The Great White Train: typhus, sanitation, and U.S. International Development during the Russian Civil War

Endeavour

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 89-96

  Irwin, Julia F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTRUISM; EPIDEMIC; HISTORY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MILITARY MEDICINE; RED CROSS; RELIEF WORK; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SANITATION; SHORT SURVEY; TYPHUS; UNITED STATES; WAR;

ALTRUISM; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MILITARY MEDICINE; RED CROSS; RELIEF WORK; SANITATION; SIBERIA; TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE; UNITED STATES; WAR;

EID: 84866145713     PISSN: 01609327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2012.03.001     Document Type: Short Survey

References (50)

1. For this transcript see http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/us/politics/13text-clinton.html?pagewanted=all.
2. N. Gordon Levin, Jr., Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), ch. 1,
3. David Foglesong, America's Secret War Against Bolshevism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
4. David Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003).
5. William Taft, ''Proclamation by the President of the United States,'' 1911, Central Decimal File 811.142/218, Records of the Department of State, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
6. For background on the ARC, see Foster Rhea Dulles, The American Red Cross: A History (New York: Harper, 1950), John F. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross (Boulder: Westview, 1996), esp. 224-277, Gustave Gaeddart, ''The History of the American National Red Cross,'' unpublished four volume manuscript (Washington, DC: The American National Red Cross, 1950), and Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).
7. ''The American Red Cross in Siberia,'' undated manuscript, Box 140, American National Red Cross Collection, Accession XX482-9.19/21, Hoover Institution Archives, Palo Alto, CA (hereafter ARC/HI); ARC Report to Ernest Lloyd Harris, Consul General of the US in Vladivostok, November 26, 1919, Ernest Lloyd Harris Collection, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives (hereafter HI). Little has been written about the ARC Commission to Siberia. An important exception, however, is Jennifer Polk, ''The Canadian Red Cross and Relief in Siberia, 1918-1921,'' MA thesis, Carleton University, 2004. Polk is currently completing a dissertation entitled ''Angels and Uncles: The American Red Cross, the YMCA, and the Politics of Relief in Civil War Siberia, 1918-1923,'' at the University of Toronto, which deals even more explicitly with the American Red Cross and its efforts. See also Clifford M. Foust, ''Sanitary trains and epidemic control: the American Red Cross in Siberia during the Russian civil war,'' in Actas del XXXIII Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Medicina, J. Carrillo and G. de Ros, eds. (Seville, 1994): 1005-1010. For older published works, see Lavinia Dock, The History of American Red Cross Nursing (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1922), 910-936 and Ernest Bicknell, With the Red Cross in Europe, 1917-1922 (Washington, D.C.: The American National Red Cross, 1938), 433-443.
8. Robert Argenbright, "Lethal Mobilities: Bodies and Lice on Soviet Railroads, 1918-1922," Journal of Transport History 29 (September 2008): 259-276.
9. Y. Bechah, C. Capo, J.L. Mege, and D. Raoult, ''Epidemic typhus,'' Lancet Infect Diseases (2008): 417-426.
10. John F. Hutchinson, Politics and Public Health in Revolutionary Russia, 1890-1918, (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990)
11. K. David Patterson, ''Typhus and its Control in Russia, 1870-1940,'' Medical History 37 (1993): 361-381.
12. Robert Argenbright, "Lethal Mobilities: Bodies and Lice on Soviet Railroads, 1918-1922," Journal of Transport History 29 (September 2008): 259-276.
13. see Y. Bechah, C. Capo, J.L. Mege, and D. Raoult, ''Epidemic typhus,'' Lancet Infect Diseases (2008): 417-426.
14. John F. Hutchinson, Politics and Public Health in Revolutionary Russia, 1890-1918, (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990)
15. K. David Patterson, ''Typhus and its Control in Russia, 1870-1940,'' Medical History 37 (1993): 361-381.
16. Argenbright, ''Lethal Mobilities,'' 265.
17. Paul Weindling, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), esp. ch. 1
18. Alexandra Minna Stern, ''Buildings, Boundaries, and Blood: Medicalization and Nation-Building on the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1910-1930,'' The Hispanic American Historical Review 79 (1999): 41-81.
19. Annie Lee Williams, ''A Narrative Report of Siberia,'' 1920, Box 4, Foreign War Relief Collection: Siberian Commission, Annie L. Williams Collection, Hazel Braugh Archives, Lorton, VA (hereafter HB).
20. Carrie Pickett to Her Folks, June 23, 1919, Box 1, Carrie Pickett Collection, HI.
21. Personal Account of Ida Appenzeller (Crom) of Siberian Commission, Ida Appenzeller Crom Manuscript Collection, HB. 1920
22. S. Inagaki, Chair of Inter-Allied Typhus Expedition, to Director of Medical Bureau of ARC Siberia, Dec 10, 1918
23. Rudolph Teusler, memorandum re. Allied Anti-Typhus Campaign, January 25; both Box 135, ARC/HI. 1919
24. ''The War Against Typhus Waged by the Red Cross,'' The New York Tribune, August 3, 1919, 3.
25. Rudolph Bukeley, paraphrased in ''Work of the American Red Cross: The Great White Train,'' The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review 3 (September, 1919): 136.
26. American Red Cross, Press Release for Sunday Morning Papers, August 3, 1919, Central Decimal File 811.142, Volume, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter DOS). 875
27. Rudolph Bukeley to ARC Commission to Siberia, May 15, 1919; Riley Allen to Chair of Inter-Allied Typhus Train Committee, June 28, both Box 135, ARC/HI. 1919
28. Riley Allen to Inter-Allied Sanitary Committee, May 15, Box 155, ARC/HI; Ernest Bicknell, With the Red Cross in Europe, 435. 1920
29. U.S. diplomatic officials frequently warned of the threat of typhus. See for instance Consul Harris at Irtutsk to Secretary of State via Chargé in China, December 3, 1919, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1919. Russia (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919): ''Refugees in Siberia Dying in Trains: Typhus and Hunger Take Terrible Toll,'' New York Times, August 11, 1919 228
30. Riley Allen to Manager of Western Division, November 13, Box 157, ARC/ HI. 1919
31. James Mills to John P. Carey, February 1 Box 905, RCNA2., 1919,
32. C. McDonald to Rudolph Teusler, December 7, ARC/HI. 1919
33. Roger Lewis, ''A Short History of the Red Cross in North Russia,'' July 1, Box 867, RCNA2. 1919
34. Rudolph Bukeley to ARC Commission to Siberia, May 15, Box 135, ARC/HI. Some of Bukeley's comments about Russian life are also published in Lavinia Dock, The History of American Red Cross Nursing, 918-926. 1919
35. Rudolph Teusler to F. P. Keppel, January 15, Box 144, ARC/HI. 1920
36. Riley Allen to Inter-Allied Sanitary Committee, May 15, Box 155, ARC/HI. 1920
37. E. Alfred Davies to L.D. Gholson, January 25, Box 137, ARC/HI. 1921
38. F. H. Delgado to Davison, March 16, Box 157, ARC/HI. 1920
39. E. Alfred Davies to Riley Allen, June 12, Box 137, ARC/HI. 1920
40. Rudolph Teusler to Livingston Farrand, November 11: Central Decimal File 811.142/9838, Volume 874, DOS. 1919
41. Annie Lee Williams, ''A Narrative Report of Siberia, Box 4, Foreign War Relief Collection: Siberian Commission, Annie L. Williams Collection, HB. 1920
42. Frederick Lee Barnum, Diary, entries for September 39 and October 9, MS29, Rare Books and Manuscript Division, Columbia University Libraries, New York, NY. 1919
43. Bessie Eddy Lyon to Brother Jim, August 21, Box 1, Bessie Eddy Lyon Collection, HI. 1919
44. See for instance David Ekbladh, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009)
45. Nick Cullather, The Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010)
46. Michael Latham, The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development, and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 2011).
47. Good discussions of this point can be found in Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990) and Michael Adas, Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and America's Civilizing Mission (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009).
48. Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004).
49. Judith R. Kaufmann and Harley Feldbaum, ''Diplomacy And The Polio Immunization Boycott In Northern Nigeria,'' Health Affairs 28 (2009): 1091-1101.
50. Anne-Emanuelle Birn, Marriage of Convenience: Rockefeller International History and Revolutionary Mexico (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, epilogue. 2006