Embedding of hollow polymer microspheres with hydrophilic shell in Nafion matrix as proton and water micro-reservoir

Polymers

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 1499-1516

  Guo, Bing ^a   Tay, Siok Wei ^b   Liu, Zhaolin ^b   Hong, Liang ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Composite membrane; Hollow polymer microspheres; Keeping moisture; PEM Fuel Cell

Indexed keywords

CAVITY STRUCTURE; GROTTHUS MECHANISMS; HOLLOW POLYMER SPHERES; HOLLOW SPHERE; HYDROPHILIC CHANNELS; HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS; HYDROPHILIC SHELL; LOW HUMIDITY; MEDIUM TEMPERATURE; METHACRYLIC ACIDS; NAFION MEMBRANE; PEM FUEL CELL; POLYMER MICROSPHERES; PROTON FLUX; PROTON TRANSPORT; SELECTIVE GENERATION; SILICA MICROSPHERES; SPHERICAL SHELL; SULFONIC ACID GROUPS;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CATALYST ACTIVITY; COMPOSITE MEMBRANES; LOADING; MICROSPHERES; MOISTURE; POLYMERS; PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC); RESERVOIRS (WATER); SHELLS (STRUCTURES); SILICA; SPHERES;

HYDROPHILICITY;

EID: 84866170180     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20734360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/polym4031499     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Mauritz, K.A.; Moore, R.B. State of understanding of Nafion. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4535-4586.
2. Devanathan, R. Recent developments in proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. Energ. Environ. Sci. 2008, 1, 101-119.
3. Alberti, G.; Casciola, M. Composite membranes for medium-temperature PEM fuel cells. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2003, 33, 129-154.
4. Hickner, M.A. Ion-contaning polymers: New energy & clean water. Mater. Today 2010, 13, 34-41.
5. Lee, S.Y.; Scharfenberger, G.; Meyer, W.H.; Wegener, G. A novel water-free proton-conducting solid electrolyte based on an organic/inorganic hybrid. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 626-630.
6. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, H.M.; Zhu, X.B.; Bi, C. Promotion of PEM self-humidifying effect by nanometer-sized sulfated zirconia-supported Pt catalyst hybrid with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 6391-6399.
7. Chen, Z.; Holmberg, B.; Li, W.; Wang, X.; Deng, W.; Munoz, R.; Yan, Y.S. Nafion/zeolite nanocomposite membrane by in situ crystallization for a direct methanol fuel cell. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 5669-5675.
8. Garrido, L.; Pozuelo, J.; López-González, M.; Fang, J.; Riande, E. Simulation and experimental studies on proton diffusion in polyelectrolytes based on sulfonated naphthalenic copolyimides. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 6572-6580.
9. Park, M.J.; Downing, K.H.; Jackson, A. Increased water retention in polymer electrolyte membranes at elevated temperature assisted by capillary condensation. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3547-3552.
10. Shao, Z.G.; Joghee, P.; Hsing, M. Preparation and chacterization of hybrid Nafion-silica membrane doped with phosphotungstic acid for high temperature operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 229, 43-51.
11. Pereira, F.; Valle, K.; Belleville, P.; Morin, A.; Lambert, S.; Sanchez, C. Advanced mesostructured hybrid silica-Nafion membranes for high-performance PEM fuel cell. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 1710-1718.
12. 2 PEM fuel cells. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 2238-2248.
13. Tay, S.W.; Zhang, X.H.; Liu, Z.L.; Hong, L. Composite Nafion® membrane embedded with hybrid nanofillers for promoting direct methanol fuel cell performance. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 321, 139-145.
14. Zhang, X.; Hong, L.; Liu, Z.; Lee, J.Y. Interfacial behavior of densely anchored hydrophilic oligomeric chains on silica microspheres. Colloid. Polym. Sci. 2008, 286, 1351-1360.
15. Santiago, E.I.; Isidoro, R.A.; Dresch, M.A.; Matos, B.R.; Linardi, M.; Fonseca, F.C. Nafion-TiO2 hybrid electrolytes for stable operation of PEM fuel cells at high temperature. Electrochim. Acta. 2009, 54, 4111-4117.
16. Yuan, J.J.; Zhou, G.B.; Pu, H.T. Preparation and properties of Nafion®/hollow silica spheres composite membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 325, 742-748.
17. Pu, H.T.; Wang, D.; Yang, Z.L. Towards high water retention of proton exchange membranes at elevated temperature via hollow nanospheres. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 360, 123-129.
18. Lou, L.D.; Pu, H.T. preparation and properties of proton exchange membranes based on Nafion and phosphonic aicd-functionalized hollow silica spheres. Int. J. Hydro. Energy. 2011, 36, 3123-3130.
19. Wang, J.T.; Zhang, H.; Yang, X.L.; Jiang, S.; Lv, W.J.; Jiang, Z.Y.; Qiao, S.Z. Enhanced water retention by using polymeric microcapsules to confer high proton conductivity on membranes at low humidity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 971-978.
20. Yuan, J.J.; Pu, H.T.; Yang, Z.L. Studies on sulfonic acid functionalized hollow silica spheres (SAFHSS)/Nafion®112 composite proton exchange membranes. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2009, 47, 2647-2655.
21. Pu, H.T.; Lou, L.D.; Guan, Y.S.; Chang, Z.H. Proton exchange membranes based on semi-interpenetrating polymer networks of polybenzimidazole and perfluorosulfonic acid polymer with hollow silica spheres as micro-reservoir. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, in press.
22. Omidian, H.; Rocca, J.G.; Park, K. Advances in superporous hydrogels. J. Controlled Release 2005, 102, 3-12.
23. Gemeinhart, R.A.; Chen, J.; Park, H.; Park, K. pH-sensitivity of fast responsive superporous hydrogels. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2000, 11, 1371-1380.
24. Kannan, R.; Kakade, B.A.; Pillai, V.K. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells using Nafion-based composite membanes with functionalized carbon nanotubes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 2653-2656.
25. Li, G.L.; Liu, G.; Kang, E.T.; Neoh, K.G.; Yang, X.L. pH-responsive hollow polymeric microspheres and concentric hollow silica microspheres from silica-polymer core-shell microspheres. Langmuir 2008, 24, 9050-9055.
26. Stöber, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled growth of monodispersed silica spheres in the micron size. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 1968, 26, 62-69.
27. Bourgeat-Lami, E.; Lang, J. Encapsulation of inorganic particles by dispersion polymerization in polar media: 1. silica nanoparticles encapsulated by polystyrene. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 1998, 197, 293-308.
28. Álvarez-Gallego, Y.; de Heer, M.P. Sub-freezing conductivity of PFSA membranes. Fuel Cells 2009, 9, 421-431.
29. Saito, M.; Hayamizu, K.; Okada, T. Temperature dependence of ion and water transport in perfluorinated ionomer membranes for fuel cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 3112-3119.
30. Hou, J.; Yu, H.; Wang, L.; Zhou, D.X.; Ming, P.; Shao, Z.; Yi, B. Conductivity of aromatic-based proton exchange membranes at subzero temperatures. J. Power Sources 2008, 180, 232-237.
31. Guo, B.; Liu, Z.L.; Hong, L. Doping Nafion® matrix by p-aramide flakes for a proton transport less reliance on moisture. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 12414-12421.
32. Guo, B.; Liu, Z.L.; Hong, L. Substituted poly(p-phenylene) oligomer as a physical crosslinker in Nafion® membrane. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 379, 279-286
33. Tsang, E.M.W.; Zhang, Z.; Shi, Z.; Soboleva, T.; Holdcroft, S. Considerations of macromolecular structure in the design of proton conducting polymer membranes: Graft versus diblock polyelectrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15106-15107.
34. Eikerling, M.; Kornyshev, A.A.; Kuznetsov, A.M.; Ulstrup, J.; Walbran, S. Mechanisms of proton conductance in polymer electrolyte membranes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 3646-3662.
35. Kornshev, A.A.; Kuznetsov, A.M.; Spohr, E.; Ulstrup, J. Kinetics of proton transport in water. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 3351-3366.
36. Spohr, E.; Commer, P.; Kornyshev, A.A. Enhancing proton mobility in polymer electrolyte membranes: lessopns from molecular dynamics simulations. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 10560-10569.
37. Kalapos, T.L.; Decker, B.; Every, H.A.; Ghassemi, H.; Zawodzinski, T.A., Jr. Thermal studies of the state of water in proton conducting fuel cell membranes. J. Power Sources 2007, 172, 14-19.
38. Lue, S.J.; Shieh, S.J. Water states in perflurosulfonic acid membranes using differential scanning calorimetry. J. Macromol. Sci. B Phys. 2009, 48, 114-127.
39. Chen, W.F.; Kuo, P.L. Covalently cross-linked perfluorosulfonated membranes with polysiloxane framework. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 1987-1994.
40. Zhang, W.Z.; Satoh, M.; Komiyama, J. A differential scanning calorimetry study of the states of water in swollen poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes containing nonvolatile additives. J. Membr. Sci. 1989, 42, 303-314.
41. Gupta, B.; Büchi, F.N.; Staub, M.; Grman, D.; Scherer, G.G. Cation exchange membranes by pre-irradiation grafting of styrene into FEP films. II. Properties of copolymer membranes. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 1996, 34, 1873-1880.
42. Lee, C.H.; Park, H.B.; Chung, Y.S.; Lee, Y.M.; Freeman, B.D. Water sorption, proton conduction, and methanol permeation properties of sulfonated polyimide membranes cross-linked with N, N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES). Macromolecules 2006, 39, 755-764.
43. Su, Y.H.; Liu, Y.L.; Sun, Y.M.; Lai, J.Y.; Wang, D.M.; Gao, Y.; Liu, B.; Guiver, M.D. Proton exchange membranes modified with sulfonated silica nanoparticles for direct methanol fuel cells. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 296, 21-28.
44. Lafitte, B.; Jannasch, P. Proton-conducting aromatic polymers carrying hypersulfonated side chains for fuel cell applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2823-2834.
45. Kreuer, K.D.; Paddison, S.J.; Spohr, E.; Schuster, M. Transport in proton conductors for fuel-cell applications: Simulations, elementary reactions, and phenomenology. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4637-4678.