Cardiac pacemakers: Current and Future Status

Current Problems in Cardiology

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 341-420

  Mitrani, Raul D ^a   Simmons, Jeffrey D ^b   Interian Jr , Alberto ^a   Castellanos, Agustin ^a   Myerburg, Robert J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; FOLLOW UP; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART DILATATION; HEART PACING; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; IMPLANT; PACEMAKER ELECTRODE; PACEMAKER FAILURE; REVIEW; SENSOR; SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION; SYNCOPE; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT INDICATION; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; ELECTRODE; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HEART BLOCK; SICK SINUS SYNDROME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ARRHYTHMIA; CARDIAC PACING, ARTIFICIAL; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; ELECTRODES; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; HEART BLOCK; HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; HUMANS; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL; SICK SINUS SYNDROME; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84866225329     PISSN: 01462806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0146-2806(99)90002-6     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. Furman S, Hayes DL, Holmes DR. A practice of cardiac pacing. 3rd ed. Mount Kisco (NY): Futura; 1993.
2. Barold SS, Mugica J. New perspectives in cardiac pacing. Mount Kisco (NY): Futura; 1992.
3. Kusumoto FM, Goldschlager N. Cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med 1996;334:89-98.
4. Ellenberger KA, Kay GN, Wilkoff BL, editors. Clinical cardiac pacing. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995.
5. Barold SS, Mugica J. Recent advances in cardiac pacing. Armonk (NY): Futura;1998.
6. Zoll PM. Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation. N Engl J Med 1952;247:768-71.
7. Furman S, Robinson G. The use of an intracardiac pacemaker in the correction of total heart block. Surg Forum 1958;9:245-8.
8. Elmqvist R, Senning A. Implantable pacemaker for the heart. In: Smyth CN, editor. Medical electronics. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Medical Electronics, Paris, June 1959. London: Iliffe & Sons; 1960.
9. Chardack WM, Gage AD, Greatbatch W. A transistorized self-contained, implantable pacemaker for the long-term correction of heart block. Surgery 1960;48:643-54.
10. Nathan DA, Center S, Wu CY, Keller W. An implantable synchronous pacemaker for the long-term correction of complete heart block. Circulation 1963;27:682-5.
11. Lemberg L, Castellanos A, Berkovits B. Pacing on demand in AV block. JAMA 1965;191:106-8.
12. Berkovits B, Castellanos A Jr, Lemberg L. Bifocal demand pacing [abstract]. Circulation 1969;40(Suppl):III-44.
13. Funke HD. Die optiierte sequentielle stimulation von Vorhof und kammer-ein neuartiges knozept zur behandlung bradykarder dysrhythmien. Herz Kreisl 1978;10:479-83.
14. Luderitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. Armonk (NY): Futura; 1995. p. 112.
15. Bernstein AD, Camm AJ, Fletcher R, et al. The NASPE/BPEG generic pacemaker code for antibradyarrhythmia and adaptive rate pacing and antitachyarrhythmia devices. PACE 1987;10:794-9.
16. Gregoratos G, Cheitlin MD, Conill A, Epstein AE, Fellows C, Ferguson TB Jr, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Pacemaker Implantation). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1175-209.
17. Connelly DT, Steinhaus DM. Mobitz type I atrioventricular block: an indication for permanent pacing? PACE 1996;19:261-4.
18. Barold SS. ACC/AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers: how accurate are the definitions of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction blocks? PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993;16:1221-6.
19. Barold SS. Indications for permanent cardiac pacing in first-degree AV block: class I, II, or III? PACE 1996;19:747-51.
20. Donmoyer TL, DeSanctis RW, Austen WG. Experience with implantable pacemakers using myocardial electrodes in the management of heart block. Ann Thoracic Surg 1967;3:218-27.
21. Edhag O, Swahn A. Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers: a long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. Acta Med Scand 1976;200:457-63.
22. Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Sauve MJ, Desai J, Abbott JA, Cogan J, et al. Value of HQ interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:1316-22.
23. Dhingra RC, Wyndham C, Bauernfeind R, Swiryn S, Deedwania PC, Smith T, et al. Significance of block distal to the His-bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Circulation 1979;60:1455-64.
24. Dhingra RC, Denes P, Wu D, et al. The significance of second degree AV block and bundle branch block. Circulation 1974,;49:638-46.
25. Ranganathan N, Dhurandhar R, Phillips JH, Wigle ED. His bundle electrogram in bundle-branch block. Circulation 1972;45:282-94.
26. Zipes D. Second degree AV block. Circulation 1979;60:465-72.
27. Strasberg B, Amat-Y-Leon F, Dhingra RC, et al. Natural history of chronic second-degree AV block. Circulation 1981;63:1043-9.
28. Shaw DB, Kekwick CA, Veale D, et al. Survival in second degree AV block. Br Heart J 1985;53:587-93.
29. Clarke M, Sutton R, Ward D, et al. Recommendations for pacemaker prescription for symptomatic bradycardia. Report of a working party of the British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group. Br Heart J 1991;66:185-91.
30. Kim YH, O'Nunain S, Trouton T, et al. Pseudo-pacemaker syndrome following inadvertent fast pathway ablation for AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1993;4:178-82.
31. Brecker SJD, Xiao HB, Sparrow J, Gibson DG. Effects of dual chamber pacing with short atrioventricular delay in dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1992;340:1308-12.
32. Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Holmes DR, Tajik AJ. Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: an acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:281-8.
33. Auricchio A, Sommariva L, Salo RW, et al. Improvement of cardiac function in patients with severe congestive failure and coronary artery disease by dual-chamber pacing with shortened AV delay. PACE 1993;16:2034-43.
34. McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, et al. Natural history of "high-risk" bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study. N Engl J Med 1982;307:137-43.
35. Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rehnqvist N, Astrom H, Rosenqvist M. Diagnostic value of programmed ventricular stimulation In: Patients with bifascicular block: a prospective study of patients with and without syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1508-15.
36. Ezri M, Lerman BB, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Josephson AE. Electrophysiologic evaluation of syncope in patients with bifascicular block. Am Heart J 1983;106:693-7.
37. Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Swave MJ, et al. Value of H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:1316-22.
38. Morady F, Higgins J, Peters RW, et al. Electrophysiologic testing in bundle branch block and unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:587-91.
39. Dhingra RC, Wyndham C, Bauernfeind R, et al. Significance of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Circulation 1979;60:1455-64.
40. Dewey RC, Capeless MA, Levy AM. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to identify high risk patients with congenital complete heart block. N Engl J Med 1987;316:835-9.
41. Reybrouck T, Vanden Eynde BB, Cumoulin M, Van der Hauwaert LG. Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in congenital complete AV block. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:896.
42. Cobbe SM. Congenital complete heart block. Br Med J 1983;286:1769-70.
43. Sholler GF, Walsh EP. Congenital complete heart block in patients without anatomic cardiac defects. Am Heart J 1989;118:1193-8.
44. Kay R, Estiolo M, Wiener I. Primary sick sinus syndrome as an indication for chronic pacemaker therapy in young adults: incidence, clinical features and long-term evaluation. Am Heart J 1982;103:338-42.
45. Shaw DB, Holman RR, Gowers JI. Survival in sinoatrial disorder (sick sinus syndrome). Br Med J 1980;280:139-41.
46. Rasmussen K. Chronic sinus node disease: natural course and indications for pacing. Eur Heart J 1981;2:455-9.
47. Stegman SS, Burroughs JM, Henthorn RW. Asymptomatic bradyarrhythmias as a marker for sleep apnea: appropriate recognition and treatment may reduce the need for pacemaker therapy. PACE 1996,19:899-904.
48. Alboni P, Rato B, Cappato R, Rossi P, Gato E, Antonioli EG. Clinical effects of oral theophylline in sick sinus syndrome. Am Heart J 1991;122:1361-7.
49. Saito D, Matsubara K, Yamanari H, Obayashi N, Uchida S, Maekawa K, et al. Effects of oral theophylline on sick sinus syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1199-204.
50. Alboni P, Menozzi C, Brignole M, Paparella N, Gaggioli G, Lolli G, Cappato R. Effects of permanent pacemaker and oral theophylline in sick sinus syndrome. The THEOPACE study: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 1997;9:260-6.
51. Fisher JD, Johnston DR, Furman S, Mercando AD, Kim SG. Long-term efficacy of antitachycardia pacing for supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:1311-6.
52. Barold SS, Wyndham CR, Kappenberger LL, Abinader EG, Griffin JC, Falkoff MD. Implanted atrial pacemakers for paroxysmal atrial flutter: long-term efficacy. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:144-9.
53. Eldar M, Griffin JC, Van Hare GF, et al. Combined use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients with the long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:830-7.
54. Sugrue DD, Gersh BJ, Holmes DR, Wood DL, Osborn MJ, Hammill SC. Symptomatic 'isolated' carotid sinus hypersensitivity: natural history and results of treatment with anticholinergic drugs or pacemaker. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:158-62.
55. Morley CA, Perrins EJ, Grant P, Chan SL, McBrien DJ, Sutton R. Carotid sinus syncope treated by pacing. Analysis of persistent symptoms and role of atrioventricular sequential pacing. Br Heart J 1982;47:411-8.
56. Morley CA, Perrins EJ, Chan SL, Sutton R. Long-term comparison of DVI and VVI pacing in carotid sinus syndrome. In Steinback K, editor. Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the Vllth World Symposium on cardiac pacing. Darmstadt, Germany: Steinkopff Verlag; 1983. p. 929-35.
57. Brignole M, Nemzzi C, Lolli G, Sartore B, Barra M. Natural and unnnatural history of patients with severe carotid sinus hypersensitivity: a preliminary study. PACE 1988;11:1628-35.
58. Brignole M, Sartore B, Barra M, Menozzi C, Lolli G. Ventricular and dual-chamber pacing for treatment of carotid sinus syndrome. PACE 1989;12:582-90.
59. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Lolli G, Oddone D, Gianfranchi L, Bertulla A. Pacing for carotid sinus syndrome and sick sinus syndrome. PACE 1990;13:2071-5.
60. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Lolli G, Oddone D, Gianfranci L, Bertulla A. Validation of a method for choice of pacing mode in carotid sinus syndrome with or without sinus bradycardia. PACE 1991;14:196-203.
61. Benditt DG, Ferguson DW, Grubb BP, et al. Tilt table testing for assessing syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:263-75.
62. El-Bedawi KM, Wahbha MMAE, Hainsworth R. Cardiac pacing does not improve orthostatic tolerance in patients with vasovagal syncope. Clin Autonom Res 1994;4:233-7.
63. Maloney JD, Jaeger FJ, Rizo-Patron C, Zhu DW. The role of pacing for the management of neurally mediated syncope: carotid sinus syndrome and vasovagal syncope. Am Heart J 1994;127:1030-7.
64. Sra JS, Jazayeri MR, Avitall B, Dhala A, Deshpande S, Blanck Z, et al. Comparison of cardiac pacing with drug therapy in the treatment of neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope with bradycardia or asystole. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1085-90.
65. Petersen MEV, Chamberlain-Webber R, Fitzpatrick AP, Ingram A, Williams T, Sutton R. Permanent pacing for cardioinhibitory malignant vasovagal syndrome. Br Heart J 1994;71:274-81.
66. Fitzpatrick A, Theodorakis G, Ahmed R, Williams T, Sutton R. Dual-chamber pacing aborts vasovagal syncope induced by head-up 60 degree tilt. PACE 1991;14:13-9.
67. 66a. Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, Gent M, on behalf of the Vasovagal Pacemaker Study Investigators. The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:16-20.
68. Johnson AD, Daily PO. Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis complicated by high degree heart block: successful treatment with atrial synchronous ventricular pacemaker. Chest 1975;67:491-4.
69. McDonald K, McWilliams E, O'Keeffe B, Maurer B. Functional assessment of patients treated with permanent dual-chamber pacing as a primary treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1988;9:893-8.
70. Fananapazir L, Cannon RO, Tripodi D, Panza JA. Impact of dual-chamber permanent pacing in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with symptoms refractory to verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocker therapy. Circulation 1992;85:2149-61.
71. McAreavey D, Fananapazir L. Altered cardiac hemodynamic and electrical state in normal sinus rhythm after chronic dual-chamber pacing for relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:651-6.
72. Jeanrenaud X, Goy JJ, Kappenberger L. Effects of dual-chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1992;339:1318-23.
73. Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Ilstrup DM, Holmes DR, Tajik M. Effect of dual-chamber pacing on systolic and diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Acute doppler echocardiographic and catheterization hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:421-30.
74. Fananapazir L, Epstein ND, Curiel RV, Panza JA, Tripodi D, McAreavey D. Long term results of dual-chamber (DDD) pacing in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evidence for progressive symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement and reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1994;90:2731-42.
75. McAreavey D, Tripoli D, Epstein N, et al. Dual-chamber pacing relieves outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy despite pre-existing left bundle branch block [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:123A.
76. Jeanrenaud X, Scjlapper J, Fromer M, Aebisher N, Kappenberger L. Dual chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: beneficial effect of atrioventricular junction ablation of optimal left ventricular capture and filling. PACE Pacing Clin Eletrophysiol 1997;20:293-300.
77. Nishimura RA, Trusty JM, Hayes DL, et al. Dual-chamber pacing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a randomized, doub-blind, crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:435-41.
78. Cannon RO, Tripodi D, Dilsizian V, Panza JA, Fananapazir L. Results of permanent dual-chamber pacing in symptomatic nonosbstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:571-6.
79. Brecker SJD, Xiao HB, Sparrow J, Gibson DG. Effects of dual-chamber pacing with short atrioventricular delay in dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1992;340: 1308-12.
80. Auricchio A, Sommariva L, Salo RW, Scafuri A, Chiariello L. Improvement of cardiac function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease by dual-chamber pacing with shortened AV delay. PACE 1993;16:2034-43.
81. Hochleitner M, Hortnagl H, Hortnagl H, et al. Long-term efficacy of physiologic dual chamber pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1320-5.
82. Gold MR, Feliciano Z, Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML. Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure: A randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:967-73.
83. Shinbane JS, Chu E, DeMarco T, Sobol Y, Fitzpatrick AP, Lau DM, et al. Evaluation of acute dual-chamber pacing with a range of atrioventricular delays on cardiac performance in refractory heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1295-300.
84. Chevalier S, Basta M, Leitch JW. The importance of the left atrioventricular interval during atrioventricular sequential pacing. PACE 1997;20:2958-66.
85. Rosenqvist M, Isaaz K, Botvinick EH, et al. Relative importance of activation sequence compared to AV synchrony in left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67:148-56.
86. Buckingham T. Right ventricular outflow tract pacing. PACE 1997;20:1237-42.
87. Mabo P, Schierlag BJ, Munsif A, et al. Hemodynamic benefit of His pacing compared to right ventricular apex pacing in dual chamber modes [abstract]. Eur J Card Pacing Electrophysiol 1994;4:80.
88. Burkhoff D, Oikawa RY, Sagawa K. Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular contraction. Am J Physiol 1986;20: 428-435.
89. Barin ES, Jones SM, Ward DE, et al. The right ventricular outflow tract as an alternative permanent pacing site: Long-term follow-up. PACE 1991;14:3-6.
90. Buckingham TA, Candinas R, Schläpfer J, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of atrioventricular pacing at differing sites in the right ventricle individually and simultaneously. PACE 1997;20:909-915.
91. Buckingham TA, Candinas R, Pagotto E, et al. Effect of AV sequential pacing at alternate and combined sites in the right and left ventricles on cardiac output and activation in patients post coronary bypass surgery [abstract]. PACE 1996;19:738.
92. Buckingham TA, Candinas R, Ritter M, et al. Effect of pacing at alternate and combined sites in the right ventricle on systolic and diastolic function [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:344A.
93. DeCock CC, Meyer A, Kamp O, Visser CA. Hemodynamic benefits of right ventricular outflow tract pacing: comparison with right ventricular apex pacing. PACE 1998;21:536-41.
94. Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Le Breton H, Ritter P, Mabo P, Gras D, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1825-31.
95. Blanc JJ, Etienne Y, Gilard M, Mansourati J, Munier S, Boschat J, et al. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure. Results of an acute hemodynamic study. Circulation 1997;96:3273-7.
96. Barold, SS, Cazeau S, Mugica J, Garrigue S, Clementy J. Permanent multisite cardiac pacing. PACE 1997;20:2725-30.
97. Daubert JC, Mabo P, Berder V, et al. Atrial tachyarrhythmias associated with high degree interatrial conduction block: prevention by permanent atrial resynchronization. Eur J Cardiac Pace Electrophys 1994;4:35-44.
98. Saksena S. Praiash A, Hill M, et al. Prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:687-94.
99. Delfaut P, Saksena S, Prakash A, Krol RB. Long-term outcome of patients with drug-refractory atrial flutter and fibrillation after single- and dual-site right atrial pacing for arrhythmia prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1900-8.
100. Daubert C, Mabo P, Berder V. Arrhythmia prevention by permanent atrial resynchronization in advanced interatrial block. Eur Heart J 1990;11:237-42.
101. Papageorgiou P, Anselme F, Kirchhof CJHJ, Monahan K, Rasmussen CAF, Epstein LM, et al. Coronary sinus pacing prevents induction of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1893-8.
102. Daubert C, Leclerq C, LeBreton H, Gras D, Pavin D, Poubreau Y, et al. Permanent left atrial pacing with a specifically designed coronary sinus lead. PACE 1997;20:2755-64.
103. Miller GB, Leman RB, Kratz JM, Gillette PC. Comparison of lead dislodgment and pocket infection rates after pacemaker implantation in the operating room versus the catheterization laboratory. Am Heart J 1988;115:1048-51.
104. Stamato NJ, O'Toole MF, Enger EL. Permanent pacemaker implantation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory versus the operating room: an analysis of hospital charges and complications. PACE 1992;15:2236-9.
105. Yamamura KH, Kloosterman EM, Alba J, Garcia F, Williams PL, Mitrani RD, et al. Analysis of charges and complications of permanent pacemaker implantation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory versus operating room. PACE. In press.
106. Belott PH, Reynolds DW. Permanent pacemaker implantation. In: Ellenbogen KA, Kay GN, Wilkoff BL, editors: Clinical cardiac pacing. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. p. 447-90.
107. Masterson M, Maloney JD, Tuzcu M, et al. Atrial pacemaker leads compared. Cleve Clin J Med 1990;57:433-6.
108. Connelly DT, Steinhaus DM, Handlin L, Lemery R, Moutray K, Foley L, et al. Atrial pacing leads following open heart surgery: active or passive fixation? PACE 1997;20:2429-33.
109. Cutler NG, Karpawich PP, Cavitt D, Kakimi M, Walters HL. Steroid-eluting epicardial pacing electrodes: six year experience of pacing thresholds in a growing pediatric population. PACE 1997;20:2943-8.
110. Mond HG, Stokes KB. The steroid eluting electrode: a 10-year experience. PACE 1996;19:1016-20.
111. Wish M, Swartz J, Cohen A, et al. Steroid-tipped leads versus porous platinum permanent pace-maker leads: a controlled study. PACE 1990;13:1887-1890.
112. Santini M, De Seta F, et al. Do steroid-eluting electrodes really have better performance than other state-of-the-art designs? PACE 1993;16:722-8.
113. Rhoden WE, Llewellyn MJ, Schofield SW, Bennett DH. Acute and chronic performance of a steroid eluting electrode for ventricular pacing. Int J Cardiol 1992;37:209-12.
114. Bernstein AD, Irwin ME, Parsonnet V, et al. Report of the NASPE Policy conference on antibradycardia pacemaker follow-up: effectiveness, needs and resources. PACE 1994;17:1714-29.
115. Grendahl H. Pacemaker follow-up with prolonged intervals in the stable period 1 to 5 years postimplant. PACE 1996;19:1219-24.
116. Sweesy W, Erickson SL, Crago JA, et al. Analysis of the effectiveness of in office and transtelephonic follow-up in terms of pacemaker system complications. PACE 1994;17:2001-3.
117. Waktare JEP, Malik M. Holter, loop recorder, and event counter capabilities of implanted devices. PACE 1997;20:2665-9.
118. Limousin M, Geroux L, Nitzsche R, Cazeau S, Pioger G, Victor J, et al. Value of automatic processing and reliability of stored data in an implanted pacemaker: initial results in 59 patients. PACE 1997;20:2893-8.
119. Ricci R, Puglisi A, Azzolini P, et al. Reliability of a new algorithm for automatic mode switching from DDDR to DDIR pacing in sinus node disease patients with chronotropic incompetence and recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. PACE 1996;19;1719-23.
120. Schubert A, van Langen H, Michels K, Meinertz T. DDD(R) pacing with automatic mode switch in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation following AV nodal ablation. Cardiology 1997;88:323-7.
121. Mitrani RD, Klein LS, Zipes DP, Miles WM. Use of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator for ventricular arrhythmias. In: Smith TW, editor. Cardiovascular therapeutics: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 351-61.
122. Mitrani RD, Pollack W, Interian A, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Pacemaker diagnostic information can be used to follow episodes of atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients [abstract]. Arch Mal Coeur 1998;III:209.
123. Brandt J, Anderson H. Fahraens T, Schuller H. Natural history of sinus node disease treated with atrial pacing in 213 patients: implications for selection of stimulation mode. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:633-9.
124. Brandt J, Schuller H. Pacing for sinus node disease: a therapeutic rationale. Clin Cardiol 1994;17:495-8.
125. Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PEB, Thuesen L, Vesterlund T, Pedersen AK, et al. Atrioventricular conduction during long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 1998;98:1315-21.
126. Toivonen L, Lommi J. Dependence of atrial sensing function on posture in a single-lead atrial triggered ventricular (VDD) pacemaker. PACE 1996,19:309-13.
127. Crick JCP. European multicenter prospective follow-up study of 1002 implants of a single lead VDD pacing system. PACE 1991;14:1724-44.
128. Naegeli B, Osswald S, Pfisterer M, Burkart F. VDDR pacing: short- and long-term stability of atrial sensing with a single lead system. PACE 1996:19:455-64.
129. Higano ST, Hayes DL, Eisinger G. Sensor driven rate smoothing in a DDDR pacemaker. PACE 1989;12:922-9.
130. Wirtzfeld A, Schmidt G, Himmier FC, et al. Physiological pacing. Present status and future developments. PACE 1987;10:41-56.
131. Nordlander R, Hedman A, Pehrsson SK. Rate responsive pacing and exercise capacity: a comment. PACE 1989;12:749-51.
132. Giudici MC, Orias DW. Mode switching anomalies: a patient who remained symptomatic during paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias despite a mode switching pacemaker. PACE 1997;20:1883-4.
133. Ellenbogen KA, Mond HG, Wood MA, Barold SS. Failure of automatic mode switching: recognition and management. PACE 1997;20:268-75.
134. Ricci R, Puglisi A, Assolini P, et al. Reliability of a new algorithm for automatic mode switching from DDDR to DDIR pacing mode in sinus node disease patients with chronotropic incompetence and recurrent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:1719-23.
135. Kamalvand K, Kotsakis TK, Bucknall C, Sulke N. Is mode switching beneficial? A randomized study in patients with paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:496-504.
136. Brignole M, Gianfranchi L, Menozzi C, et al. Assessment of atrioventricular junction ablation and DDDR mode-switching pacemaker versus pharmacological treatment in patients with severely symptomatic paroxsymal atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled study. Circulation 1997;96:2617-24.
137. Sheldon R, Koshman ML, Wilson W, Kieser T, Rose S. Effect of dual-chamber pacing with automatic rate-drop sensing on recurrent neurally mediated syncope. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:158-62.
138. Benditt DG, Sutton R, Gammage MD, Markowitz T, Gorski J, Nygaard GA, et al. Clinical experience with thera DR rate-drop response pacing algorithm in carotid sinus syndrome and vasovagal syncope. The International Rate-Drop Investigators Group. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 1997;20:832-9.
139. Dibase A, Tse TM, Schnittger I, Wexler L, Stinson EB, Valantine HA. Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant recipients and need for pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1385-9.
140. Scott CD, Dark JH, McComb JH. Sinus node function after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1334-41.
141. Montero JA, Anguita M, Concha M, et al. Pacing requirements after orthotopic heart transplantation: incidence and related factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992;11:799-802.
142. Scott CD, Omar I, McComb JM, Dark JH, Bexton RS. Long-term pacing in heart transplant recipients is usually unnecessary. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:1792-6.
143. Givertz MM, Hartley LH, Colucci WS. Long-term sequential changes in exercise capacity and chronotropic responsiveness after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1997;96:232-7.
144. Woodard DA, Conti JB, Mills Jr RM, Williams RA, Curtis AB. Permanent atrial pacing in cardiac transplant patients. PACE 1997;20:2398-404.
145. Oldroyd KG, Rae A, Carter R, et al. Double blind crossover comparison of the effects of dual chamber pacing (DDD) and ventricular adaptive (VV1R) pacing on neuroendocrine variables, exercise performance and symptoms in complete heart block. Br Heart J 1991;65:188-93.
146. Kruse I, Annian K, Conradson TB, et al. A comparison of the acute and long-term hemodynamic effects of ventricular inhibited and atrial synchronous ventricular inhibited pacing. Circulation 1982;56:846-55.
147. Karlof I. Hemodynamic effect of atrial triggered versus fixed rate pacing at rest and during exercise in complete heart block. Acta Med Scand 1975;197:195-206.
148. Nitsch J, Seiderer M, Bull U. et al. Evaluation of left ventricular performance by radionuclide ventriculography in patients with AV versus ventricular demand pacemakers. Am Heart J 1984;107:906-11.
149. Steward WJ, Dicola VC, Harthorne JW, et al. Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output in patients with physiologic pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54:308-12.
150. Alpert MA, Curtis JJ, Sanfelippo W, et al. Comparative survival following permanent ventricular and dual chamber pacing for patients with chronic symptomatic sinus node dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1987;13:958-65.
151. Hartzler BO, Maloney JD, Curtiss JJ, et al. Hemodynamic benefits of AV sequential pacing after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1977;40:232-6.
152. Lukl J, Doupal V, Heinc P. Quality-of-life during DDD and dual sensor VVIR pacing. PACE 1994,17:1844-8.
153. Lau CP, Tai YT, Lee PWE, et al. Quality-of-life in DDDR pacing: AV synchrony or rate adaptation? PACE 1994,17:1838-43.
154. Rosenqvist NI, Brandi J, Schuller H. Atrial versus ventricular pacing in sinus node disease: a treatment comparison study. Am Heart J 1986;111:292-7.
155. Feuer N, Shandling AH, Messenger JC, Castellanet CD, Thomas LA. Influence of cardiac pacing mode on the long-term development of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1376-9.
156. Grimm WM, Langefeld H, Bernhard M, Clisiek K. Symptoms, cardiovascular risk profile and spontaneous ECG in paced patients: a five-year follow-up study. PACE 1990;13:2086-90.
157. Hesselson AB, Parsormet V, Bernstein AD, Bonavita GJ. Deleterious effects of long-term single-chamber ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome: the hidden benefits of dual-chamber pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1542-9.
158. Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, Vesterlund T, Thomsen PE. Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1994;344:1523-8.
159. Anderson HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PEB, et al. Long-term follow up of patients form a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1997;350:1210-6.
160. Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Stambler BS, et al. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1097-104.
161. Paxinos G, Katritsis D, Kakouros S, Toutouzas P, Camm AJ. Long-term effect of VVI pacing on atrial and ventricular function in patients with sick sinus syndrome. PACE 1998;21:728-34.
162. Taylor JA, Morillo CA, Eckberg DL, Ellenbogen KA. Higher sympathetic nerve activity during ventricular (VVI) than during dual-chamber (DDD) pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1753-8.
163. Sasaki Y, Furihata A, Suyama K, et al. Comparison between ventricular inhibited pacing and physiologic pacing in sick sinus syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:771-4.
164. Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Maloney JD, et al. The role of pacing modalities in long-term survival in the sick sinus syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:359-65.
165. Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Maloney JD, et al. Chronic atrial fibrillation and stroke in paced patients with sick sinus syndrome: relevance of clinical characteristics and pacing modalities. Circulation 1993;88:1045-53.
166. Stangl K, Wirtzfeld A, Alt E, Blomer H. Difference between atrial single chamber pacing (AAI) and ventricular single chamber pacing (WI) with respect to prognosis and antiarrhythmic effect in patients with sick sinus syndrome. PACE 1990;13:2080-5.
167. Alpert MA, Curtiss JJ, Sanfellippo JF, et al. Comparative survival after permanent ventricular and dual-chamber pacing for patients with chronic high degree atrioventricular block with and without preexistent congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:925-32.
168. Linde-Edelstam C, Gullberg B, Nordlander R, et al. Longevity in patients with high degree AV block paced in the atrial synchronous or the fixed rate ventricular inhibited mode. PACE 1992;14:304-13.
169. Mason JW, Hlatky MA. Do patients prefer physiologic pacing [editorial]? N Engl J Med 1998;338:1147-8.
170. Furman S. Pacemaker syndrome. PACE 1994;17:1-5.
171. Schuller N, Brandt J. The pacemaker syndrome: old and new causes. Clin Cardiol 1991;14:336-40.
172. Travill CM, Sutton R. Pacemaker syndrome: an iatrogenic condition. Br Heart J 1992;68:163-6.
173. Ausubel K, Furman S. The pacemaker syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:420-9.
174. Heldman D, Mulvihill D, Nguyen H, et al. True incidence of pacemaker syndrome. PACE 1990;13:1742-50.
175. Stangl K, Seit A, Wirtzfeld A, et al. Influence of AV synchrony on the plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in patients with total AV block. PACE 1988;11:1176-81.
176. Noll B, Irrappe J, Goke B, et al. Influence of pacing mode and rate on peripheral levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). PACE 1989;12:1763-9.
177. Clemo HF, Buamgarten CM, Stambler BS, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor. Implications of cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. PACE 1994;17:70-91.
178. Grant SCD, Bennet DH. Atrial latency in a dual chamber pacing system causing inappropriate sequence of cardiac chamber activation. PACE 1992;15:116-8.
179. Daubert C, Mabo P, Berder V, et al. Atrial tachyarrhythmias associated with high degree interatrial conduction block: prevention by permanent atrial resynchronisation. Eur J Pacing Electrophysiol 1994;3:35-8.
180. Sulke N, Drisas A, Bostock J, et al. "Subclinical" pacemaker syndrome: a randomized study of symptom free patients with ventricular demand (VVI) pacemakers upgraded to dual-chamber devices. Br Heart J 1992;67:57-64.
181. Rediker DE, Eagle KA, Honima S, et al. Clinical and hemodynamic comparison of VVI versus DDD pacing in patients with DDD pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:323-9.
182. Sulke N, Chambers J, Dritsas A, Sowton E. A randomized double-blind crossover comparison of four rate-responsive pacing models. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17:696-706.
183. Haskell RJ, French WJ. Optimum AV interval in dual-chamber pacemakers. PACE 1986;9:670-5.
184. Janosik DL, Pearson AC, Buckingham TA, et al. The hemodynamic benefit of differential atrioventricular delay intervals for sensed and paced atrial events during physiologic pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:499-507.
185. Mehta D, Gilmore S, Ward DM, et al. Optimal AV delay at rest and during exercise in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers: a non-invasive assessment by continuous wave Doppler. Br Heart J 1989;61:161-6.
186. Pearson AC, Janosik DL, Redd RR, et al. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the effect of varying atrioventricular delay and pacemaker mode on left ventricular filling. Am Heart J 1988;115:611-21.
187. Leman RB, Kratz JM. Radionuclide evaluation of dual-chamber pacing: comparison between variable AV intervals and ventricular pacing. PACE 1985;8:408-14.
188. Videen JS, Huang SK, Bazgan ID, et al. Hemodynamic comparison of ventricular pacing, atrioventricular sequential pacing and atrial synchronous ventricular pacing using radionuclide ventriculogrophy. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:1305-8.
189. Frielingsdor J, Deséo T, Gerber AE, Bertel O. A comparison of quality-of-life in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers and individually programmed atrioventricular delays. PACE 1996;19:1147-54.
190. Janosik DL, Pearson AC, Buckingham TA, Labovitz M, Redd RM. The hemodynamic benefit of differential AV delay intervals for sensed and paced atrial events during physiologic pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:499-507.
191. Rees M, Haennel RG, Black WR, et al. Effect of rate-adapting AV delay on stroke volume and cardiac output during atrial synchronous pacing. Can J Cardiol 1990;6:445-52.
192. Ryden L, Karisson O, Kristensson BE. The importance of different AV intervals for exercise capacity. PACE 1988;11:1051-2.
193. Ovsyshcher I, Zimlichman R, Katz A, Bondy C, Furman S. Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography in pacemaker patients at rest: Effects of various atrioventricular delays. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:761-7.
194. Ovsyshcher I. Toward physiological pacing: optimization of cardiac hemodynamics by AV delay adjustment. PACE 1997;20:861-5.
195. Modena MG, Rossi R, Carcagni A, Molinari R, Mattioli G. The importance of different atrioventricular delay for left ventricular filling in sequential pacing: clinical implications. PACE 1996;19:1595-604.
196. Cammili L, Alcidi L, Papeschi G, Wiechmaim V, Padeletti L, Grassi G. Preliminary experience with the pH-triggered pacemaker. PACE 1978;1:448-57.
197. Rickards AF, Donaldson RM, Thalen HJ. The use of QT interval to determine pacing rate. Early clinical experience. PACE 1983;6:346-54.
198. Alt E, Hirgstetter C, Heinz M, et al. Rate control of physiologic pacemakers by central venous blood temperature. Circulation 1986;73:1206-12.
199. Benditt DG, Mianulli M, Fetter J, et al. Single chamber cardiac pacing with activity initiated chronotropic response. Evaluation by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Circulation 1987;75:184-9.
200. Benditt DG, Milstein S, Buetikofer J, et al. Sensor-triggered, rate variable cardiac pacing. Current technologies and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:714-24.
201. Bennett T, Sharma A, Sutton R. Development of a rate adaptive pacemaker based on the maximum rate-of-rise of right ventricular pressure (RV dP/dt max). PACE 1992;15:219-34.
202. Bloomfield P, McAreavey D, Kerr F, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with the QT rate adaptive pacemaker. PACE 1989;12:111-4.
203. den Dulk K, Bouwels L, Lindemans F, et al. The Activitrax rate responsive pacemaker system. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:107-12.
204. Fearnot NE, Jolgren DL, Nelson JP, et al. Increasing cardiac rate by measurement of right ventricular temperature. PACE 1984;7:1240-5.
205. Lau DP, Antoniou A, Ward DE, et al. Initial clinical experience with a minute ventilation sensing rate modulated pacemaker. Improvements in exercise capacity and symptomatology. PACE 1988;11:1815-22.
206. Lau DP. The range of sensors and algorithms used in rate adaptive cardiac pacing. PACE 1992;15:1177-211.
207. Lau CO, Tai Y, Fong P. Clinical experience with an activity sensing DDDR pacemaker using an accelerometer sensor. PACE 1992;15:334-43.
208. Lipkin DP, Buller N, Frenneaux M, et al. Randomized crossover trial of rate responsive Activitraz and conventional fixed rate ventricular pacing. Br Heart J 1987;58:613-6.
209. Mond H, Strathinore N, Kertes P, et al. Rate responsive pacing using a minute ventilation sensor. PACE 1988;11:1866-74.
210. Ruiter J, Heemels J, Kee D, et al. Adaptive rate pacing controlled by the right ventricular preejection interval. Clinical experience with a physiological pacing system. PACE 1992;15:886-94.
211. Celiker A, Alehan D, Tokel NK, Lenk MK, Ozome S. Experience with dual-sensor rate-responsive pacemakers in children. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1251-5.
212. Leung SK, Lau CP, Tng MO. Cardiac output is a sensitive indicator of difference in exercise performance between single and dual sensor pacemakers. PACE 1998;21:35-41.
213. Cowell R, Morris-Thurgood J, Paul V, Ilsley C, Carum M. Are we being driven to two sensors? Clinical benefits of sensor cross-checking. PACE 1993;16:1441-4.
214. Mazzetti H, Cussaut A, Tentori C, et al. Transarterial permanent pacing of the left ventricle. PACE 1990;13:588-92.
215. Winner SJ, Boon NA. Transvenous pacemaker electrodes placed unintentionally in the left ventricle: three cases. Post Grad Med J 1989;65:98-102.
216. Da Costa A, Kirkorian G, Cucherat M, Delahaye F, Chevalier P, Cerisier A, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for permanent pacemaker implantation. A meta-analysis. Circulation 1998;97:1796-801.
217. Da Costa A, Lelievre H, Kirkorian G, Celard M, Chevlier P, Vandnesch F, et al. Role of the preaxillary flora in pacemaker infections: a prospective study. Circulation 1998;97:1791-5.
218. Vilacosta I, Zamorano J, Camino A, et al. Infected transvenous permanent pacemakers. Role of transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J 1993;125: 904-6.
219. Vilacosta I, Sarria C, San Roman JA, et al. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of infected tranvenous permanent pacemakers. Circulation 1994;89:2684-7.
220. Smith HJ, Fernot NE, Byrd CL, et al. Five-years experience with intravascular lead extraction, PACE 1994;17:2016-20.
221. Spittell PC, Vlietstra RE, Hayes DL, et al. Venous obstruction due to permanent transvenous pacemaker electrodes: treatment with percutaneous transluminal balloon venoplasty. PACE 1990;13:271-4.
222. Spittell PC, Hayes DL. Venous complications after insertion of a transvenous pacemaker. Mayo Clin Proc 1992;67:258-65.
223. Antonelli D, Turgeman Y, Kaveh Z, et al. Short-term thrombosis after transvenous permanent pacemaker insertion. PACE 1989;12:280-2.
224. Mazzetti H, Dussaut A, Tentori C, et al. Superior vena cava occlusion and/or syndrome related to pacemaker leads. Am Heart J 1993;125:831-4.
225. Lindsay HS, Chennells PM, Perrins EJ. Successful treatment by balloon venoplasty and stent insertion of obstruction of the superior vena cava by an endocardial pacemaker lead. Br Heart J 1994;71:363-5.
226. Kataoka H. Ten-year follow-up of a patient with pacemaker induced superior vena cava syndrome. PACE 1997;20:1734-5.
227. Chauvin M, Brecheumacher C. Muscle stimulation caused by a pacemaker current leakage: the role of the insulation failure of a polyurethane coating. J Electrophysiol 1987;1:326-9.
228. Kawanish D, Brinken J, Love C, et al. Prevalence of fracture of an atrial pacemaker lead J-shape retention were in a multicenter study [abstract]. Circulation 1995; 92:I150.
229. Food and Drug Administration. Important information on anti-theft and metal detector systems and pacemakers, ICDs, and spinal cord stimulators. Rockville, Md: Department of Health and Human Services; 1998.
230. Naegeli BM, Osswald S, Deola NI, Burkart F. Intermittent pacemaker dysfunction caused by digital mobile telephones. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1471-7.
231. Hayes DL, Wang PJ, Reynolds DW, Estes M III, Griffith JL, Steffens RA, et al. Interference with cardiac pacemakers by cellular telephones. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1473-9.