Morbidity during the Postnatal Period: Impact on Women and Society

Essential Midwifery Practice: Postnatal Care

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 113-137

  Bastos, Maria Helena ^a   Mccourt, Christine ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WEST LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Childbirth and postnatal morbidity affecting women's physical, psychological and social health; Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS); Modern society and changing norms of work limited direct experience of pregnancy or breastfeeding; Postnatal care and support and midwifery role; Postnatal mental health and post traumatic stress; Postnatal morbidity caesarean sections, perineal trauma and mental health problems; Postnatal period morbidity and impact on women and society; Understanding childbirth as biopsychosocial process; Women and perineal trauma 'Hands On Or Poised' (HOOP) trial; Women's postnatal morbidity in United Kingdom

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866145157     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444315486.ch6     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Abraham A (2004) Lack of communication affects the care of patients and families. Professional Nurse Feb, 19 (6): 351-353 (accessed 22/07/2009).
2. Albers LL, Borders N (2007) Minimizing genital tract trauma and related pain following spontaneous vaginal birth. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 52 (3): 246-253.
3. Albers LL, Garcia J, RenfrewM,McCandlish R, Elbourne D (1999a) Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth 26 (1): 11-17.
4. Albers LL, Sedler KD, Greulich B (1999b) In the literature: midwifery care: the "gold standard" for normal childbirth? Birth 26 (1): 53-54.
5. Amu O, Rajendran S, Bolaji II (1998) Controversies in management: should doctors perform an elective Caesarean section on request? Maternal choice alone should not determine method of delivery. British Medical Journal 317: 463-465.
6. Ash A, Smith A, Maxwell D (2007) Caesarean scar pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114 (3): 253-263.
7. Barclay L, Everitt L, Rogan F, Schmied V, Wyllie A (1997) Becoming a mother-an analysis of women's experience of early motherhood. Journal of Advanced Nursing 25: 719-728.
8. Barnes J, Ram B, Leach P, et al. (2007) Factors associatedwith negative emotional expression: a study ofmothers of young infants. Families, Children and Child Care Project (FCCC) Team. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 25 (2): 122-138.
9. Beake S,McCourt C, Bick DE (2005) Women's views of hospital and communitybased postnatal care: the good, the bad and the indifferent. Evidence-Based Midwifery 3 (2): 80-86.
10. Beck CT (1995) The effects of postpartum depression on maternal-infant interaction: a meta-analysis. Nursing Research 44 (5): 298-304.
11. Beck CT (2002) Postpartum depression: a metasynthesis. Quality and Health Research 12: 453-472.
12. Beck CT (2004) Birth trauma: in the eye of the beholder. Nursing Research 53 (1): 28-35.
13. Bennett C, Macdonald GM, Dennis J, et al. (2007) Home-based support for disadvantaged adult mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3).
14. Bewley S, Cockburn J (2002) The unethics of 'request' caesarean section. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 109: 593-596.
15. Bick D, MacArthur C (1994) Identifying morbidity in postpartum women. Modern Midwife 4 (12): 10-13.
16. Bick DE, MacArthur C (1995) The extent, severity and effect of health problems after childbirth. British Journal of Midwifery 3 (27): 31.
17. Brown S, Lumley J (1998) Maternal health after childbirth: results of an Australian population-based survey. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105: 156-161.
18. Brown S, Lumley J (2000) Physical health problems after childbirth and maternal depression at six to seven months postpartum. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 107 (10): 1194-1201.
19. Carlgren I, Berg M (2008) Postpartum consultation: occurrence, requirements and expectations. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 8: 29.
20. Cox J, Holden J (eds) (1994) Perinatal Psychiatry. Use and Misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. London: Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists).
21. DeClercq E (2008) Cesarean birth in the United States: epidemiology, trends, and outcomes. Presentation at the International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Conference (ICM Conference), Glasgow, Scotland, June 2008.
22. Department of Health (1993) Changing Childbirth, Report of the Expert Maternity Group. London: HMSO.
23. Department of Health (2001) Treatment Choice in Psychological Therapies and Counselling-Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines. London: HMSO.
24. Department of Health (2004) National Services Framework for Children, Young people and Maternity Services. London: The Stationery Office.
25. Department of Health (2005) NHS Maternity Statistics, England: 2003-4 Bulletin 2005/10. London: Department of Health.
26. Department of Health (2007) Maternity Matters: Choice, Access and Continuity of Care in a Safe Service. London: The Stationery Office.
27. DiMatteo MR, Morton SC, Lepper HS, et al. (1996) Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psychology 15 (4): 303-314.
28. Dowswell T, Renfrew MJ, Gregson B, Hewison J (2001) A review of the literature on women's views on their maternity care in the community in the UK. Midwifery Sep, 17 (3): 194-202.
29. Dunkley-Bent J (2004) A consultant midwife's community clinic. British Journal of Midwifery 12 (3): 144-171.
30. Eason E, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, Mondor M (2002) Anal incontinence after childbirth. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 166 (3): 326-330.
31. FiskN(1997) The benefits of having a nice, clean cut. Interview by Sue Corrigan. The Times, Tuesday, July 15 1997.
32. Gamble J, Creedy D (2004) Content and processes of postpartum counseling after a distressing birth experience: a review. Birth 31 (3): 213-218.
33. Gamble J, Creedy D (2005) Psychological trauma symptoms of operative birth. British Journal of Midwifery 13 (4): 218-224.
34. Garcia J, Redshaw M, Fitzsimmons B, Keene J (1998) First Class Delivery: A National Survey of Woman's Views on Maternity Care. London: Audit Commission.
35. Glazener CM (1997) Sexual function after childbirth; women's experiences, persistent morbidity and lack of professional recognition. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104: 330-335.
36. Glazener C, Abdalla M, Stroud S, Naji S, TempletonA, Russell I (1995) Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 102: 282-287.
37. Glazener CM, Herbison GP, MacArthur C, Grant A, Wilson PD (2005) Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up. British Medical Journal 330 (7487): 337.
38. Green J, Baston H (2003) Feeling in control during labor: concepts, correlates, and consequences. Birth 30 (4): 235-247.
39. Hodnett E, Fredericks S (2007) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (review). The Cochrane Library (4).
40. Johanson R, Wilkinson P, Bastible A, Ryan S, Murphy H, O'Brien S (1993) Health after childbirth: a comparison of normal and assisted vaginal delivery. Midwifery 9 (3): 161-168.
41. Jordan B (1993) Birth in four cultures. A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden and the United States. Illinois: Waveland Press.
42. Lavender T, Hofmeyr GJ, Neilson JP, Kingdon C, Gyte GML (2006) Caesarean Section for Non-medical Reasons at Term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3. Art. No.: CD004660.
43. Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA (1998) Can midwives reduce postpartum psychological morbidity? A randomised controlled trial. Birth 25 (4): 215-219.
44. Leigh B, Milgrom J (2008) Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress. BMC Psychiatry 8: 24.
45. Lewis G (ed.) (2004) Why Mothers Die. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health. London: RCOG.
46. Lewis G (ed.) The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) (2007) Saving Mothers' Lives. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: The Stationery Office.
47. Lilford RJ, van Coeverden de Groot HA, Moore PJ, Bingham P (1990) The relative risks of caesarean section (intrapartum and elective) and vaginal delivery: a detailed analysis to exclude the effects of medical disorders and other acute pre-existing physiological disturbances. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 97: 883-892.
48. Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt V, Martin D, Easterling T (2000) Association between method of delivery and maternal re-hospitalization. The Journal of theAmerican Medical Association 283: 2411-2416.
49. MacArthur C, Bick DE, Keighley MRB (1997) Faecal incontinence after childbirth. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104: 46-50.
50. MacArthur C, Glazener CM, Wilson PD, Herbison GP, Gee H, Lang GD, Lancashire R (2001) Obstetric practice and faecal incontinence three months after delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Jul, 108 (7): 678-683.
51. MacArthur C, Lewis M, Knox EG (1991) Health After Childbirth: An Investigation of Long Term Health Problems Beginning After Childbirth in 11,701 Women. London: HM Stationery Office.
52. Macarthur AJ, Macarthur C (2004) Incidence, severity, and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191 (4): 1199-1204.
53. MacArthur C, Winter HR, Bick DE, et al. (2002) The effects of re-designed community postnatal care on women's health fourmonths after birth: a cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 359: 378-385.
54. MacArthur C, Winter HR, Bick DE, et al. (2003) Re-designing postnatal care: a randomised controlled trial of protocol-based midwifery-led care focused on individual women's physical and psychological health needs. Health Technology Assessment 7 (37).
55. Mander R (2001) Supportive Care and Midwifery. Oxford: Blackwell.
56. Maternity Care Working Party (2008) Making Normal Birth a Reality. Consensus Statement from the Maternity CareWorking Party; our Shared Views about theNeed to Recognise, Facilitate and Audit Normal Birth. London: NCT/RCM/RCOG, November 2007.
57. McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, et al. (1998) A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105 (12): 1262-1272.
58. McCourt C (2006) Becoming a Parent. In: Page L, McCandlish R (eds). The New Midwifery. Science and Sensitivity in Practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
59. McCourt C (2009) Social Support. In: Squire C (ed.) The Social Context of Childbirth, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Radcliffe.
60. McCourt C, Beake S (2001) Using Midwifery Monitor to assess quality in two maternity care systems. Practising Midwife Feb, 4 (2): 23-29.
61. McCourt C, Beake S, Weaver J, Gamble J, Creedy D (2007) Elective caesarean section and decision making. A critical review of the literature. Birth 34: 65-79.
62. McCourtC, Jetha C, Beake S,McAree T, Stewart S (2006b) Report on the Evaluation of a Midwifery Group Practice: Perceptions of Consumers and Providers Centre for Research in Midwifery and Childbirth. London: Thames Valley University.
63. McCourt C, Page L (1996) Report on the Evaluation of One-to-One Midwifery. London: Centre for Midwifery Practice, Thames Valley University, Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust. www.health.tvu.ac.uk/mid.
64. McCourt C, Stevens T, Sandall J, Brodie P (2006a) Working with women: continuity of carer in practice. In: Page L, McCandlish R (eds) The New Midwifery: Science and Sensitivity in Practice, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Churchill Livingstone.
65. Miller T (2002) Adapting to motherhood: care in the postnatal period. Community Practitioner 75 (1): 16-18.
66. Murphy D, Pope C, Frost J, Liebling RE (2003) Qualitative interview study: delivery in the second stage of labour. British Medical Journal 327: 1132, doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7424.1132.
67. Murray S (2000) Qualitative and quantitative study: high rates of caesarean section in Chile. British Medical Journal 321: 1501-1505.
68. National Institute for Health andClinical Excellence (2006a)NICE Clinical Guideline 37. Routine Postnatal Care of Women and their Babies. www.nice.org.uk/CG037fullguideline (accessed 7/2006).
69. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2006b) NICE Clinical Guideline 40. Urinary Incontinence. The Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG40NICEguideline.pdf (accessed 10/2006).
70. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) NICE Clinical Guideline 45. Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG45fullguideline.
71. Ormerod J (2002) Current research into the effectiveness of debriefing. Psychological Debriefing. Leicester: British Psychological Society, Professional Practice Board Working Party. www.bps.org.uk.
72. Porter M, Bhattacharya S, van Teijlingen E (2006) Unfulfilled expectations: how circumstances impinge on women's reproductive choices. Social Science and Medicine 62 (7): 1757-1767.
73. Robb K (2007) A Phenomenological Study Exploring Women's Experiences of Intrapartum Cesarean Delivery with Midwife or Obstetrician Care in Nova Scotia. MA dissertation, Thames Valley University, London.
74. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, et al. (2004) Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. General Hospital Psychiatry 26: 289-295.
75. Rose S, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely, S, Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group (2008) Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [Systematic Review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3.
76. Rose S, Tehrani N (2002) History, methods and development of psychological debriefing. Psychological Debriefing. Leicester: British Psychological Society, Professional Practice BoardWorking Party. www.bps.org.uk.
77. RowanC,BickD,BastosMH(2007) Postnatal debriefing interventions to prevent maternal mental health problems after birth: exploring the gap between the evidence and UK policy and practice. Worldviews in Evidence Based Nursing 4 (2): 97-105.
78. Rudman A, Waldenström U (2007) Critical views on postpartum care expressed by new mothers. BMC Health Services Research 7: 178.
79. Signorello LB, Harlow BL, Chekos AK, Repke JT (2001) Postpartum sexual functioning and its relationship to perineal trauma: a retrospective cohort study of primiparous women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 184 (5): 881-888; discussion 888-890.
80. Small R, Lumley J, Donohue L, Potter A, Walderstrom U (2000) Midwifeled debriefing to reduce maternal depression following operative birth: a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 321 (7268): 1043-1047.
81. Smith GCS, Pell JP, Dobbie R (2003) Caesarean section and risk of unexplained stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy. Lancet 362: 1779-1784.
82. Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry MM (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 2 (8402): 546-550.
83. Sultan AH (1997) Anal incontinence after childbirth. Current Opinion Obstetrics and Gynecology 9 (5): 320-324.
84. Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (2000) Maternal health problems after childbirth: a prospective study. 4th Annual Conference of the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ). Brisbane: Perinatal Society of Australia & New Zealand, 49.
85. Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (2002) Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth. Birth 29 (2): 83-94.
86. Van Kessel K, Reed S, Newton K, Meier A, Lentz G (2001) The second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 184 (7): 1571-1575.
87. Vendittelli F, Boniol M, Mamelle N (2005) Early postpartum hospital discharge in France. Revue D'epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 53 (4): 373-382.
88. Villar J, Carroli G, Zavaleta N, et al.World Health Organization; Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health Research Group (2007) Maternal and neonatal individual risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery: multicentre prospective study. British Medical Journal 335 (7628): 1025.
89. Villar J, Valladares E, Wojdyla D, et al. WHO 2005 Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health Research Group (2006) Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: the 2005WHOglobal survey onmaternal and perinatal health in Latin America. Lancet 367: 1819-1829.
90. Weaver J (2007) Are there "Unnecessary" cesarean sections? Perceptions of women and obstetricians about cesarean sections of nonclinical indications. Birth 34 (1): 32-41.
91. Weaver J, Statham H, Richards M (2001) High caesarean section rates among women over 30. High rates may be due to perceived potential for complications. British Medical Journal 323 (7307): 284-285.
92. Williams A, Herron-Marx S, Knibb R (2007) The prevalence of enduring postnatal perineal morbidity and its relationship to type of birth and birth risk factors. Journal of Clinical Nursing 16: 549-561.
93. World Health Organization (1998) Postpartum Care of the Mother and Newborn. Geneva: A Practical Guide, World Health Organization.