EEG source imaging during two Qigong meditations

Cognitive Processing

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 255-265

  Faber, Pascal L ^a   Lehmann, Dietrich ^a   Tei, Shisei ^a,b,c   Tsujiuchi, Takuya ^d   Kumano, Hiroaki ^b,d   Pascual Marqui, Roberto D ^a   Kochi, Kieko ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PSYCHIATRY   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^c KYOTO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^d WASEDA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

EEG; LORETA; Meditation; Meditation exercise "Thinking of Nothing"; Qigong

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN REGION; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LOW RESOLUTION BRAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC TOMOGRAPHY; MALE; MEDITATION; NEUROIMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QIGONG MEDITATION; SELF TRANSCENDENCE; THINKING; TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN WAVES; BREATHING EXERCISES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEDITATION; MIDDLE AGED; OXYGEN; REST; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84865708651     PISSN: 16124782     EISSN: 16124790     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0441-4     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA (2001) Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: high-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett 310(1):57-60 (Pubitemid 32778484)
2. Aftanas L, Golosheykin S (2005) Impact of regular meditation practice on EEG activity at rest and during evoked negative emotions. Int J Neurosci 115(6):893-909 (Pubitemid 40769758)
3. Babiloni C, Ferretti A, Del Gratta C, Carducci F, Vecchio F, Romani GL, Rossini PM (2005) Human cortical responses during one-bit delayed-response tasks: an fMRI study. Brain Res Bull 65(5): 383-390
4. Baerentsen KB, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Sommerlund B, Hartmann T, Damsgaard-Madsen J, Fosnaes M, Green AC (2010) An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation. Cogn Process 11(1):57-84
5. Baijal S, Srinivasan N (2010) Theta activity and meditative states: spectral changes during concentrative meditation. Cogn Process 11(1):31-38
6. Banquet JP (1973) Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 35(2):143-151
7. Basile LF, Lozano MD, Alvarenga MY, Pereira JF, Machado S, Velasques B, Ribeiro P, Piedade R, Anghinah R, Knyazev G, Ramos RT (2010) Minor and unsystematic cortical topographic changes of attention correlates between modalities. PLoS ONE 5(12):e15022
8. Benson H, Malhotra MS, Goldman RF, Jacobs GD, Hopkins PJ (1990) Three case reports of the metabolic and electroencephalographic changes during advanced Buddhist meditation techniques. Behav Med 16(2):90-95 (Pubitemid 20339964)
9. Berkovich-Ohana A, Glicksohn J, Goldstein A (2012) Mindfulnessinduced changes in gamma band activity - Implications for the default mode network, self-reference and attention. Clin Neurophysiol 123(4):700-710
10. Brefczynski-Lewis JA, Lutz A, Schaefer HS, Levinson DB, Davidson RJ (2007) Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(27): 11483-11488 (Pubitemid 47175166)
11. Cahn BR, Polich J (2006) Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychol Bull 132(2):180-211 (Pubitemid 43439926)
12. Cahn BR, Delorme A, Polich J (2010) Occipital gamma activation during Vipassana meditation. Cogn Process 11(1):39-56
13. Caplan JB, Luks TL, Simpson GV, Glaholt M, McIntosh AR (2006) Parallel networks operating across attentional deployment and motion processing: a multi-seed partial least squares fMRI study. Neuroimage 29(4):1192-1202 (Pubitemid 43184182)
14. Chan AS, Cheung MC, Sze SL, Leung WW, Shi D (2011) Shaolin dan tian breathing fosters relaxed and attentive mind: a randomized controlled neuro-electrophysiological study. Evid-Based Compl Altern Med 2011:180704 (11 pages)
15. Constantinidis C, Steinmetz M (1996) Neuronal activity in posterior parietal area 7a during the delay periods of a spatial memory task. J Neurophysiol 76:1352-1355 (Pubitemid 26284611)
16. Conway MA (2005) Memory and the self. J Mem Lang 53(4): 594-628 (Pubitemid 41614853)
17. Cooper NR, Croft RJ, Dominey SJJ, Burgess AP, Gruzelier JH (2003) Paradox lost? Exploring the role of alpha oscillations during externally vs. internally directed attention and the implications for idling and inhibition hypotheses. Int J Psychophysiol 47:65-74 (Pubitemid 36113259)
18. Das NN, Gastaut H (1957) Variation de l'activité électrique du cerveau, du coeur et des muscles squelettiques au cours de la méditation et de l'extase yogique. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol (Suppl 6):211-219
19. Davanger S, Ellingsen O, Holen A, Hugdahl K (2010) Meditationspecific prefrontal cortical activation during acem meditation: an fMRI study. Percept Mot Skills 111(1):291-306
20. Davidson JM (1976) The physiology of meditation and mystical states of consciousness. Perspect Biol Med 19(3):345-379
21. Davidson RJ, Goleman DJ (1977) The role of attention in meditation and hypnosis: a psychobiological perspective on transformations of consciousness. Int J Clin Exp Hyp 25:291-308 (Pubitemid 8176201)
22. Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF, Urbanowski F, Harrington A, Bonus K, Sheridan JF (2003) Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med 65(4):564-570 (Pubitemid 36900251)
23. Dehaene S, Tzourio N, Frak V, Raynaud L, Cohen L, Mehler J, Mazoyer B (1996) Cerebral activations during number multiplication and comparison: a PET study. Neuropsychologia 34:1097-1106 (Pubitemid 26345287)
24. Dierks T, Jelic V, Pascual-Marqui RD, Wahlund LO, Julin P, Linden DEJ, Maurer K, Winblad B, Nordberg A (2000) Spatial pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism (PET) correlates with localization of intracerebral EEG-generators in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 111:1817-1824
25. Dietrich A (2003) Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Conscious Cogn 12(2):231-256 (Pubitemid 36579301)
26. Dunn BR, Hartigan JA, Mikulas WL (1999) Concentration and mindfulness meditations: unique forms of consciousness? Appl Psychophys Biof 24(3):147-165 (Pubitemid 30041232)
27. EngströmM, Söderfeldt B (2010) Brain activation during compassion meditation: a case study. J Altern Complem Med 16(5):597-599
28. Faber PL, Steiner ME, Lehmann D, Pascual-Marqui RD, Jäncke L, Esslen M, Gianotti LRR (2008) Deactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex in experienced Zen meditators. Brain Topogr 20:172
29. Fischer R (1971) A cartography of the ecstatic and meditative states. Science 174(4012):897-904
30. Gellhorn E, Kiely WF (1972) Mystical states of consciousness: neurophysiological and clinical aspects. J Nerv Ment Dis 154(6):399-405
31. Goel V, Gold B, Kapur S, Houle S (1997) The seats of reason? An imaging study of deductive and inductive reasoning. NeuroReport 8(5):1305-1310 (Pubitemid 27198618)
32. Hanakawa T, Honda M, Sawamoto N, Okada T, Yonekura Y, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H (2002) The role of rostral Brodmann area 6 in mental-operation tasks: an integrative neuroimaging approach. Cereb Cortex 12(11):1157-1170 (Pubitemid 35191417)
33. Hasenkamp W, Wilson-Mendenhall CD, Duncan E, Barsalou LW (2012) Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: a fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. Neuroimage 59(1):750-760
34. Hebert R, Lehmann D (1977) Theta bursts: an EEG pattern in normal subjects practicing the transcendental meditation technique. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 42(3):397-405 (Pubitemid 8047423)
35. Hölzel B, Ott U (2006) Relationships between meditation depth, absorption, meditation practice, and mindfulness: a latent variable approach. J Transpers Psychol 38(2):179-199
36. Hölzel BK, Ott U, Hempel H, Hackl A, Wolf K, Stark R, Vaitl D (2007) Differential engagement of anterior cingulate and adjacent medial frontal cortex in adept meditators and non-meditators. Neurosci Lett 421(1):16-21 (Pubitemid 46899325)
37. Itoh M, Miyazaki H, Takahashi Y (1996) Imaging of mind using positron emission tomography. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci 14(1): 76-80
38. Jasper HH (1958) The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 10:371-375
39. Jensen O, Gelfand J, Kounios J, Lisman JE (2002) Oscillations in the alpha band (9-12 Hz) increase with memory load during retention in a short-term memory task. Cereb Cortex 12(8): 877-882 (Pubitemid 34803887)
40. Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ (2007) Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 7(2):109-119 (Pubitemid 46981676)
41. Jovicich J, Peters RL, Koch C, Braun J, Chang L, Ernst T (2001) Brain areas specific for attentional load in a motion-tracking task. J Cogn Neurosci 13(8):1048-1058 (Pubitemid 33141142)
42. Kabat-Zinn J (1982) An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 4(1):33-47 (Pubitemid 12088404)
43. Kasamatsu A, Hirai T (1966) An electroencephalographic study on the Zen meditation (Zazen). Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 20:315-336
44. Kihlstrom JF, Beer JS, Klein SB (2003) Self and identity as memory. In: Leary MR, Tangney J (eds) Handbook of self and identity. Guilford Press, New York, pp 68-90
45. Kisley MA, Cornwell ZM (2006) Gamma and beta neural activity evoked during a sensory gating paradigm: effects of auditory, somatosensory and cross-modal stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 117(11):2549-2563 (Pubitemid 44548506)
46. Klimesch W (1999) EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 29(2-3):169-195 (Pubitemid 29191338)
47. Kubicki S, Herrmann WM, Fichte K, Freund G (1979) Reflections on the topics: EEG frequency bands and regulation of vigilance. Pharmacopsychiatry 12:237-245 (Pubitemid 9157076)
48. Kübler A, Dixon V, Garavan H (2006) Automaticity and reestablishment of executive control-an fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 18(8):1331-1342 (Pubitemid 44400750)
49. Lagopoulos J, Xu J, Rasmussen I, Vik A, Malhi GS, Eliassen CF, Arntsen IE, Saether JG, Hollup S, Holen A, Davanger S, Ellingsen Ø (2009) Increased theta and alpha EEG activity during nondirective meditation. J Altern Complem Med 15(11):1187-1192
50. Lavallee CF, Hunter MD, Persinger MA (2011) Intracerebral source generators characterizing concentrative meditation. Cogn Process 12(2):141-150
51. Lee MS, Bae BH, Ryu H, Sohn JH, Kim SY, Chung HT (1997) Changes in alpha wave and state anxiety during Chun Do Sun Bup Qi-training in trainees with open eyes. Am J Chinese Med 25:289-299 (Pubitemid 127757859)
52. Lehmann D, Grass P, Meier B (1995) Spontaneous conscious covert cognition states and brain electric spectral states in canonical correlations. Int J Psychophysiol 19(1):41-52
53. Lehmann D, Faber PL, Achermann P, Jeanmonod D, Gianotti LRR, Pizzagalli D (2001) Brain sources of EEG gamma frequency during volitionally meditation-induced, altered states of consciousness, and experience of the self. Psychiatr Res Neuroimaging 108(2):111-121 (Pubitemid 34003573)
54. Lehmann D, Pascual-Marqui RD, Strik WK, Koenig T (2010) Core networks for visual-concrete and abstract thought content: a brain electric microstate analysis. Neuroimage 49(1):1073-1079
55. Lehmann D, Faber PL, Tei S, Pascual-Marqui RD, Milz P, Kochi K (2012) Reduced functional connectivity between cortical sources in five meditation traditions detected with lagged coherence using EEG tomography. Neuroimage 60:1574-1586
56. Lloyd D, Morrison I, Roberts N (2006) Role for human posterior parietal cortex in visual processing of aversive objects in peripersonal space. J Neurophysiol 95(1):205-214 (Pubitemid 44698929)
57. Lopes da Silva F (1991) Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves: from neural membranes to networks. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 79(2):81-93
58. Lou HC, Kjaer TW, Friberg L, Wildschiodtz G, Holm S, Nowak M (1999) A 15O-H2O PET study of meditation and the resting state of normal consciousness. Hum Brain Mapp 7(2):98-105 (Pubitemid 29055288)
59. Luks TL, Simpson GV (2004) Preparatory deployment of attention to motion activates higher order motion-processing brain regions. Neuroimage 22:1515-1522 (Pubitemid 38962640)
60. Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB, Ricard M, Davidson RJ (2004) Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(46):16369-16373 (Pubitemid 39552851)
61. Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ (2008) Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci 12:163-169
62. Makeig S, Inlow M (1993) Lapses in alertness: coherence of fluctuations in performance and EEG spectrum. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 86(1):23-35 (Pubitemid 23023922)
63. Mellet E, Tzourio N, Crivello F, Joliot M, Denis M, Mazoyer B (1996) Functional anatomy of spatial imagery generated from verbal instructions. J Neurosci 16:6504-6512 (Pubitemid 26337373)
64. Mikulas WL (1990) Mindfulness, self-control, and personal growth. In: Kwee MGT (ed) Psychotherapy, meditation, and health. East West Publications, London, pp 151-164
65. Minegishi Y, Isotani T, Yoshimura M, Yamada K, Nishida K, Morita S, Saito Y, Irisawa S, Ichikawa M, Kinoshita T, Kihara H (2009) Spatial brain electric activity changes after Kakurin-qigong. In: Kobayashi T, Ozaki I, Nagata K (eds) Brain topography and multimodal imaging. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, pp 107-108
66. Mulert C, Jäger L, Schmitt R, Bussfeld P, Pogarell O, Möller HJ, Juckel G, Hegerl U (2004) Integration of fMRI and simultaneous EEG: towards a comprehensive understanding of localization and time-course of brain activity in target detection. Neuroimage 22:83-94 (Pubitemid 38515815)
67. Murata T, Koshino Y, Omori M, Murata I, Nishio M, Sakamoto K, Horie T, Isaki K (1994) Quantitative EEG Study on Zen Meditation (Zazen). Jpn J Psychiat Neurol 48(4):881-890
68. Newberg AB, Iversen J (2003) The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations. Med Hypotheses 61(2):282-291 (Pubitemid 36976198)
69. Newberg A, Alavi A, Baime M, Pourdehnad M, Santanna J, d'Aquili E (2001) The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: a preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 106(2):113-122 (Pubitemid 32299971)
70. Nichols TE, Holmes AP (2002) Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples. Hum Brain Mapp 15:1-25 (Pubitemid 34020610)
71. Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva F (2005) Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia
72. Okuda J, Fujii T, Yamadori A, Kawashima R, Tsukiura T, Ohtake H, Fukatsu R, Suzuki K, Itoh M, Fukuda H (2000) Retention of words in long-term memory: a functional neuroanatomical study with PET. NeuroReport 11(2):323-328 (Pubitemid 30074642)
73. Palva S, Palva JM (2007) New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations. Trends Neurosci 30(4):150-158 (Pubitemid 46486681)
74. Pan W, Zhang L, Xia Y (1994) The difference in EEG theta waves between concentrative and non-concentrative Qigong states - a power spectrum and topographic mapping study. J Trad Chin Med 14(3):212-218
75. Pascual-Marqui RD (2002) Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 24(Suppl D):5-12 (Pubitemid 35462350)
76. Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D (1994) Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Int J Psychophysiol 18(1):49-65 (Pubitemid 24344515)
77. Pascual-Marqui RD, Lehmann D, Koenig T, Kochi K, Merlo MC, Hell D, Koukkou M (1999) Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) functional imaging in acute, neuroleptic-naive, first-episode, productive schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 90(3):169-179 (Pubitemid 29349649)
78. Pascual-Marqui RD, Esslen M, Kochi K, Lehmann D (2002) Functional imaging with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA): a review. Method Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 24(Suppl C):91-95 (Pubitemid 35447387)
79. Peng CK, Henry IC, Mietus JE, Hausdorff JM, Khalsa G, Benson H, Goldberger AL (2004) Heart rate dynamics during three forms of meditation. Int J Cardiol 95(1):19-27 (Pubitemid 38670467)
80. Perlman DM, Salomons TV, Davidson RJ, Lutz A (2010) Differential effects on pain intensity and unpleasantness of two meditation practices. Emotion 10(1):65-71
81. Piron H (2003) Meditation depth, mental health, and personal development. J Meditat Meditat Res 3:45-58
82. Qin Z, Jin Y, Lin S, Hermanowicz NS (2009) A forty-five year follow-up EEG study of Qigong practice. Int J Neurosci 119(4):538-552
83. Raffone A, Srinivasan N (2010) The exploration of meditation in the neuroscience of attention and consciousness. Cogn Process 11(1):1-7
84. Ranganath C, Johnson MK, D'Esposito M (2003) Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory. Neuropsychologia 41(3):378-389 (Pubitemid 35365964)
85. Ray WJ, Cole HW (1985) EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes. Science 228:750-752 (Pubitemid 15063684)
86. Reverberi C, Cherubini P, Rapisarda A, Rigamonti E, Caltagirone C, Frackowiak RS, Macaluso E, Paulesu E (2007) Neural basis of generation of conclusions in elementary deduction. Neuroimage 38(4):752-762 (Pubitemid 47633981)
87. Ruby P, Decety J (2004) How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspectivetaking with social emotions. J Cogn Neurosci 16(6):988-999 (Pubitemid 38998776)
88. Sarazin M, Pillon B, Giannakopoulos P, Rancurel G, Samson Y, Dubois B (1998) Clinicometabolic dissociation of cognitive functions and social behavior in frontal lobe lesions. Neurology 51(1):142-148 (Pubitemid 28345374)
89. Snyder LH, Batista AP, Andersen RA (1997) Coding of intention in the posterior parietal cortex. Nature 386:167-170 (Pubitemid 27131442)
90. Sun F, Wang J, Liu G, Jiao X, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Zhang T (1984) An analysis on EEG power spectrum and coherence during quiet state in QiGong. Acta Psychologica Sinica 17(4):76-81
91. Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O (1999) Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation. Trends Cogn Sci 3(4):151-162 (Pubitemid 29155465)
92. Tart CT (1969) Altered states of consciousness. Wiley, New York
93. Tebecis AK (1975) A controlled study of the EEG during transcendental meditation: comparison with hypnosis. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 29(4):305-313
94. Tei S, Faber PL, Lehmann D, Tsujiuchi T, Kumano H, Pascual-Marqui RD, Gianotti LR, Kochi K (2009) Meditators and nonmeditators: EEG source imaging during resting. Brain Topogr 22(3):158-165
95. Travis F (2001) Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish Transcending from other experiences during transcendental Meditation practice. Int J Psychophysiol 42:1-9 (Pubitemid 32645620)
96. Travis F (2011) Comparison of coherence, amplitude, and eLORETA patterns during Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi practice. Int J Psychophysiol 81(3):198-202
97. Travis F, Arenander A (2006) Cross-sectional and longitudinal study of effects of transcendental meditation practice on interhemispheric frontal asymmetry and frontal coherence. Int J Neurosci 116(12):1519-1538 (Pubitemid 44915024)
98. Travis F, Shear J (2010) Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic selftranscending: Categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Conscious Cogn 19:1110-1118
99. Travis F, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Tanner M, Arenander A, Nidich S, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Rainforth M, Schneider RH (2010) A self-referential default brain state: patterns of coherence, power, and eLORETA sources during eyes-closed rest and Transcendental Meditation practice. Cogn Process 11(1):21-30
100. Tuladhar AM, ter Huurne N, Schoffelen JM, Maris E, Oostenveld R, Jensen O (2007) Parieto-occipital sources account for the increase in alpha activity with working memory load. Hum Brain Mapp 28:785-792 (Pubitemid 47255127)
101. Tulving E, Kapur S, Markowitsch HJ, Craik FI, Habib R, Houle S (1994) Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: auditory sentence recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(6):2012-2015 (Pubitemid 24092032)
102. Vaitl D, Birbaumer N, Gruzelier J, Jamieson G, Kotchoubey B, Kübler A, Lehmann D, Miltner WHR, Ott U, Pütz P, Sammer G, Strauch I, Strehl U, Wackermann J, Weiss T (ASC Consortium) (2005) Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness. Psychol Bull 131(1):98-127 (Pubitemid 40111839)
103. Vitacco D, Brandeis D, Pascual-Marqui R, Martin E (2002) Correspondence of event-related potential tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging during language processing. Hum Brain Mapp 17:4-12 (Pubitemid 34966791)
104. Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF (1971) A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Am J Physiol 221(3):795-799
105. Wang DJ, Rao H, Korczykowski M, Wintering N, Pluta J, Khalsa DS, Newberg AB (2011) Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices and perceived depth of meditation. Psychiatry Res 191(1):60-67
106. Worrell GA, Lagerlund TD, Sharbrough FW, Brinkmann BH, Busacker NE, Cicora KM, O'Brien TJ (2000) Localization of the epileptic focus by Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography in patients with a lesion demonstrated by MRI. Brain Topogr 12:273-282 (Pubitemid 30487671)
107. Wrobel A (2000) Beta activity: a carrier for visual attention. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz) 60(2):247-260 (Pubitemid 30353783)
108. Yang SH, Yang QF, Shi JM (1994) Observation of electroencephalogram spectrum changes over one year of Qigong training. [Article in Chinese, Abstract in English] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 14(11):643-646
109. Yang L, Wilke C, Brinkmann B, Worrell GA, He B (2011) Dynamic imaging of ictal oscillations using non-invasive high-resolution EEG. Neuroimage 56(4):1908-1917
110. Yuasa Y (1990) Ki to ningen kagaku: Nitchu shinpojumu koenshu (Qi and human science; in Japanese). Hiraga Publishing, Tokyo 361 pp
111. Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Gordon NS, Goolkasian P (2010) Effects of brief and sham mindfulness meditation on mood and cardiovascular variables. J Altern Complem Med 16:867-873
112. Zhang J-Z, Zhao J, He Q-N (1988) EEG findings during special psychical state (Qi Gong state) by means of compressed spectral array and topographic mapping. Comput Biol Med 18(6): 455-463
113. Zumsteg D, Wennberg RA, Treyer V, Buck A, Wieser HG (2005) H2(15)O or 13NH3 PET and electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) during partial status epilepticus. Neurology 65:1657-1660 (Pubitemid 41689488)
114. Zumsteg D, Friedman A, Wieser HG, Wennberg RA (2006a) Propagation of interictal discharges in temporal lobe epilepsy: correlation of spatiotemporal mapping with intracranial foramen ovale electrode recordings. Clin Neurophysiol 117:2615-2626 (Pubitemid 44751620)
115. Zumsteg D, Lozano AM, Wennberg RA (2006b) Depth electrode recorded cerebral responses with deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamus for epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 117:1602-1609 (Pubitemid 43947709)
116. Zysset S, Huber O, Ferstl E, von Cramon DY (2002) The anterior frontomedian cortex and evaluative judgment: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 15(4):983-991 (Pubitemid 34852511)