Peripheral artery disease and CKD: A focus on peripheral artery disease as a critical component of CKD care

American Journal of Kidney Diseases

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 641-654

  Garimella, Pranav S ^a   Hart, Peter D ^a   O'Hare, Ann ^b   Deloach, Stephanie ^c   Herzog, Charles A ^d   Hirsch, Alan T ^e  

^a Jr Hospital of Cook County   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

amputation; ankle brachial index; chronic kidney disease; Peripheral artery disease

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; CALCIUM; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHATE; PICOTAMIDE; SIMVASTATIN; TICLOPIDINE;

ALBUMINURIA; AMPUTATION; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ANTICOAGULATION; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLAUDICATION; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CREATININE CLEARANCE; CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EXERCISE; FOOT CARE; HUMAN; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MORBIDITY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; REVASCULARIZATION; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING CESSATION; TOE BRACHIAL INDEX; WOUND CARE;

AMPUTATION; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIABETIC FOOT; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIA; LEG; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE 3 INHIBITORS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PREVALENCE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING CESSATION; TETRAZOLES; VASCULAR STIFFNESS;

EID: 84866390678     PISSN: 02726386     EISSN: 15236838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.02.340     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. M.J. Sarnak, A.S. Levey, A.C. Schoolwerth Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation 108 17 2003 2154 2169
2. J.H. Ix, M.G. Shlipak, H.H. Liu, N.B. Schiller, M.A. Whooley Association between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: the Heart and Soul Study J Am Soc Nephrol 14 12 2003 3233 3238
3. N. Drey, P. Roderick, M. Mullee, M. Rogerson A population-based study of the incidence and outcomes of diagnosed chronic kidney disease Am J Kidney Dis 42 4 2003 677 684
4. D.S. Keith, G.A. Nichols, C.M. Gullion, J.B. Brown, D.H. Smith Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization Arch Intern Med 164 6 2004 659 663
5. R.N. Foley, A.M. Murray, S. Li Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999 J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2 2005 489 495
6. M.H. Criqui, R.D. Langer, A. Fronek Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease N Engl J Med 326 6 1992 381 386
7. A. O'Hare, K. Johansen Lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease among patients with end-stage renal disease J Am Soc Nephrol 12 12 2001 2838 2847
8. F.G. Fowkes, E. Housley, E.H. Cawood, C.C. Macintyre, C.V. Ruckley, R.J. Prescott Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population Int J Epidemiol 20 2 1991 384 392
9. J.M. Murabito, R.B. D'Agostino, H. Silbershatz, W.F. Wilson Intermittent claudication A risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study Circulation 96 1 1997 44 49
10. K.E. Chan, J.M. Lazarus, R. Thadhani, R.M. Hakim Anticoagulant and antiplatelet usage associates with mortality among hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 20 4 2009 872 881
11. J. Ethier, J.L. Bragg-Gresham, L. Piera Aspirin prescription and outcomes in hemodialysis patients: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Am J Kidney Dis 50 4 2007 602 611
12. B.C. Fellstrom, A.G. Jardine, R.E. Schmieder Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis N Engl J Med 360 14 2009 1395 1407
13. C. Wanner, V. Krane, W. Marz Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis N Engl J Med 353 3 2005 238 248
14. E. Selvin, T.P. Erlinger Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Circulation 110 2004 738 743
15. A.T. Hirsch, M.H. Criqui, D. Treat-Jacobson Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care JAMA 286 11 2001 1317 1324
16. A.M. O'Hare, D.V. Glidden, C.S. Fox, C.Y. Hsu High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in persons with renal insufficiency: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 Circulation 109 3 2004 320 323
17. US Renal Data System USRDS 2007 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States 2007 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD
18. S. Rajagopalan, S. Dellegrottaglie, A.L. Furniss Peripheral arterial disease in patients with end-stage renal disease: observations from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Circulation 114 18 2006 1914 1922
19. A.K. Cheung, M.J. Sarnak, G. Yan Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks in chronic hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 58 1 2000 353 362
20. S. Fishbane, S. Youn, E. Flaster, G. Adam, J.K. Maesaka Ankle-arm blood pressure index as a predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 27 5 1996 668 672
21. A. Testa, J.N. Ottavioli [Ankle-arm blood pressure index (AABPI) in hemodialysis patients] Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 91 8 1998 963 965
22. J.P. Lash, A.S. Go, L.J. Appel Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: baseline characteristics and associations with kidney function Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 8 2009 1302 1311
23. M.G. Shlipak, L.F. Fried, C. Crump Cardiovascular disease risk status in elderly persons with renal insufficiency Kidney Int 62 3 2002 997 1004
24. K. Wattanakit, A.R. Folsom, E. Selvin, J. Coresh, A.T. Hirsch, B.D. Weatherley Kidney function and risk of peripheral arterial disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study J Am Soc Nephrol 18 2 2007 629 636
25. L.F. Fried, M.G. Shlipak, C. Crump Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals J Am Coll Cardiol 41 8 2003 1364 1372
26. A.M. O'Hare, E. Vittinghoff, J. Hsia, M.G. Shlipak Renal insufficiency and the risk of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) J Am Soc Nephrol 15 4 2004 1046 1051
27. A.M. O'Hare, R.A. Rodriguez, P. Bacchetti Low ankle-brachial index associated with rise in creatinine level over time: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Arch Intern Med 165 13 2005 1481 1485
28. A.M. O'Hare, C.Y. Hsu, P. Bacchetti, K.L. Johansen Peripheral vascular disease risk factors among patients undergoing hemodialysis J Am Soc Nephrol 13 2 2002 497 503
29. B.G. Jaar, L.C. Plantinga, B.C. Astor Novel and traditional cardiovascular risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in incident-dialysis patients Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14 3 2007 304 313
30. U. Baber, D. Mann, D. Shimbo, M. Woodward, J.W. Olin, P. Muntner Combined role of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease Am J Cardiol 104 10 2009 1446 1451
31. K. Wattanakit, A.R. Folsom, M.H. Criqui Albuminuria and peripheral arterial disease: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Atherosclerosis 201 1 2008 212 216
32. C.K. Wu, C.Y. Yang, C.T. Tsai Association of low glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with peripheral arterial disease: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004 Atherosclerosis 209 1 2009 230 234
33. F.R. Chuang, J.T. Fang, J.B. Chen Hyperhomocystinemia and the prevalence of symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease in Taiwanese chronic hemodialysis patients: a retrospective study Ren Fail 25 5 2003 765 774
34. B.J. Manns, E.D. Burgess, M.E. Hyndman, H.G. Parsons, J.P. Schaefer, N.W. Scott-Douglas Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and the prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease Am J Kidney Dis 34 4 1999 669 677
35. H.E. Resnick, R.S. Lindsay, M.M. McDermott Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Strong Heart Study Circulation 109 6 2004 733 739
36. M.A. Allison, W.R. Hiatt, A.T. Hirsch, J.R. Coll, M.H. Criqui A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and lower quality of life J Am Coll Cardiol 51 13 2008 1292 1298
37. T. Adragao, A. Pires, P. Branco Ankle-brachial index, vascular calcifications and mortality in dialysis patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 27 1 2012 318 325
38. G.M. London, A.P. Guerin, S.J. Marchais, F. Metivier, B. Pannier, H. Adda Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 9 2003 1731 1740
39. V. Aboyans, E. Ho, J.O. Denenberg, L.A. Ho, L. Natarajan, M.H. Criqui The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects J Vasc Surg 48 5 2008 1197 1203
40. V. Suominen, T. Rantanen, M. Venermo, J. Saarinen, J. Salenius Prevalence and risk factors of PAD among patients with elevated ABI Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 35 6 2008 709 714
41. Y. Leskinen, J.P. Salenius, T. Lehtimaki, H. Huhtala, H. Saha The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and medial arterial calcification in patients with chronic renal failure: requirements for diagnostics Am J Kidney Dis 40 3 2002 472 479
42. S.C. Chen, J.M. Chang, S.J. Hwang Ankle brachial index as a predictor for mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and undergoing haemodialysis Nephrology (Carlton) 15 3 2010 294 299
43. Y.P. Liew, J.R. Bartholomew, S. Demirjian, J. Michaels, M.J. Schreiber Jr Combined effect of chronic kidney disease and peripheral arterial disease on all-cause mortality in a high-risk population Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 4 2008 1084 1089
44. Y. Luo, X. Li, J. Li Peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney disease, and mortality: the Chinese Ankle Brachial Index Cohort Study Vasc Med 15 2 2010 107 112
45. W. Mlekusch, M. Exner, S. Sabeti Serum creatinine predicts mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease: influence of diabetes and hypertension Atherosclerosis 175 2 2004 361 367
46. J. De Graauw, M. Chonchol, H. Poppert, T. Etgen, D. Sander Relationship between kidney function and risk of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in elderly subjects Nephrol Dial Transplant 26 3 2010 927 932
47. National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients Am J Kidney Dis 45 4 2005 S1 S153 (suppl 3)
48. L. Norgren, W.R. Hiatt, J.A. Dormandy et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II) Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33 Suppl 1 2007 S1 S75
49. A.T. Hirsch, Z.J. Haskal, N.R. Hertzer ACC/AHA 2005 practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation Circulation 113 11 2006 e463 e654
50. United States Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Peripheral Arterial Disease: Recommendation Statement AHRQ Publication No. 05-0583-A-EF August 2005 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville, MD http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf05/pad/padrs.htm Accessed April 27, 2012
51. T.W. Rooke, A.T. Hirsch, S. Misra 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Circulation 124 18 2011 2020 2045
52. M.H. Criqui, M.J. Alberts, F.G. Fowkes, A.T. Hirsch, P.T. O'Gara, J.W. Olin Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: screening for atherosclerotic vascular diseases: should nationwide programs be instituted? Circulation 118 25 2008 2830 2836
53. M.M. McDermott, P. Greenland, K. Liu Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment JAMA 286 13 2001 1599 1606
54. N.A. Khan, S.A. Rahim, S.S. Anand, D.L. Simel, A. Panju Does the clinical examination predict lower extremity peripheral arterial disease? JAMA 295 5 2006 536 546
55. A.M. O'Hare, R. Katz, M.G. Shlipak, M. Cushman, A.B. Newman Mortality and cardiovascular risk across the ankle-arm index spectrum: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation 113 3 2006 388 393
56. M.J. Young, J.E. Adams, G.F. Anderson, A.J. Boulton, P.R. Cavanagh Medial arterial calcification in the feet of diabetic patients and matched non-diabetic control subjects Diabetologia 36 7 1993 615 621
57. L. Norgren, W.R. Hiatt, J.A. Dormandy, M.R. Nehler, K.A. Harris, F.G. Fowkes Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II) J Vasc Surg 45 suppl S 2007 S5 S67
58. D.G. Vincent, S.X. Salles-Cunha, V.M. Bernhard, J.B. Towne Noninvasive assessment of toe systolic pressures with special reference to diabetes mellitus J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 24 1 1983 22 28
59. P.T. McCollum, S.T. Stanley, P. Kent, M.C. Grouden, D.J. Moore, G.D. Shanik Assessment of arterial disease using digital systolic pressure measurement Ann Vasc Surg 2 4 1988 349 351
60. K. Kroger, C. Stewen, F. Santosa, G. Rudofsky Toe pressure measurements compared to ankle artery pressure measurements Angiology 54 1 2003 39 44
61. V. Suominen, I. Uurto, J. Saarinen, M. Venermo, J. Salenius PAD as a risk factor for mortality among patients with elevated ABI - a clinical study Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 39 3 2010 316 322
62. R. Met, S. Bipat, D.A. Legemate, J.A. Reekers, M.J. Koelemay Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis JAMA 301 4 2009 415 424
63. M.J. Koelemay, J.G. Lijmer, J. Stoker, D.A. Legemate, P.M. Bossuyt Magnetic resonance angiography for the evaluation of lower extremity arterial disease: a meta-analysis JAMA 285 10 2001 1338 1345
64. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions J Vasc Surg 45 4 2007 645 654 discussion 653-654
65. No authors listed Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group Lancet 352 9131 1998 837 853
66. W.R. Hiatt, J.G. Regensteiner, M.E. Hargarten, E.E. Wolfel, E.P. Brass Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease Circulation 81 2 1990 602 609
67. M.M. McDermott, P. Ades, J.M. Guralnik Treadmill exercise and resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 301 2 2009 165 174
68. G.P. Clagett, M. Sobel, M.R. Jackson, G.Y. Lip, M. Tangelder, R. Verhaeghe Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest 126 3 2004 609S 626S (suppl)
69. No authors listed A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) CAPRIE Steering Committee Lancet 348 9038 1996 1329 1339
70. P.D. Thompson, R. Zimet, W.P. Forbes, P. Zhang Meta-analysis of results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effect of cilostazol on patients with intermittent claudication Am J Cardiol 90 12 2002 1314 1319
71. H.H. Feringa, V.H. van Waning, J.J. Bax Cardioprotective medication is associated with improved survival in patients with peripheral arterial disease J Am Coll Cardiol 47 6 2006 1182 1187
72. M. Schillinger, M. Exner, W. Mlekusch Statin therapy improves cardiovascular outcome of patients with peripheral artery disease Eur Heart J 25 9 2004 742 748
73. P.P. Aung, H.G. Maxwell, R.G. Jepson, J.F. Price, G.C. Leng Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2007 CD000123
74. E.R. Mohler III, W.R. Hiatt, M.A. Creager Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease Circulation 108 12 2003 1481 1486
75. S. Mondillo, P. Ballo, R. Barbati Effects of simvastatin on walking performance and symptoms of intermittent claudication in hypercholesterolemic patients with peripheral vascular disease Am J Med 114 5 2003 359 364
76. W.S. Aronow, D. Nayak, S. Woodworth, C. Ahn Effect of simvastatin versus placebo on treadmill exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication in older patients with peripheral arterial disease at six months and at one year after treatment Am J Cardiol 92 6 2003 711 712
77. T.R. Pedersen, J. Kjekshus, K. Pyorala Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Am J Cardiol 81 3 1998 333 335
78. Sharp Collaborative Group Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease Am Heart J 160 5 2010 785 794 e710
79. D.A. Lane, G.Y. Lip Treatment of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2009 CD003075
80. M.J. Sarnak, T. Greene, X. Wang The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Ann Intern Med 142 5 2005 342 351
81. B.M. Brenner, M.E. Cooper, D. de Zeeuw Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy N Engl J Med 345 12 2001 861 869
82. T.H. Jafar, C.H. Schmid, M. Landa Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease A meta-analysis of patient-level data Ann Intern Med 135 2 2001 73 87
83. E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, W.R. Clarke Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 345 12 2001 851 860
84. C.A. Daly, K.M. Fox, W.J. Remme, M.E. Bertrand, R. Ferrari, M.L. Simoons The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA Study: results from the PERSUADE substudy Eur Heart J 26 14 2005 1369 1378
85. S. Yusuf, P. Sleight, J. Pogue, J. Bosch, R. Davies, G. Dagenais Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators N Engl J Med 342 3 2000 145 153
86. K. Radack, C. Deck Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Arch Intern Med 151 9 1991 1769 1776
87. C. Espinola-Klein, G. Weisser, A. Jagodzinski Blockers in patients with intermittent claudication and arterial hypertension: results from the Nebivolol or Metoprolol in Arterial Occlusive Disease Trial Hypertension 58 2 2011 148 154
88. T.I. Chang, A.K. Cheung, G.M. Chertow Blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus Am J Kidney Dis 56 6 2010 1029 1031
89. R.N. Foley, C.A. Herzog, A.J. Collins Smoking and cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients: the United States Renal Data System Wave 2 Study Kidney Int 63 4 2003 1462 1467
90. B. Girolami, E. Bernardi, M.H. Prins Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl: a meta-analysis Arch Intern Med 159 4 1999 337 345
91. T. Jonason, R. Bergstrom Cessation of smoking in patients with intermittent claudication Effects on the risk of peripheral vascular complications, myocardial infarction and mortality Acta Med Scand 221 3 1987 253 260
92. C.R. Quick, L.T. Cotton The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication Br J Surg 69 suppl 1982 S24 S26
93. D. Hennrikus, A.M. Joseph, H.A. Lando Effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for peripheral artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial J Am Coll Cardiol 56 25 2010 2105 2112
94. J.W. Olin, D.E. Allie, M. Belkin ACCF/AHA/ACR/SCAI/SIR/SVM/SVN/SVS 2010 performance measures for adults with peripheral artery disease A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures, the American College of Radiology, the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, the Society for Interventional Radiology, the Society for Vascular Medicine, the Society for Vascular Nursing, and the Society for Vascular Surgery (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Peripheral Artery Disease). Developed in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; the American Diabetes Association; the Society for Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention; the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; and the PAD Coalition. Endorsed by the American Academy of Podiatric Practice Management J Vasc Surg 52 6 2010 1616 1652
95. M. Kamalesh, J. Shen Diabetes and peripheral arterial disease in men: trends in prevalence, mortality, and effect of concomitant coronary disease Clin Cardiol 32 8 2009 442 446
96. C.L. Leibson, J.E. Ransom, W. Olson, B.R. Zimmerman, W.M. O'Fallon, P.J. Palumbo Peripheral arterial disease, diabetes, and mortality Diabetes Care 27 12 2004 2843 2849
97. E. Selvin, K. Wattanakit, M.W. Steffes, J. Coresh, A.R. Sharrett HbA1c and peripheral arterial disease in diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Diabetes Care 29 4 2006 877 882
98. No authors listed Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Am J Cardiol 75 14 1995 894 903
99. C. Drechsler, V. Krane, E. Ritz, W. Marz, C. Wanner Glycemic control and cardiovascular events in diabetic hemodialysis patients Circulation 120 24 2009 2421 2428
100. S. Shurraw, S.R. Majumdar, R. Thadhani, N. Wiebe, M. Tonelli Glycemic control and the risk of death in 1,484 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis Am J Kidney Dis 55 5 2010 875 884
101. M.E. Williams, E. Lacson Jr, M. Teng, N. Ofsthun, J.M. Lazarus Hemodialyzed type I and type II diabetic patients in the US: characteristics, glycemic control, and survival Kidney Int 70 8 2006 1503 1509
102. H.C. Gerstein, M.E. Miller, S. Genuth Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes N Engl J Med 364 9 2011 818 828
103. M.M. McDermott, K. Liu, L. Ferrucci Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more Ann Intern Med 144 1 2006 10 20
104. L. Watson, B. Ellis, G.C. Leng Exercise for intermittent claudication Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2008 CD000990
105. J.M. Perkins, J. Collin, T.S. Creasy, E.W. Fletcher, P.J. Morris Exercise training versus angioplasty for stable claudication Long and medium term results of a prospective, randomised trial Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 11 4 1996 409 413
106. T.P. Murphy, D.E. Cutlip, J.G. Regensteiner Supervised exercise versus primary stenting for claudication resulting from aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: six-month outcomes from the Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization (CLEVER) Study Circulation 125 1 2012 130 139
107. K.L. Johansen Exercise and chronic kidney disease: current recommendations Sports Med 35 6 2005 485 499
108. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients BMJ 324 7329 2002 71 86
109. J.G. Regensteiner, J.E. Ware Jr, W.J. McCarthy Effect of cilostazol on treadmill walking, community-based walking ability, and health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease: meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials J Am Geriatr Soc 50 12 2002 1939 1946
110. P. Robless, D.P. Mikhailidis, G.P. Stansby Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2008 CD003748
111. H. Ishii, Y. Kumada, T. Toriyama Effects of oral cilostazol 100 mg BID on long-term patency after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with femoropopliteal disease undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective chart review in Japanese patients Clin Ther 32 1 2010 24 33
112. H. Ishii, Y. Kumada, T. Toriyama Cilostazol improves long-term patency after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in hemodialysis patients with peripheral artery disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 4 2008 1034 1040
113. US Renal Data System USRDS 2010 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States Am J Kidney Dis 57 1 2011 e1 e526 (suppl 1)
114. J.D. Harnett, R.N. Foley, G.M. Kent, P.E. Barre, D. Murray, P.S. Parfrey Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors Kidney Int 47 3 1995 884 890
115. A.G. Stack, W.E. Bloembergen A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and clinical correlates of congestive heart failure among incident US dialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 38 5 2001 992 1000
116. H. Kimura, T. Miyata, O. Sato, T. Furuya, K. Iyori, H. Shigematsu Infrainguinal arterial reconstruction for limb salvage in patients with end-stage renal disease Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 25 1 2003 29 34
117. P. Ramdev, S.S. Rayan, M. Sheahan A decade experience with infrainguinal revascularization in a dialysis-dependent patient population J Vasc Surg 36 5 2002 969 974
118. D.N. Reddan, R.J. Marcus, W.F. Owen Jr, L.A. Szczech, D.M. Landwehr Long-term outcomes of revascularization for peripheral vascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients Am J Kidney Dis 38 1 2001 57 63
119. J.C. Lantis II, M.S. Conte, M. Belkin, A.D. Whittemore, J.A. Mannick, M.C. Donaldson Infrainguinal bypass grafting in patients with end-stage renal disease: improving outcomes? J Vasc Surg 33 6 2001 1171 1178
120. S.A. Leers, T. Reifsnyder, R. Delmonte, M. Caron Realistic expectations for pedal bypass grafts in patients with end-stage renal disease J Vasc Surg 28 6 1998 976 980 discussion 981-983
121. B.L. Johnson, M.H. Glickman, D.F. Bandyk, G.E. Esses Failure of foot salvage in patients with end-stage renal disease after surgical revascularization J Vasc Surg 22 3 1995 280 285 discussion 285-286
122. A.D. Whittemore, M.C. Donaldson, J.A. Mannick Infrainguinal reconstruction for patients with chronic renal insufficiency J Vasc Surg 17 1 1993 32 39 discussion 39-41
123. R.J. Wassermann, R.M. Saroyan, J.C. Rice, M.D. Kerstein Infrainguinal revascularization for limb salvage in patients with end-stage renal disease South Med J 84 2 1991 190 192
124. C.J. Abularrage, M.F. Conrad, L.A. Hackney Long-term outcomes of diabetic patients undergoing endovascular infrainguinal interventions J Vasc Surg 52 2 2010 314 322 e311-e314
125. T.P. Murphy, A.T. Hirsch, J.J. Ricotta The Claudication: Exercise Vs Endoluminal Revascularization (CLEVER) Study: rationale and methods J Vasc Surg 47 6 2008 1356 1363
126. M. Albers, M. Romiti, N. De Luccia, F.C. Brochado-Neto, I. Nishimoto, C.A. Pereira An updated meta-analysis of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in patients with end-stage renal disease J Vasc Surg 45 3 2007 536 542
127. A.M. O'Hare, A.N. Sidawy, J. Feinglass Influence of renal insufficiency on limb loss and mortality after initial lower extremity surgical revascularization J Vasc Surg 39 4 2004 709 716
128. B.G. Jaar, B.C. Astor, J.S. Berns, N.R. Powe Predictors of amputation and survival following lower extremity revascularization in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 65 2 2004 613 620
129. A.M. O'Hare, J. Feinglass, A.N. Sidawy Impact of renal insufficiency on short-term morbidity and mortality after lower extremity revascularization: data from the Department of Veterans Affairs' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program J Am Soc Nephrol 14 5 2003 1287 1295
130. T. Nishibe, Y. Kondo, A. Dardik, A. Muto, J. Koizumi, M. Nishibe Stent placement in the superficial femoral artery for patients on chronic hemodialysis with peripheral artery disease Int Angiol 28 6 2009 484 489
131. Y. Kumada, T. Aoyama, H. Ishii Long-term outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in chronic haemodialysis patients with peripheral arterial disease Nephrol Dial Transplant 23 12 2008 3996 4001
132. L. Graziani, A. Silvestro, V. Bertone Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is feasible and effective in patients on chronic dialysis with severe peripheral artery disease Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 4 2007 1144 1149
133. M. Engelhardt, H. Bruijnen, J. Schaal, K.D. Wolfle Risk factors for survival in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing infrainguinal bypass surgery Vasa 34 4 2005 250 254
134. A.M. O'Hare, D. Bertenthal, M.G. Shlipak, S. Sen, M.M. Chren Impact of renal insufficiency on mortality in advanced lower extremity peripheral arterial disease J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2 2005 514 519
135. A.M. O'Hare, D. Bertenthal, A.N. Sidawy, M.G. Shlipak, S. Sen, M.M. Chren Renal insufficiency and use of revascularization among a national cohort of men with advanced lower extremity peripheral arterial disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 2 2006 297 304
136. P.W. Eggers, D. Gohdes, J. Pugh Nontraumatic lower extremity amputations in the Medicare end-stage renal disease population Kidney Int 56 4 1999 1524 1533
137. R.A. Speckman, D.L. Frankenfield, S.H. Roman Diabetes is the strongest risk factor for lower-extremity amputation in new hemodialysis patients Diabetes Care 27 9 2004 2198 2203
138. A.M. O'Hare, J. Feinglass, G.E. Reiber Postoperative mortality after nontraumatic lower extremity amputation in patients with renal insufficiency J Am Soc Nephrol 15 2 2004 427 434
139. J. Lipscombe, S.V. Jassal, S. Bailey, J.M. Bargman, S. Vas, D.G. Oreopoulos Chiropody may prevent amputations in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis Perit Dial Int 23 3 2003 255 259
140. D.K. Litzelman, C.W. Slemenda, C.D. Langefeld Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus A randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 119 1 1993 36 41
141. S.D. McMurray, G. Johnson, S. Davis, K. McDougall Diabetes education and care management significantly improve patient outcomes in the dialysis unit Am J Kidney Dis 40 3 2002 566 575
142. M.E. Edmonds, M.P. Blundell, M.E. Morris, E.M. Thomas, L.T. Cotton, P.J. Watkins Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic Q J Med 60 232 1986 763 771
143. A.V. Foster, S. Snowden, A. Grenfell, P.J. Watkins, M.E. Edmonds Reduction of gangrene and amputations in diabetic renal transplant patients: the role of a special foot clinic Diabet Med 12 7 1995 632 635