Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization

Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics

Volumn 45, Issue 18, 2012, Pages

  Dahlstrom J M ^a   L'Huillier, A ^b   Maquet, A ^c,d  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^d Universit Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABOVE-THRESHOLD IONIZATION; ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS; ATTOSECONDS; CONTINUUM STATE; EXTREME ULTRAVIOLETS; INFRARED LASER FIELD; IONIZATION EVENTS; LASER FIELDS; LIGHT PULSE; REAL TIME; SINGLE PHOTON IONIZATION; TARGET ATOM; TIME-SCALES; XUV PULSE;

PHOTOIONIZATION; TIME DELAY;

LASER MODE LOCKING;

EID: 84866248310     PISSN: 09534075     EISSN: 13616455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/45/18/183001     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. See, for instance, Pauli W 1980 General Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Berlin: Springer) p 63
2. Sakurai J J 1994 Modern Quantum Mechanics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley) p 68
3. Agostini P and DiMauro L F 2004 The physics of attosecond light pulses Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 813 (Pubitemid 39483194)
4. Corkum P B and Krausz F 2007 Attosecond science Nature Phys. 3 381-7
5. Kling M F and Vrakking M J J 2008 Attosecond electron dynamics Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59 463-92 (Pubitemid 351703395)
6. Krausz F and Ivanov M 2009 Attosecond physics Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 163-234
7. McPherson A, Gibson G, Jara H, Johann U, Luk T S, McIntyre I A, Boyer K and Rhodes C K 1987 Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gases J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4 595
8. Ferray M, LHuillier A, Li X F, Mainfray G and Manus C 1988 Multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064 nm radiation in rare gases J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 21 L31
9. Strickland D and Mourou G 1985 Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses Opt. Commun. 56 219 (Pubitemid 16457497)
10. Chang Z, Rundquist A, Wang H, Murnane M M and Kapteyn H C 1997 Generation of coherent soft x rays at 2.7 nm using high harmonics Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2967
11. Spielmann C, Burnett N H, Sartania S, Koppitsch R, Schnürer M, Kan C, Lenzner M, Wobrauschek P and Krausz F 1997 Generation of coherent x-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses Science 278 661 (Pubitemid 27464959)
12. Schnürer M, Cheng Z, Hentschel M, Krausz F, Wilhein T, Hambach D, Schmahl G, Drescher M, Lim Y and Heinzmann U 2000 Few-cycle-driven XUV laser harmonics: generation and focusing Appl. Phys. B 70 S227
13. Paul A, Bartels R A, Tobey R, Green H, Weiman S, Christov I P, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C and Backus S 2003 Quasi-phase-matched generation of coherent extreme-ultraviolet light Nature 421 51 (Pubitemid 36077081)
14. Gibson E A et al 2003 Coherent soft x-ray generation in the water window with quasi-phase matching Science 302 95 (Pubitemid 37210694)
15. Seres E, Seres J, Krausz F and Spielmann C 2004 Generation of coherent soft-x-ray radiation extending far beyond the titanium L edge Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 163002
16. Boyd R W 2003 Nonlinear Optics (New York: Academic)
17. Krause J L, Schafer K J and Kulander K C 1992 High-order harmonic generation from atoms and ions in the high intensity regime Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3535
18. Bucksbaum P H, Freeman R R, Bashkansky M and McIlrath T J 1987 Role of the ponderomotive potential in above-threshold ionization J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4 760
19. Tate J, Auguste T, Muller H G, Salieres P, Agostini P and DiMauro L F 2007 Scaling of wave-packet dynamics in an intense midinfrared field Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 013901 (Pubitemid 46135111)
20. Kapteyn H, Cohen O, Christov I and Murnane M 2007 Harnessing attosecond science in the quest for coherent x-rays Science 317 775-8 (Pubitemid 47257909)
21. Popmintchev T, Chen M C, Cohen O, Grisham M E, Rocca J J, Murnane M and Kapteyn H C 2008 Extended phase matching of high harmonics driven by mid-infrared light Opt. Lett. 33 2128-30
22. Doumy G, Wheeler J, Roedig C, Chirla R, Agostini P and DiMauro L F 2009 Attosecond synchronization of high-order harmonics from mid-infrared drivers Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 093002
23. Corkum P B 1993 Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994
24. Lewenstein M, Balcou Ph, Ivanov M Yu, LHuillier A and Corkum P B 1994 Theory of high-order harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields Phys. Rev. A 49 2117
25. Lewenstein M, Salières P and LHuillier A 1995 Phase of the atomic polarization in high-order harmonic generation Phys. Rev. A 52 4747
26. Salières P et al 2001 Feynmans path-integral approach for intense-laser-atom interactions Science 292 902 (Pubitemid 32422481)
27. Feynman R P 1948 Space-time approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics Rev. Mod. Phys. 20 367-87
28. Gaarde M B, Tate J L and Schafer K J 2008 Macroscopic aspects of attosecond pulse generation J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41 132001
29. Farkas G and Tóth C 1992 Proposal for attosecond light pulse generation using laser induced multiple-harmonic conversion processes in rare gases Phys. Lett. A 168 447
30. Harris S E, Macklin J J and Hänsch T W 1993 Atomic scale temporal structure inherent to high-order harmonic generation Opt. Commun. 100 487 (Pubitemid 23683465)
31. Antoine P, L'Huillier A and Lewenstein M 1996 Attosecond pulse trains using high-order harmonicss Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 1234
32. Paul P M, Toma E S, Breger P, Mullot G, Augé F, Balcou Ph, Muller H G and Agostini P 2001 Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation Science 292 1689 (Pubitemid 32506236)
33. Véniard V, Taïeb R and Maquet A 1996 Phase dependence of (N+1)-color (N >1) IR-UV photoionization of atoms with higher harmonics Phys. Rev. A 54 721
34. Muller H G 2002 Reconstruction of attosecond harmonic beating by interference of two-photon transitions Appl. Phys. B 74 S17 (Pubitemid 34964551)
35. Hentschel M, Kienberger R, Spielmann C, Reider G A, Milosevic N, Brabec T, Corkum P, Heinzmann U, Drescher M and Krausz F 2001 Attosecond metrology Nature 414 509 (Pubitemid 33131528)
36. Itatani J, Quéré F, Yudin G L, Ivanov M Y, Krausz F and Corkum P B 2002 Attosecond streak camera Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 173903
37. Mairesse Y and Quéré F 2005 Frequency-resolved optical gating for complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts Phys. Rev. A 71 011401 (Pubitemid 40648626)
38. Baltuška A, Udem T, Uiberacker M, Hentschel M, Goulielmakis E, Gohle C, Holzwarth R, Yakovlev V S, Scrinzi A, Hänsch T W and Krausz F 2003 Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields Nature 421 611 (Pubitemid 36227664)
39. Goulielmakis E et al 2008 Single-cycle nonlinear optics Science 320 1614 (Pubitemid 351934252)
40. Goulielmakis E et al 2004 Direct measurement of light waves Science 305 1267 (Pubitemid 39129226)
41. Sola I J et al 2006 Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating Nature Phys. 2 319 (Pubitemid 43787228)
42. Sola I J et al 2006 Temporal and spectral studies of high-order harmonics generated by polarization-modulated infrared fields Phys. Rev. A 74 013810 (Pubitemid 44100028)
43. Zenghu C 2007 Controlling attosecond pulse generation with a double optical gating Phys. Rev. A 76 051403 (Pubitemid 350191549)
44. Mashiko H, Gilbertson S, Li C, Khan S D, Shakya M M, Moon E and Chang Z 2008 Double optical gating of high-order harmonic generation with carrier-envelope phase stabilized lasers Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 103906 (Pubitemid 351399156)
45. Cavalieri A L et al 2007 Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter Nature 449 1029 (Pubitemid 350014600)
46. Schultze M et al 2010 Delay in photoemission Science 328 1658-62
47. Klünder K et al 2011 Probing single-photon ionization on the attosecond time scale Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 143002
48. Pedersen S, Herek J L and Zewail A H 1994 The validity of the diradical hypothesis: direct femtosecond studies of the transition-state structures Science 266 1359-64
49. Zewail A H 1990 The birth of molecules Sci. Am. p 76-82
50. Zewail A H and Bernstein R B 1988 Real-time laser femtochemistry: viewing the transition from reagents to products Chem. Eng. News 66 45
51. Zewail A H and Bernstein R B 1988 Real-time laser femtochemistry: viewing the transition from reagents to products Chem. Eng. News 66 24-43
52. Worner H J, Bertrand J B, Kartashov D V, Corkum P B and Villeneuve D M 2010 Following a chemical reaction using high-harmonic spectroscopy Nature 466 604
53. Tzallas P, Skantzakis E, Nikolopoulos L A A, Tsakiris G D and Charalambidis D 2011 Extreme-ultraviolet pump-probe studies of one-femtosecond-scale electron dynamics Nature Phys. 7 781-4
54. Mauritsson J et al 2010 Attosecond electron spectroscopy using a novel interferometric pump-probe technique Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053001
55. Smirnova O, Spanner M and Ivanov M Y 2006 Coulomb and polarization effects in laser-assisted XUV ionization J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39 S323
56. Dahlström J M, Guénot D, Klünder K, Gisselbrecht M, Mauritsson J, LHuillier A, Maquet A and Taïeb R 2012 Theory of attosecond delays in laser-assisted photoionization Chem. Phys. at press (doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.01.017)
57. Maquet A and Taïeb R 2007 Two-colour IR + XUV spectroscopies: the soft-photon approximation J. Mod. Opt. 54 1847-57 (Pubitemid 47542224)
58. Dahlström J M, Fordell T, Mansten E, Ruchon T, Swoboda M, Klünder K, Gisselbrecht M, LHuillier A and Mauritsson J 2009 Atomic and macroscopic measurements of attosecond pulse trains Phys. Rev. A 80 033836
59. Toma E S and Muller H G 2002 Calculation of matrix elements for mixed extreme-ultraviolet-infrared two-photon above-threshold ionization of argon J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35 3435 (Pubitemid 35011812)
60. Mauritsson J, Gaarde M B and Schafer K J 2005 Accessing properties of electron wave packets generated by attosecond pulse trains through time-dependent calculations Phys. Rev. A 72 013401 (Pubitemid 41492522)
61. Svelto O 1998 Principles of Lasers (New York: Plenum)
62. LHuillier A, Li X F and Lompré L A 1990 Propagation effects in high-order harmonic generation in rare gases J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7 527-36
63. Dalgarno A and Kingston A E 1960 The refractive indicies and verdet constants of the inert gases Proc. R. Soc. A 259 424
64. Henke B L, Davis J C, Gullikson E M and Perera R C C 1988 A preliminary report on x-ray photoabsorption coefficients and atomic scattering factors for 92 elements in the 10-10,000 eV region Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LBL-26259, UC-411
65. Henke E M Gullikson B L and Davis J C 1993 X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30 000 eV, Z=1-92 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 181-342
66. Kittel C 1996 Introduction to Solid State Theory (New York: Wiley)
67. Varju K et al 2005 Frequency chirp of harmonic and attosecond pulses J. Mod. Opt. 52 379 (Pubitemid 43203618)
68. Varjú K et al 2005 Reconstruction of attosecond pulse trains using an adiabatic phase expansion Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 243901 (Pubitemid 41776852)
69. Martinez O E, Gordon J P and Fork R L 1984 Negative group-velocity dispersion using refraction J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1 1003
70. López-Martens R et al 2005 Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 033001 (Pubitemid 40618430)
71. Gustafsson E, Ruchon T, Swoboda M, López Martens R, Balcou P and LHuillier A 2007 Broadband attosecond pulse shaping Opt. Lett. 32 1353-5 (Pubitemid 351292733)
72. Ivanov M Y, Spanner M and Smirnova O 2005 Anatomy of strong field ionization J. Mod. Opt. 52 165-84 (Pubitemid 43203605)
73. Chirila C C, Dreissigacker I, van der Zwan E V and Lein M 2010 Emission times in high-order harmonic generation Phys. Rev. A 81 033412
74. Dahlström J M, LHuillier A and Mauritsson J 2011 Quantum mechanical approach to probing the birth of attosecond pulses using a two-color field J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 095602
75. Weber H J and Arfken G B 2004 Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
76. Mauritsson J, Johnsson P, Mansten E, Swoboda M, Ruchon T, LHuillier A and Schafer K J 2008 Coherent electron scattering captured by an attosecond quantum stroboscope Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 073003 (Pubitemid 351393563)
77. Friedrich H 1994 Theoretical Atomic Physics (Berlin: Springer)
78. Trost J and Friedrich H 1997 WKB and exact wavefunctions for inverse power-law potentials Phys. Lett. A 228 127-33 (Pubitemid 127431574)
79. Wigner E P 1955 Lower limit for the energy derivative of the scattering phase shift Phys. Rev. 98 145-7
80. Smith F T 1960 Lifetime matrix in collision theory Phys. Rev. 118 349-56
81. de Carvalho C A A and Nussenzveig H M 2002 Time delay Phys. Rep. 364 83-174
82. Abramowitz M and Stegun I A 1964 Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables (National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series vol 55) (New York: Dover)
83. Weisstein E W MathWorld http://mathworld.wolfram.com/
84. Sakurai J J 1994 Modern Quantum Mechanics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley)
85. Landau L D and Lifshitz E M 1977 Quantum Mechanics: Nonrelativistic Theory 3rd edn (Oxford: Pergamon) section 136
86. Cooper J W 1962 Photoionization from outer atomic subshells: a model study Phys. Rev. 128 681
87. Kennedy D J and Manson S T 1972 Photoionization of the noble gases: cross sections and angular distributions Phys. Rev. A 5 227
88. Kruit P and Read F H 1983 Magnetic field paralleliser for 2π electron-spectrometer and electron-image magnifier J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 16 313
89. Eppink A T J B and Parker D H 1997 Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 3477
90. Vrakking M J J 2001 An iterative procedure for the inversion of two-dimensional ion/photoelectron imaging experiments Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 4084 (Pubitemid 33075913)
91. Mattuck R D 1992 A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem 2nd edn (New York: Dover)
92. Aymar M and Crance M 1980 Theory of two- and three photon ionisation of helium atoms J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 13 2527
93. Zon B A, Manakov N L and Rapoport L P 1970 Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 14 904
94. Edwards M, Tang X and Shakeshaft R 1987 Multiphoton absorption by alkali-metal atoms above the ionization threshold: II. Further results on Cs and Rb ionization Phys. Rev. A 35 3758
95. Maquet A 1977 Use of the Coulomb Greens function in atomic calculations Phys. Rev. A 15 1088-108
96. Maquet A, Véniard V and Marian T A 1998 The Coulomb Greens function and multiphoton calculations J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 31 3743
97. Wollenhaupt M et al 2002 Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 173001
98. Mansten E et al 2009 Spectral signature of short attosecond pulse trains Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 083002
99. Chini M, Gilbertson S, Khan S D and Chang Z 2010 Characterizing ultrabroadband attosecond lasers Opt. Express 18 13006
100. Baggesen J C and Madsen L B 2010 Erratum: polarization effects in attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 209903
101. Yakovlev V S, Gagnon J, Karpowicz N and Krausz F 2010 Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 073001
102. Zhang C H and Thumm U 2010 Electron-ion interaction effects in attosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectra Phys. Rev. A 82 043405
103. Kheifets A and Ivanov I 2010 Delay in atomic photoionization Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 233002
104. Zhang C H and Thumm U 2011 Streaking and Wigner time delays in photoemission from atoms and surfaces Phys. Rev. A 84 033401
105. Smirnova O and Ivanov M Y 2011 How accurate is the attosecond streak-camera? Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 213605
106. Nagele S, Pazourek R, Feist J, Doblhoff-Dier K, Lemell C, Tkési K and Burgdörfer J 2011 Time-resolved photoemission by attosecond streaking: extraction of time information J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 081001
107. Nagele S, Pazourek R, Feist J and Burgdörfer J 2012 Time shifts in photoemission from a fully correlated two-electron model system Phys. Rev. A 85 033401
108. Moore L R, Lysaght M A, Parker J S, van der Hart H W and Taylor K T 2011 Time delay between photoemission from the 2p and 2s subshells of neon Phys. Rev. A 84 061404
109. Swoboda M, Dahlström J M, Ruchon T, Johnsson P, Mauritsson J, LHuillier A and Schafer K J 2009 Intensity dependence of laser-assisted attosecond photoionization spectra Laser Phys. 19 1591
110. Guénot D et al 2012 Photoemission-time-delay measurements and calculations close to the 3s-ionization-cross-section minimum in Ar Phys. Rev. A 85 053424
111. Swoboda M, Fordell T, Klünder K, Dahlström J M, Miranda M, Buth C, Schafer K J, Mauritsson J, LHuillier A and Gisselbrecht M 2010 Phase measurement of resonant two-photon ionization in helium Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 103003
112. Haessler S et al 2009 Phase-resolved attosecond near-threshold photoionization of molecular nitrogen Phys. Rev. A 80 011404
113. 2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 093002
114. Haessler S, Caillat J and Salières P 2011 Self-probing of molecules with high harmonic generation J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 203001
115. Mauritsson J, Johnsson P, Gustafsson E, LHuillier A, Schafer K J and Gaarde M B 2006 Attosecond pulse trains generated using two color laser fields Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 013001 (Pubitemid 44015297)
116. Frolov M V, Manakov N L, Silaev A A and Vvedenskii N V 2010 Analytic description of high-order harmonic generation by atoms in a two-color laser field Phys. Rev. A 81 063407
117. Shafir D, Mairesse Y, Worner H J, Rupnik K, Villeneuve D M, Corkum P B and Dudovich N 2010 Probing the symmetry of atomic wavefunctions from the point of view of strong field-driven electrons New J. Phys. 12 073032
118. Dudovich N, Smirnova O, Levesque J, Mairesse Y, Ivanov M Y, Villeneuve D M and Corkum P B 2006 Measuring and controlling the birth of attosecond XUV pulses Nature Phys. 2 781 (Pubitemid 44691286)
119. He X, Dahlström J M, Rakowski R, Heyl C M, Persson A, Mauritsson J and LHuillier A 2010 Interference effects in two-color high-order harmonic generation Phys. Rev. A 82 033410
120. Keldysh L V 1965 Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave Sov. Phys. - JETP 20 1307
121. Eckle P, Pfeiffer A N, Cirelli C, Staudte A, Dörner R, Muller H G, Büttiker M and Keller U 2008 Attosecond ionization and tunneling delay time measurements in helium Science 322 1525-9
122. Eckle P, Smolarski M, Schlup P, Biegert J, Staudte A, Schoffler M, Muller H G, Dorner R and Keller U 2008 Attosecond angular streaking Nature Phys. 4 565
123. Pfeiffer A N, Cirelli C, Smolarski M, Dimitrovski D, Abu-Samha M, Madsen L B and Keller U 2012 Attoclock reveals natural coordinates of the laser-induced tunnelling current flow in atoms Nature Phys. 8 76-80