How I manage pulmonary nodular lesions and nodular infiltrates in patients with hematologic malignancies or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation

Blood

Volumn 120, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 1791-1800

  Wingard, John R ^a   Hiemenz, John W ^a   Jantz, Michael A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BETA GLUCAN; GALACTOMANNAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BRONCHOSCOPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CHRONIC GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; GOLD STANDARD; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; GRAM STAINING; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION RISK; INVASIVE PROCEDURE; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG CANCER; LUNG GRANULOMA; LUNG INFECTION; LUNG INFILTRATE; LUNG LAVAGE; LUNG MYCOSIS; LUNG NODULE; LYMPHOMA; MUCORMYCOSIS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PLASMACYTOMA; PLEURA EFFUSION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SERODIAGNOSIS; SPUTUM CULTURE; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; THORACOTOMY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ASPIRATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIDEO ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

EID: 84865787657     PISSN: 00064971     EISSN: 15280020     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-378976     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Rossini F, Verga M, Pioltelli P, et al. Incidence and outcome of pneumonia in patients with acute leukemia receiving first induction therapy with anthracycline-containing regimens. Haematologica. 2000;85(12):1255-1260.
2. Lehrnbecher T, Varwig D, Kaiser J, et al. Infectious complications in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of the prospective multi-institutional clinical trial AML-BFM 93. Leukemia. 2004;18(1):72-77.
3. Soubani AO, Miller KB, Hassoun PM. Pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation. Chest. 1996;109:1066-1077.
4. Heussel CP, Kauczor HU, Heussel GE, et al. Pneumonia in febrile neutropenic patients and in bone marrow and blood stem-cell transplant recipients: use of high-resolution computed tomography. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(3):796-805.
5. Barloon TJ, Galvin JR, Mori M, et al. High-resolution ultrafast chest CT in the clinical management of febrile bone marrow transplant patients with normal or nonspecific chest roentgenograms. Chest. 1991;99(4):928-933.
6. Hummel M, Rudert S, Hof H, et al. Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Hematol. 2008;87(4):291-297.
7. Kontoyiannis DP, Chamilos G, Lewis RE, et al. Increased bone marrow iron stores is an independent risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies and recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer. 2007;110(6):1303-1306.
8. Lillington GA. Management of solitary pulmonary nodules. Dis Mon. 1991;37(5):271-318.
9. Ost D, Fein AM, Feinsilver SH. Clinical practice: the solitary pulmonary nodule. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(25):2535-2542.
10. Brandman S, Ko JP. Pulmonary nodule detection, characterization, and management with multidetector computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging. 2011;26(2):90-105.
11. Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: five-year prospective experience. Radiology. 2005;235(1):259-265.
12. Gupta S, Sultenfuss M, Romaguera JE, et al. CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsies in patients with haematologic malignancies and undiagnosed pulmonary lesions. Hematol Oncol. 2010;28(2):75-81.
13. Curtis RE, Travis LB, Rowlings PA, et al. Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders after bone marrow transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Blood. 1999;94(7):2208-2216.
14. Landgren O, Gilbert ES, Rizzo JD, et al. Risk factors for lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2009;113(20):4992-5001.
15. Majhail NS, Brazauskas R, Rizzo JD, et al. Secondary solid cancers after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation using busulfancyclophosphamide conditioning. Blood. 2011; 117(1):316-322.
16. Gilbert ES, Stovall M, Gospodarowicz M, et al. Lung cancer after treatment for Hodgkin's disease: focus on radiation effects. Radiat Res. 2003;159(2):161-173.
17. Morton LM, Curtis RE, Linet MS, et al. Second malignancy risks after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: differences by lymphoma subtype. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(33):4935-4944.
18. Dores GM, Metayer C, Curtis RE, et al. Second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease: a population-based evaluation over 25 years. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(16):3484-3494.
19. Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE, et al. Lung cancer following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(3):182-192.
20. Rossi SE, Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, et al. Pulmonary drug toxicity: radiologic and pathologic manifestations. Radiographics. 2000;20(5):1245-1259.
21. Cohen MB, Austin JH, Smith-Vaniz A, et al. Nodular bleomycin toxicity. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989;92(1):101-104.
22. Roy V, Ochs L, Weisdorf D. Late infections following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: suggested strategies for prophylaxis. Leuk Lymphoma. 1997;26(1):1-15.
23. Kumar K, Jimenez V. Pulmonary nocardiosis after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with doxycycline. Int J Infect Dis. 2001;5(4):222-224.
24. Hughes WT. Mycobacterial infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2000;6(4):359-360.
25. Gerson SL, Talbot GH, Hurwitz S, et al. Prolonged granulocytopenia: the major risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100(3):345-351.
26. Maertens J, Maertens V, Theunissen K, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(11):1688-1693.
27. Harders SW, Madsen HH, Rasmussen TR, et al. High resolution spiral CT for determining the malignant potential of solitary pulmonary nodules: refining and testing the test. Acta Radiol. 2011;52(4):401-409.
28. Wahidi MM, Govert JA, Goudar RK, et al. Evidence for the treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132(3 suppl):94S-107S.
29. Soubani AO. The evaluation and management of the solitary pulmonary nodule. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84(995):459-466.
30. MacMahon H, Austin JH, Gamsu G, et al. Guidelines for management of small pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans: a statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology. 2005;237(2):395-400.
31. Lowe VJ, Fletcher JW, Gobar L, et al. Prospective investigation of positron emission tomography in lung nodules. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(3):1075- 1084.
32. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Connolly JE. Solitary pulmonary nodules: II. Evaluation of the indeterminate nodule. Radiographics. 2000;20(1):59-66.
33. Erasmus JJ, Connolly JE, McAdams HP, Roggli VL. Solitary pulmonary nodules: I. Morphologic evaluation for differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. Radiographics. 2000;20(1):43-58.
34. Divisi D, Imbriglio G, De Vico A, Crisci R. Lung nodule management: a new classification proposal. Minerva Chir. 2011;66(3):223-234.
35. Kasamon YL, Jones RJ, Wahl RL. Integrating PET and PET/CT into the risk-adapted therapy of lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(suppl 1):19S-27S.
36. Chamilos G, Macapinlac HA, Kontoyiannis DP. The use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis and management of invasive mould infections. Med Mycol. 2008;46(1):23-29.
37. Marom EM, Kontoyiannis DP. Imaging studies for diagnosing invasive fungal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(4):309-314.
38. Hot A, Maunoury C, Poiree S, et al. Diagnostic contribution of positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose for invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(3):409-417.
39. Coelho LO, Gasparetto TD, Escuissato DL, Marchiori E. Bacterial pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation: HRCT findings. J Bras Pneumol. 2009;35(5):431-435.
40. Bruno C, Minniti S, Vassanelli A, Pozzi-Mucelli R. Comparison of CT features of Aspergillus and bacterial pneumonia in severely neutropenic patients. J Thorac Imaging. 2007;22(2):160-165.
41. Escuissato DL, Gasparetto EL, Marchiori E, Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 111 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(3):608-615.
42. Greene RE, Schlamm HT, Oestmann JW, et al. Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical significance of the halo sign. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(3):373-379.
43. Milito MA, Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE, et al. Influence of host immunosuppression on CT findings in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Med Mycol. 2010;48(6):817-823.
44. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(12):1813-1821.
45. Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A, et al. Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(1):253-259.
46. Caillot D, Latrabe V, Thiébaut A, et al. Computer tomography in pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in hematological patients with neutropenia: a useful tool for diagnosis and assessment of outcome in clinical trials. Eur J Radiol. 2010;74(3):e172-e175.
47. Georgiadou SP, Sipsas NV, Marom EM, Kontoyiannis DP. The diagnostic value of halo and reversed halo signs for invasive mold infections in compromised hosts. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):1144-1155.
48. Chamilos G, Marom EM, Lewis RE, et al. Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(1):60-66.
49. Kontoyiannis DP, Lionakis MS, Lewis RE, et al. Zygomycosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus-active antifungal therapy: a case-control observational study of 27 recent cases. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(8):1350-1360.
50. Nucci M, Nouér SA, Grazziutti M, et al. Probable invasive aspergillosis without prespecified radiologic findings: proposal for inclusion of a new category of aspergillosis and implications for studying novel therapies. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(11):1273-1280.
51. Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Irion KL, et al. Reversed halo sign in active pulmonary tuberculosis: criteria for differentiation from cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(6):1324-1327.
52. White DA, Wong PW, Downey R. The utility of open lung biopsy in patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(3):723-729.
53. Crawford SW, Hackman RC, Clark JG. Biopsy diagnosis and clinical outcome of persistent focal pulmonary lesions after marrow transplantation. Transplantation. 1989;48(2):266-271.
54. Stanzani M, Battista G, Sassi C, et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography for diagnosis of invasive mold diseases in patients with hematological malignancies. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(5):610-616.
55. Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(10):1417-1427.
56. Viscoli C, Machetti M, Cappellano P, et al. False-positive galactomannan platelia Aspergillus test results for patients receiving piperacillin- tazobactam. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(6):913-916.
57. Marr KA, Laverdiere M, Gugel A, Leisenring W. Antifungal therapy decreases sensitivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(12):1762-1769.
58. Vergidis P, Walker RC, Kaul DR, et al. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan assay in solid organ transplant recipients with histoplasmosis. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14(2):213-217.
59. Van Der Veer J, Lewis RJ, Emtiazjoo AM, et al. Cross-reactivity in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay caused by blastomycosis. Med Mycol. 2012;50(4):396-398.
60. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1 3 3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(5):654-659.
61. Shannon VR, Andersson BS, Lei X, et al. Utility of early versus late fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of new pulmonary infiltrates following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45(4):647-655.
62. Dunagan DP, Baker AM, Hurd DD, Haponik EF. Bronchoscopic evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates following bone marrow transplantation. Chest. 1997;111(1):135-141.
63. Gould MK, Fletcher J, Iannettoni MD, et al. Evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd Ed.). Chest. 2007;132(3 Suppl):108S-130S.
64. Rivera MP, Mehta AC; American College of Chest Physicians. Initial diagnosis of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd Ed.). Chest. 2007;132(3 Suppl):131S-148S.
65. Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of localised pulmonary lesions: a metaanalysis. Thorax. 1999;54(10):884-893.
66. Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Welch HG. Population-based risk for complications after transthoracic needle lung biopsy of a pulmonary nodule: an analysis of discharge records. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(3):137-144.
67. Wong PW, Stefanec T, Brown K, White DA. Role of fine-needle aspirates of focal lung lesions in patients with hematologic malignancies. Chest. 2002;121(2):527-532.
68. Wang Memoli JS, Nietert PJ, Silvestri GA. Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule [published online ahead of print October 6, 2011]. Chest. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-1764.
69. Naidich DP, Sussman R, Kutcher WL, et al. Solitary pulmonary nodules. CT-bronchoscopic correlation. Chest. 1988;93(3):595-598.
70. Zavala DC. Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy: techniques and results of biopsy in 600 patients. Chest. 1975;68(1):12-19.
71. Bechara R, Beamis J, Simoff M, et al. Practice and complications of flexible bronchoscopy with biopsy procedures. J Bronchol. 2005;12:139-142.
72. Huaringa AJ, Leyva FJ, Signes-Costa J, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplant patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25(9):975-979.
73. Boersma WG, Erjavec Z, van der Werf TS, et al. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in granulocytopenic patients with hematologic malignancies: BAL versus PSB and PBAL. Respir Med. 2007;101(2):317-325.
74. Sampsonas F, Kontoyiannis DP, Dickey BF, Evans SE. Performance of a standardized bronchoalveolar lavage protocol in a comprehensive cancer center: a prospective 2-year study. Cancer. 2011;117(15):3424-3433.
75. Cazzadori A, Di Perri G, Todeschini G. Transbronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. Chest. 1995;107(1):101-106.
76. Jain P, Sandur S, Meli Y, et al. Role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates. Chest. 2004;125:712-722.
77. Patel NR, Lee PS, Kim JH, et al. The influence of diagnostic bronchoscopy on clinical outcomes comparing adult autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. Chest. 2005;127:1388-1396.
78. Peikert T, Rana S, Edell ES. Safety, diagnostic yield, and therapeutic implications of flexible bronchoscopy in patients with febrile neutropenia and pulmonary infiltrates. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:1414-1420.
79. Rabbat A, Chaoui D, Lefebvre A, et al. Is BAL useful in patients with acute myeloid leukemia admitted in ICU for severe respiratory complications? Leukemia. 2008;22(7):1361-1367.
80. Nguyen MH, Leather H, Clancy CJ, et al. Galactomannan testing in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid facilitates the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(7):1043-1050.
81. Hage CA, Knox KS, Davis TE, et al. Antigen detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of fungal pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2011;17:167-171.
82. Guo YL, Chen YQ, Wang K, et al. Accuracy of BAL galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis: a bivariate metaanalysis and systematic review. Chest. 2010;138:817-824.
83. Torelli R, Sanguinetti M, Moody A, et al. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by a commercial real-time PCR assay for Aspergillus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from high-risk patients compared to a galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4273-4278.
84. Tuon FF. A systematic literature review on the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from bronchoalveolar lavage clinical samples. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2007;24:89-94.
85. Mulabecirovic A, Gaulhofer P, Auner HW, et al. Pulmonary infiltrates in patients with haematologic malignancies: transbronchial lung biopsy increases the diagnostic yield with respect to neoplastic infiltrates and toxic pneumonitis. Ann Hematol. 2004;83(7):420-422.
86. Snyder CL, Ramsay NK, McGlave PB, et al. Diagnostic open-lung biopsy after bone marrow transplantation. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25(8):871-876.
87. Shaikh ZH, Torres HA, Walsh GL, et al. Open lung biopsy in bone marrow transplant recipients has a poor diagnostic yield for a specific diagnosis. Transpl Infect Dis. 2002;4(2):80-84.
88. Jiménez MF; Spanish Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Study Group. Prospective study on video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the resection of pulmonary nodules: 209 cases from the Spanish Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Study Group. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19(5):562-565.
89. Chen S, Zhou J, Zhang J, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic solitary pulmonary nodule resection after CT-guided hookwire localization: 43 cases and literature review. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(6):1723-1729.
90. American Thoracic Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(4):388-416.
91. Maschmeyer G, Beinert T, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of lung infiltrates in febrile neutropenic patients: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party of the German Society of Haematology and Oncology. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(14):2462-2472.
92. Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(4):427-431.
93. von Eiff M, Roos N, Schulten R, et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis: early diagnosis improves survival. Respiration. 1995;62(6):341-347.
94. Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Delaying amphotericin B-based frontline therapy significantly increases mortality among patients with hematologic malignancy who have zygomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(4):503-509.
95. Nucci M, Perfect JR. When primary antifungal therapy fails. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(9):1426-1433.
96. Wingard JR. Learning from our failures: the antifungal treatment conundrum. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(9):1434-1435.
97. Miceli MH, Maertens J, Buvé K, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in cancer patients with pulmonary aspergillosis recovering from neutropenia: proof of principle, description, and clinical and research implications. Cancer. 2007;110(1):112-120.