9453627
35. Miyake M, Zhao L, Ezaki T, Hirose K, Khan AQ, Kawamura Y, et al. Vi-deficient and nonfimbriated mutants of Salmonella typhi agglutinate human blood type antigens and are hyperinvasive. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 161:75-82. PMID:9561733; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12931.x
36. Johnson EM, Baron LS. Genetic transfer of the Vi antigen from Salmonella typhosa to Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1969; 99:358-359. PMID:4895853
37. Virlogeux I, Waxin H, Ecobichon C, Popoff MY. Role of the viaB locus in synthesis, transport and expression of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen. Microbiology 1995; 141:3039-3047. PMID:8574397; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-12-3039
38. Arricau N, Hermant D, Waxin H, Ecobichon C, Duffey PS, Popoff MY. The RcsB-RcsC regulatory system of Salmonella typhi differentially modulates the expression of invasion proteins, flagellin and Vi antigen in response to osmolarity. Mol Microbiol 1998; 29: 835-850. PMID:9723922; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00976.x
39. Zhao L, Ezak T, Li ZY, Kawamura Y, Hirose K, Watanabe H. Vi-Suppressed wild strain Salmonella typhi cultured in high osmolarity is hyperinvasive toward epithelial cells and destructive of Peyer's patches. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 45:149-158. PMID:11293481
40. Winter SE, Winter MG, Thiennimitr P, Gerriets VA, Nuccio SP, Russmann H, et al. The TviA auxiliary protein renders the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi RcsB regulon responsive to changes in osmolarity. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:175-193. PMID:19703107; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06859.x
41. Pickard D, Li J, Roberts M, Maskell D, Hone D, Levine M, et al. Characterization of defined ompR mutants of Salmonella typhi: ompR is involved in the regulation of Vi polysaccharide expression. Infect Immun 1994; 62:3984-3993. PMID:8063417
42. Virlogeux I, Waxin H, Ecobichon C, Lee JO, Popoff MY. Characterization of the rcsA and rcsB genes from Salmonella typhi: rcsB through tviA is involved in regulation of Vi antigen synthesis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1691-198. PMID:8626298
43. Winter SE, Raffatellu M, Wilson RP, Russmann H, Baumler AJ. The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi regulator TviA reduces interleukin-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells by repressing flagellin secretion. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:247-261. PMID:17725646
44. Kutsukake K, Ohya Y, Iino T. Transcriptional analysis of the flagellar regulon of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:741-747. PMID:2404955
45. Kage H, Takaya A, Ohya M, Yamamoto T. Coordinated regulation of expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and flagellar type III secretion systems by ATP-dependent ClpXP protease. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:2470-2478. PMID:18245288; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01385-07
46. Lin D, Rao CV, Slauch JM. The Salmonella SPI1 type three secretion system responds to periplasmic disulfide bond status via the flagellar apparatus and the RcsCDB system. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:87-97. PMID:17951383; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01323-07
47. Lee CA, Jones BD, Falkow S. Identification of a Salmonella typhimurium invasion locus by selection for hyperinvasive mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:1847-1851. PMID:1311853; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.5.1847
48. Bajaj V, Hwang C, Lee CA. HilA is a novel ompR/toxR family member that activates the expression of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes. Mol Microbiol 1995; 18: 715-727. PMID:8817493; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_18040715.x
49. Winter SE, Winter MG, Godinez I, Yang H-J, Russmann H, Andrews-Polymenis HL, et al. A rapid change in virulence gene expression during the transition from the intestinal lumen into tissue promotes systemic dissemination of Salmonella. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001060. PMID:20808848; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001060
50. Tran QT, Gomez G, Khare S, Lawhon SD, Raffatellu M, Baumler AJ, et al. The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi Vi capsular antigen is expressed after the bacterium enters the ileal mucosa. Infect Immun 2010; 78:527-535. PMID:19901065; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00972-09
51. Santander J, Wanda SY, Nickerson CA, Curtiss R, 3rd. Role of RpoS in fine-tuning the synthesis of Vi capsular polysaccharide in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1382-1392. PMID:17178790; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00888-06
52. Khan AQ, Zhao L, Hirose K, Miyake M, Li T, Hashimoto Y, et al. Salmonella typhi rpoS mutant is less cytotoxic than the parent strain but survives inside resting THP-1 macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 161:201-208. PMID:9561749; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12949.x
53. Wilson RP, Winter SE, Spees AM, Winter MG, Nishimori JH, Sanchez JF, et al. The Vi capsular polysaccharide prevents complement receptor 3-mediated clearance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Infect Immun 2011; 79:830-837. PMID:21098104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00961-10
54. Looney RJ, Steigbigel RT. Role of the Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi in resistance to host defense in vitro. J Lab Clin Med 1986; 108:506-516. PMID:3021879
55. Heyns K, Kiessling G. Strukturaufklarung des Viantigens aus Citrobacter freundii (E. coli) 5396/38. Carbohydr Res 1967; 3:340-353; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(00)82210-7
56. Haas PJ, van Strijp J. Anaphylatoxins: their role in bacterial infection and inflammation. Immunol Res 2007; 37:161-175. PMID:17873401; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02697367
57. Hirose K, Ezaki T, Miyake M, Li T, Khan AQ, Kawamura Y, et al. Survival of Vi-capsulated and Videleted Salmonella typhi strains in cultured macrophage expressing different levels of CD14 antigen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 147:259-265. PMID:9119202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10251.x
58. Raffatellu M, Chessa D, Wilson RP, Dusold R, Rubino S, Baumler AJ. The Vi capsular antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi reduces Toll-like receptordependent interleukin-8 expression in the intestinal mucosa. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3367-3374. PMID:15908363; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.6.3367-3374.2005
59. Wilson RP, Raffatellu M, Chessa D, Winter SE, Tukel C, Baumler AJ. The Vi-capsule prevents Toll-like receptor 4 recognition of Salmonella. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:876-890. PMID:18034866; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01090.x
60. Jansen AM, Hall LJ, Clare S, Goulding D, Holt KE, Grant AJ, et al. A Salmonella Typhimurium-Typhi genomic chimera: a model to study Vi polysaccharide capsule function in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7: e1002131. PMID:21829346; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002131
61. Haneda T, Winter SE, Butler BP, Wilson RP, Tukel C, Winter MG, et al. The capsule-encoding viaB locus reduces intestinal inflammation by a Salmonella pathogenicity island 1-independent mechanism. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2932-2942. PMID:19451244; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00172-09
62. Raffatellu M, Santos RL, Chessa D, Wilson RP, Winter SE, Rossetti CA, et al. The capsule encoding the viaB locus reduces interleukin-17 expression and mucosal innate responses in the bovine intestinal mucosa during infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4342-4350. PMID:17591794; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01571-06
63. Kossack RE, Guerrant RL, Densen P, Schadelin J, Mandell GL. Diminished neutrophil oxidative metabolism after phagocytosis of virulent Salmonella typhi. Infect Immun 1981; 31:674-678. PMID:7216467
64. Miller RM, Garbus J, Schwartz AR, DuPont HL, Levine MM, Clyde DF, et al. A modified leukocyte nitroblue tetrazolium test in acute bacterial infection. Am J Clin Pathol 1976; 66:905-910. PMID:983998
65. Miller RM, Garbus J, Hornick RB. Lack of enhanced oxygen consumption by polymorphonuclear leukocytes on phagocytosis of virulent Salmonella typhi. Science 1972; 175:1010-1011. PMID:5009393; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4025.1010