The diagnostic value of halo and reversed halo signs for invasive mold infections in compromised hosts

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 52, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1144-1155

  Georgiadou, Sarah P ^a   Sipsas, Nikolaos V ^a   Marom, Edith M ^b   Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HALO SIGN; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG MYCOSIS; LUNG NODULE; LUNG TUMOR; MUCORMYCOSIS; PNEUMONIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSED HALO SIGN; VASCULITIS;

ADULT; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; INFECTION; INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL; MALE; MUCORMYCOSIS; NEOPLASMS; SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 79953842942     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir122     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Caillot D, Couaillier O, Bernard A, et al. Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:139-47. (Pubitemid 27020567)
2. Maschmeyer G. Pneumonia in febrile neutropenic patients: radiologic diagnosis. Curr Opin Oncol 2001; 13:229-35. (Pubitemid 32578987)
3. Greene RE, Schlamm HT, Oestmann JW, et al. Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical significance of the halo sign. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:373-9. (Pubitemid 46147619)
4. Wahba H, Truong MT, Lei X, Kontoyiannis DP, Marom EM. Reversed halo sign in invasive pulmonary fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1733-7. (Pubitemid 351706772)
5. Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Siegelman SS. Invasive pulmonary asper-gillosis in acute leukemia: characteristic findings on CT, the CT halo sign, and the role of CT in early diagnosis. Radiology 1985; 157:611-14. (Pubitemid 16232097)
6. Austin JH, Müller NL, Friedman PJ, et al. Glossary of terms for CT of the lungs: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society. Radiology 1996; 200:327-31. (Pubitemid 26249879)
7. Shibuya K, Ando T, Hasegawa C, et al. Pathophysiology of pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Chemother 2004; 10:138-45. (Pubitemid 39044966)
8. Kim Y, Lee KS, Jung KJ, Han J, Kim JS, Suh JS. Halo sign on high resolution CT: findings in spectrum of pulmonary diseases with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999; 23:622-6. (Pubitemid 29337161)
9. Lee YR, Choi YW, Lee KJ, Jeon SC, Park CK, Heo JN. CT halo sign: the spectrum of pulmonary diseases. Br J Radiol 2005; 78:862-5. (Pubitemid 41246161)
10. Parron M, Torres I, Pardo M, Morales C, Navarro M, Martinez-Schmizcraft M. The halo sign in computed tomography images: differential diagnosis and correlation with pathology findings. Arch Bronconeumol 2008; 44:386-92.
11. Pinto PS. The CT halo sign. Radiology 2004; 230:109-10. (Pubitemid 37549790)
12. Blum U, Windfuhr M, Buitragotellez C, Sigmund G, Herbst EW, Langer M. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. MRI, CT, and plain ra-diographic findings and their contribution for early diagnosis. Chest 1994; 106:1156-61. (Pubitemid 24309556)
13. Bruno C, Minniti S, Vassanelli A, Pozzimucelli R. Comparison of CT features of Aspergillus and bacterial pneumonia in severely neu-tropenic patients. J Thorac Imaging 2007; 22:160-5. (Pubitemid 46868287)
14. Escuissato DL, Gasparetto EL, Marchiori E, et al. Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 111 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185:608-15.
15. Kami M, Kishi Y, Hamaki T, et al. The value of the chest computed tomography halo sign in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary asper-gillosis. An autopsy-based retrospective study of 48 patients. Mycoses 2002; 45:287-94. (Pubitemid 35279059)
16. Kami M, Tanaka Y, Kanda Y, et al. Computed tomographic scan of the chest, latex agglutination test and plasma (1AE3)-beta-D-glucan assay in early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective study of 215 patients. Haematologica 2000; 85:745-52. (Pubitemid 30617109)
17. Franquet T, Muller NL, Gimenez A, Guembe P, de La Torre J, Bague S. Spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis: histologic, clinical, and ra-diologic findings. Radiographics 2001; 21:825-37. (Pubitemid 33707878)
18. Thompson BH, Stanford W, Galvin JR, Kurihara Y. Varied ra-diologic appearances of pulmonary aspergillosis. Radiographics 1995; 15:1273-84.
19. Brook O, Guralnik L, Hardak E, et al. Radiological findings of early invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunecompromised patients. Hematol Oncol 2009; 27:102-6.
20. Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A, et al. Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neu-tropenia. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:253-9. (Pubitemid 32063503)
21. Brodoefel H, Vogel M, Hebart H, et al. Long-term CT follow-up in 40 non-HIV immunocompromised patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: kinetics of CT morphology and correlation with clinical findings and outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187:404-13. (Pubitemid 44148284)
22. Burch PA, Karp JE, Merz WG, Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK. Favorable outcome of invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5:1985-93. (Pubitemid 18010159)
23. von Eiff M, Zuhlsdorf M, Roos N, Hesse M, Schulten R, van de Loo J. Pulmonary fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies- diagnostic approaches. Ann Hematol 1995; 70:135-41.
24. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:408-15. (Pubitemid 34851833)
25. Weisser M, Rausch C, Droll A, et al. Galactomannan does not precede major signs on a pulmonary computerized tomographic scan suggestive of incasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1143-9. (Pubitemid 41429477)
26. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (Am-BiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1289-97. (Pubitemid 46717290)
27. Denning DW. Comparison of 2 studies of treatment of invasive as-pergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1106-8. (Pubitemid 47580366)
28. Verweij PE, van Die L, Donnelly JP. Halo sign and improved outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1666-7.
29. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46-1813-21.
30. Nucci M, Nouér SA, Grazziutti M, Kumar NS, Barlogie B, Anaissie E. Probable invasive aspergillosis without prespecified radiologic findings: proposal for inclusion of a new category of aspergillosis and implications for studying novel therapies. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:1273-80.
31. Neofytos D. Chest computed tomography versus serum gal-actomannan enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of probable invasive aspergillosis: to be decided. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:1281-3.
32. Hauggaard A, Ellis M, Ekelund L. Early chest radiography and CT in the diagnosis, management and outcome of invasive pulmonary as-pergillosis. Acta Radiol 2002; 43:292-8.
33. Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, et al. Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompro-mised patients: association with patient outcome? Eur J Radiol 2005; 55:437-44. (Pubitemid 41215574)
34. Horger M, Einsele H, Schumacher U, et al. Invasive pulmonary as-pergillosis: frequency and meaning of the "hypodense sign" on un-enhanced CT. Br J Radiol 2005; 78:697-703. (Pubitemid 41122682)
35. Kim K, Lee MH, Kim J, et al. Importance of open lung biopsy in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hema-tologic malignancies. Am J Hematol 2002; 71:75-9.
36. Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Burch PA, Karp JE, Zerhouni EA, Siegelman SS. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute leukemia. The contribution of CT to early diagnosis and aggressive management. Chest 1987; 92:95-9. (Pubitemid 17101344)
37. Won HJ, Lee K, Cheon JE, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: prediction at thin-section CT in patients with neutropenia-a prospective study. Radiology 1998; 208:777-82. (Pubitemid 28405116)
38. Ribaud P, Chastang C, Latge JP, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:322-30. (Pubitemid 29241222)
39. Gasparetto EL, Souza CA, Tazoniero P, Davaus T, Escuissato DL, Marchiori E. Angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis after alloge-neic bone marrow transplantation: clinical and high-resolution computed tomography findings in 12 cases. Braz J Infect Dis 2007; 11:110-3. (Pubitemid 47024106)
40. Kojima R, Tateishi U, Kami M, et al. Chest computed tomography of late invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11: 506-11. (Pubitemid 40862447)
41. Vandewoude KH, Blot SI, Depuydt P, et al. Clinical relevance of Aspergillus isolation from respiratory tract samples in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2006; 10:R31.
42. Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B, et al. Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:7-14. (Pubitemid 33152659)
43. Jamadar DA, Kazerooni EA, Daly BD, White CS, Gross BH. Pulmonary zygomycosis: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995; 19:733-8.
44. Chamilos G, Marom EM, Lewis RE, Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP. Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:60-6. (Pubitemid 40863745)
45. Althoff Souza C, Muller NL, Marchiori E, Escuissato DL, Franquet T. Pulmonary invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis in immunocom-promised patients: a comparative study of the high-resolution CT findings. J Thorac Imaging 2006; 21:184-9. (Pubitemid 44258944)
46. Franquet T, Muller NL, Lee KS, Oikonomou A, Flint JD. Pulmonary candidiasis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: thin-section CT findings. Radiology 2005; 236:332-7. (Pubitemid 40853331)
47. Taccone A, Occhi M, Garaventa A, Manfredini L, Viscoli C. CT of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in children with cancer. Pediatr Radiol 1993; 23:177-80. (Pubitemid 23220506)
48. Thomas KE, Owens CM, Veys PA, Novelli V, Costoli V. The radiological spectrum of invasive aspergillosis in children: a 10-year review. Pediatr Radiol 2003; 33:453-60. (Pubitemid 36833728)
49. Burgos A, Zaoutis TE, Dvorak CC, et al. Pediatric Invasive Aspergil-losis: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 139 contemporary cases. Pediatrics 2008; 121:1286-94.
50. Franquet T, Muller NL, Gimenez A, Martinez S, Madrid M, Domingo P. Infectious pulmonary nodules in immunocompromised patients: usefulness of computed tomography in predicting their etiology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003; 27:461-8. (Pubitemid 36935897)
51. Yeghen T, Kibbler C, Prentice HG, et al. Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematology patients: a review of 87 consecutive cases at a single institution. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:859-68. (Pubitemid 32299339)
52. Bernard A, Loire J, Caillot D, et al. Emergency lung resections for invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Ann Chir 1995; 49:849-53. (Pubitemid 26018710)
53. Lass-Florl C, Resch G, Nachbaur D, et al. The value of computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:101-4.
54. Milito MA, Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE, et al. Influence of host immunosuppression on CT findings in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2010; 48:817-23.
55. Curtis AM, Smith GJ, Ravin CE. Air crescent sign of invasive aspergillosis. Radiology 1979; 133:17-21. (Pubitemid 10230506)
56. Gefter WB, Albelda SM, Talbot GH, Gerson SL, Cassileth PA, Miller WT. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and acute leukemia. Limitations in the diagnostic utility of the air crescent sign. Radiology 1985; 157:605-10. (Pubitemid 16232096)
57. Sever M, Verstovsek S, Erasmus J Jr, Mattiuzzi GN. Mycotic pulmonary artery aneurysm due to Aspergillus infection in a patient with leukemia: case report and review of the literature. Leuk Res 2010; 34:133-6.
58. Caillot D, Latrabe V, Thiébaut A, et al. Computer tomography in pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in hematological patients with neutropenia: an useful tool for diagnosis and assessment of outcome in clinical trials. Eur J Radiol 2010; 74:172-5.
59. Chamilos G, Macapinlac HA, Kontoyiannis DP. The use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis and management of invasive mould infections. Med Mycol 2008; 46:23-9. (Pubitemid 351298237)
60. Mahfouz T, Miceli MH, Saghafifar F, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography contributes to the diagnosis and management of infections in patients with multiple myeloma: a study of 165 infectious episodes. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:7857-63. (Pubitemid 46661462)
61. Petrik M, Haas H, Dobrozemsky G, et al. 68Ga-siderophores for PET imaging of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: proof of principle. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:639-45.
62. Leutner CC, Gieseke J, Lutterbey G, et al. MR imaging of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: comparison with helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175:391-7. (Pubitemid 30619187)
63. Blum U, Windfuhr M, Buitragotellez C, et al. Radiologic differential diagnosis of inflammatory round pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. A prospective study using CT and MRI. Rofo 1994; 161:292-9.
64. Kontoyiannis DP, Wessel VC, Bodey GP, Rolston KV. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:851-6. (Pubitemid 32250321)
65. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:634-53. (Pubitemid 41170352)
66. Lee FY, Mossad SB, Adal KA. Pulmonary mucormycosis: the last 30 years. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1301-9. (Pubitemid 29293592)
67. McAdams HP, Rosado de Christenson M, Strollo DC, Patz EF. Pulmonary mucormycosis: radiologic findings in 32 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168:1541-8.
68. Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. Phaeohyphomy-cosis in a tertiary care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1033-41.
69. Primack SL, Hartman TE, Lee KS, Muller NL. Pulmonary nodules and the CT halo sign. Radiology 1994; 190:513-5. (Pubitemid 24044262)
70. Zinck SE, Leung AN, Frost M, Berry GJ, Muller NL. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: CT and pathologic findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26:330-4. (Pubitemid 34564206)
71. Marom EM, Holmes AM, Bruzzi JF, Truong MT, O'Sullivan PJ, Kontoyiannis DP. Imaging of pulmonary fusariosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190:1605-9. (Pubitemid 351798523)
72. Gaeta M, Blandino A, Scribano E, Minutoli F, Volta S, Pandolfo I. Computed tomography halo sign in pulmonary nodules: frequency and diagnostic value. J Thorac Imaging 1999; 14:109-13. (Pubitemid 29301191)
73. Oikonomou A, Muller NL, Nantel S. Radiographic and high-resolution CT findings of influenza virus pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181:507-11. (Pubitemid 36909500)
74. Gaeta M, Volta S, Stroscio S, Romeo P, Pandolofo I. CT "halo sign" in pulmonary tuberculoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16:827-8.
75. Kim TS, Han J, Shim SS, et al. Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis: CT findings in 31 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185:616-21.
76. Nguyen LQ, Estrella J, Jett EA, Grunvald EL, Nicholson L, Levin DL. Acute schistosomiasis in nonimmune travelers: chest CT findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186:1300-3. (Pubitemid 46112564)
77. Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, et al. Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186:1697-702. (Pubitemid 46112535)
78. Tshibwabwa ET, Richenberg JL, Aziz ZA. Lung radiology in the tropics. Clin Chest Med 2002; 23:309-28. (Pubitemid 34651327)
79. Waldman AD, Day JH, Shaw P, Bryceson AD. Subacute pulmonary granulomatous schistosomiasis: high resolution CT appearances - another cause of the halo sign. Br J Radiol 2001; 74:1052-5. (Pubitemid 33121139)
80. Hocchegger B, Marchiori E, Irion KL, Santos de Melo G, Mendes F, Zanetti G. Psittacosis presenting as a halo sign on high-resolution computed tomography. J Thor Imaging 2009; 24:136-7.
81. Voloudaki AE, Kofteridis DP, Tritou IN, Gourtsoyiannis NC, Tse-lentis YJ, Gikas AI. Q fever pneumonia: CT findings. Radiology 2000; 215:880-3. (Pubitemid 30346033)
82. Gaeta M, Volta S, Scribano E, Loria G, Vallone A, Pandolfo I. Airspace pattern in lung metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the GI tract. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20:300-4. (Pubitemid 26108720)
83. Godoy MC, Rouse H, Brown JA, Phillips P, Forrest DM, Muller NL. Imaging features of pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:956-65. (Pubitemid 47479782)
84. King LJ, Padley SP, Wotherspoon AC, Nicholson AG. Pulmonary MALT lymphoma: imaging findings in 24 cases. Eur Radiol 2000; 10:1932-8.
85. Nara M, Sasaki T, Shimura S, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage caused by lung metastasis of ovarian angiosarcoma. Intern Med 1996; 35:653-6. (Pubitemid 126462478)
86. Pandit SA, Fiedler PN, Westcott JL. Primary angiosarcoma of the lung. Ann Diagn Pathol 2005; 9:302-4. (Pubitemid 41405879)
87. Ueda T, Hosoki N, Isobe K, et al. Diffuse pulmonary involvement by mycosis fungoides: high-resolution computed tomography and pathologic findings. J Thorac Imaging 2002; 17:157-9. (Pubitemid 34407111)
88. Woodring JH, Bognar B. CT halo sign in pulmonary metastases from mucinous adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. South Med J 2001; 94:448-9. (Pubitemid 33643441)
89. Tomiyama N, Ikezoe J, Miyamoto M, Nakahara K. CT halo sign in metastasis of osteosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162:468.
90. Horger M, Lengerke C, Pfannenberg C, et al. Significance of the "halo" sign for progression and regression of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis: radiographic-pathological correlation. Eur Radiol 2005; 15:2037-40. (Pubitemid 41222915)
91. Marten K, Rummeny EJ, Engelke C. The CT halo: a new sign in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Br J Radiol 2004; 77:1042-5. (Pubitemid 40057803)
92. Chouri N, Langin T, Lantuejoul S, Coulomb M, Brambilla C. Pulmonary nodules with the CT halo sign. Respiration 2002; 69:103-6. (Pubitemid 34158399)
93. Herraez I, Gutierrez M, Alonso N, Allende J. Hypersensitivity pneu-monitis producing a BOOP-like reaction: HRCT/pathologic correlation. J Thorac Imaging 2002; 17:81-3. (Pubitemid 34130952)
94. Kazerooni EA, Cascade PN, Gross BH. Transplanted lungs: nodules following transbronchial biopsy. Radiology 1995; 194:209-12. (Pubitemid 24380954)
95. Voloudaki AE, Bouros DE, Froudarakis ME, Datseris GE, Apostolaki EG, Gourtsoyiannis NC. Crescentic and ringshaped opacities. CT features in two cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Acta Radiologica 1996; 1996:889-92. (Pubitemid 126439274)
96. Kim SJ, Lee KS, Ryu YH, et al. Reversed halo sign on high-resolution CT of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: diagnostic implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180:1251-4. (Pubitemid 36504610)
97. Gasparetto EL, Escuissato DL, Davaus T, et al. Reversed halo sign in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184:1932-4. (Pubitemid 40770174)
98. Marchiori E, Grando RD, Simões Dos Santos CE, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis associated with the reversed halo sign on high-resolution CT. Br J Radiol 2010; 83:58-60.
99. Tzilas V, Bastas A, Provata A, Koti A, Tzouda V, Tsoukalas G. The "reversed halo" sign in pneumonococcal pneumonia: a review with a case report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14:481-6.
100. Okubo T, Miyazaki E, Ueo M, et al. A case of psittacosis with wandering infiltrates developing to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 45:419-23.
101. Cunha BA. Legionnaires' disease: clinical differentiation from typical and other atypical pneumonias. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010; 24:73-105.
102. Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Mano CM, Hochhegger B, Irion KL. The reversed halo sign: another atypical manifestation of sarcoidosis. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11:251-2.
103. Kumazoe H, Matsunaga K, Nagata N, et al. "Reversed halo sign" of high-resolution computed tomography in pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Thorac Imaging 2009; 24:66-8.
104. Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. Another cause of reverse halo sign: wegener's granulomatosis. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:849-50. (Pubitemid 350205525)
105. Benamore RE, Weisbrod GL, Hwang DM, et al. Reversed halo sign in lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:162-6.
106. Choi YH, Im JG, Kang DS. Notes from the 2000 annual meeting of the Korean Society of thoracic radiology. J Thorac Imaging 2001; 16:130-7. (Pubitemid 32231709)
107. Hata Y, Uehara H. A case where herbal medicine sho-seiryu-to induced interstitial pneumonitis. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2005; 43:23-31.
108. Kanaji N, Bandoh S, Nagamura N, et al. Lipoid pneumonia showing multiple pulmonary nodules and reversed halo sign. Respir Med Extra 2007; 3:98-101. (Pubitemid 47398978)
109. Tokuyasu H, Isowa N, Shimizu E, Yamadori I. Reversed halo sign associated with dermatomyositis. Intern Med 2010; 49:1677-8.
110. Tzouvelekis A, Koutsopoulos A, Oikonomou A, et al. Acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports 2009; 3:74.
111. Maimon N. A 47-year-old female with shortness of breath and "reversed halo sign. Eur Respir Rev 2010; 19:83-5.
112. Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, Verschakelen J, Boogaerts M. Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:1297-306. (Pubitemid 35193008)
113. Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, et al. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169:2078-86.
114. Chest CT scan procedure and cost information. Available at: http://www.newchoicehealth.com/Directory/Procedure/8/Chest%20CT%20 Scan. Accessed 30 December 2010.
115. Erasmus JJ, Gladish GW, Broemeling L, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in measurement of non-small-cell carcinoma lung lesions: implications for assessment of tumor response. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2574-82. (Pubitemid 46606340)