Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: A meta-analysis

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 345, Issue 7872, 2012, Pages

  Mantha, S ^a   Karp, R ^b   Raghavan, V ^c   Terrin, N ^d   Bauer, K A ^b,e   Zwicker, J I ^b  

^a LAHEY HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c MOUNT AUBURN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e VA BOSTON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORMADINONE ACETATE; ETYNODIOL DIACETATE; GESTAGEN; LEVONORGESTREL; LYNESTRENOL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE; NORETHISTERONE ENANTATE; NORGESTREL; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ARTICLE; CONTRACEPTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG FORMULATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DELAYED RELEASE FORMULATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; META ANALYSIS; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; REVIEW;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE; DELAYED-ACTION PREPARATIONS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRAUTERINE DEVICES, MEDICATED; PROGESTINS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 84865724931     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e4944     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Helmerhorst FM, Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Vandenbroucke JP. Oral contraceptives and thrombotic disease: risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:327-33.
2. Vessey M, Mant D, Smith A, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: findings in a large prospective study. BMJ 1986;292:526.
3. Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:32-7.
4. Lidegaard O, Lokkegaard E, Svendsen AL, Agger C. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. BMJ 2009;339:1-8.
5. Van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ 2009;339:b2921.
6. Jick H, Jick SS, Gurewich V, Myers MW, Vasilakis C. Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components. Lancet 1995;346:1589-93.
7. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case-control study. Lancet 1995;346:1575-82.
8. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001;323:131-4.
9. Rosing J, Middeldorp S, Curvers J, Christella M, Thomassen LG, Nicolaes GA, et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives and acquired resistance to activated protein C: a randomised cross-over study. Lancet 1999;354:2036-40.
10. Van Vliet HA, Bertina RM, Dahm AE, Rosendaal FR, Rosing J, Sandset PM, et al. Different effects of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens on protein S and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:346-51.
11. Tchaikovski SN, van Vliet HA, Thomassen MC, Bertina RM, Rosendaal FR, Sandset PM, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on thrombin generation measured via calibrated automated thrombography. J Thromb Haemost 2007;98:1350-6.
12. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Meijers JC, Tans G, Bouma BN, Curvers J, et al. Effect of secondand third-generation oral contraceptives on the protein C system in the absence or presence of the factor VLeiden mutation: a randomized trial. Blood 2004;103:927-33.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. MMWR Early Release 2010;59:1-86.
14. Department of Reproductive Health WHO. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use . 4th ed. WHO Press, 2009.
15. Bergendal A, Odlind V, Persson I, Kieler H. Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:261-6.
16. Rott H. Hormonal contraception in thrombophilic adolescents. Risk of thrombosis and recommendations. Hamostaseologie 2012;32:15-21.
17. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al for the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA 2000;283:2008-12.
18. Higgins JPT, Green S, Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions . Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
19. Pagano M, Gauvreau K. Principles of biostatistics . 2nd ed. Duxbury, 2000.
20. Heinemann LA, Assmann A, DoMinh T, Garbe E. Oral progestogen-only contraceptives and cardiovascular risk: results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Eur J Contraception Reprod Health 1999;4:67-73.
21. Meirik O, Farley TM, Sivin I. Safety and efficacy of levonorgestrel implant, intrauterine device, and sterilization. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:539-47.
22. Vaillant-Roussel H, Ouchchane L, Dauphin C, Philippe P, Ruivard M. Risk factors for recurrence of venous thromboembolism associated with the use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2011;84:e23-30.
23. Conard J, Plu-Bureau G, Bahi N, Horellou MH, Pelissier C, Thalabard JC. Progestogen-only contraception in women at high risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 2004;70:437-41.
24. Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Lokkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ 2011;343:d6423.
25. Vasilakis C, Jick H, del Mar Melero-Montes M. Risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism in users of progestagens alone. Lancet 1999;354:1610-1.
26. Van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR. The risk of deep venous thrombosis associated with injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:2297-300.
27. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Cardiovascular disease and use of oral and injectable progestogen-only contraceptives and combined injectable contraceptives. Results of an international, multicenter, case-control study. Contraception 1998;57:315-24.
28. Barsoum MK, Heit JA, Ashrani AA, Leibson CL, Petterson TM, Bailey KR. Is progestin an independent risk factor for incident venous thromboembolism? A population-based case-control study. Thromb Res 2010;126:373-8.
29. Stanczyk FZ, Mroszczak EJ, Ling T, Runkel R, Henzl M, Miyakawa I, et al. Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinylestradiol administered in solution and as tablets to women. Contraception 1983;28:241-51.
30. Nilsson CG, Lahteenmaki PL, Luukkainen T, Robertson DN. Sustained intrauterine release of levonorgestrel over five years. Fertil Steril 1986;45:805-7.
31. Nanda K, Amaral E, Hays M, Viscola MA, Mehta N, Bahamondes L. Pharmacokinetic interactions between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and combination antiretroviral therapy. Fertil Steril 2008;90:965-71.
32. Bogdanov VY, Balasubramanian V, Hathcock J, Vele O, Lieb M, Nemerson Y. Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein. Nat Med 2003;9:458-62.
33. Lockwood CJ, Murk W, Kayisli UA, Buchwalder LF, Huang ST, Funai EF, et al. Progestin and thrombin regulate tissue factor expression in human term decidual cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:2164-70.
34. Kato S, Pinto M, Carvajal A, Espinoza N, Monso C, Sadarangani A, et al. Progesterone increases tissue factor gene expression, procoagulant activity, and invasion in the breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:1181-8.
35. Shirk RA, Zhang Z, Winneker RC. Differential effects of estrogens and progestins on the anticoagulant tissue factor pathway inhibitor in the rat. J Steroid Biochem Molecular Biol 2005;94:361-8.
36. Freudenberger T, Oppermann M, Marzoll A, Heim HK, Mayer P, Kojda G, et al. Differential effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on thrombosis and atherosclerosis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009;158:1951-60.
37. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002.