Vaccination against rheumatic heart disease: A review of current research strategies and challenges

Current Infectious Disease Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 381-390

  Pandey, Manisha ^a   Batzloff, Michael R ^a   Good, Michael F ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Acuterheumatic fever; Animal models; Pharyngitis; Pyoderma; Rheumatic heart disease; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tropical and temperate regions; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

CYSTEINE PROTEINASE; EPITOPE; FIBRONECTIN BINDING PROTEIN; FIBRONECTIN BINDING PROTEIN 1; M PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BACTERIAL LOAD; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CROSS REACTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHARYNGITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; RISK REDUCTION; SEROTYPE; SKIN INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; TROPISM; VACCINATION;

EID: 84865625784     PISSN: 15233847     EISSN: 15343146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-012-0263-7     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Haffejee I. Rheumatic-Fever and rheumatic heart-disease -The current status of its immunology, diagnostic-criteria, and prophylaxis. Q J Med. 1992;84:641-58.
2. Medina A, Fernandez-Fuente M, Carbajo-Perez E, et al. Insulinlike growth factor I administration in young rats with acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:1005-12. (Pubitemid 36097643)
3. Ellis NMJ, Li Y, Hildebrand W, et al. T cell mimicry and epitope specificity of cross-reactive T cell clones from rheumatic heart disease. J Immunol. 2005;175:5448-56. (Pubitemid 41456431)
4. Carapetis JR, Walker AM, Hibble M, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in a region with hyperendemic superficial streptococcal infection. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;122:59-65. (Pubitemid 29080404)
5. Calandra T, Glauser MP. Cytokines and septic shock. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990;13:377-81.
6. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Clinical epidemiology of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in tropical Australia. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;418:233-6. (Pubitemid 27438418)
7. Bessen DE, Hollingshead SK. Allelic polymorphism of Emm loci provides evidence for horizontal gene spread in group-A streptococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:3280-4. (Pubitemid 24130220)
8. Markowitz M. Streptococcal disease in developing-countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:S11-4.
9. McDonald MI, Towers RJ, Andrews RM, et al. Low rates of streptococcal pharyngitis and high rates of pyoderma in Australian aboriginal communities where acute rheumatic fever is hyperendemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:683-9. (Pubitemid 44330728)
10. Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:685-94. 11. 9.
11. Steer AC, Law I, Matatolu L, et al. Global emmtype distribution of group A streptococci: Systematic review and implications for vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:611-6. A study that revealed differences in the emm-Type distribution of GAS across global regions and revealed difference in the epidemiology in Africa and pacific region compared to high-income countries. 12. 9.
12. Le Hello S, Doloy A, Baumann F, et al. Clinical and microbial characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease in New Caledonia, a region in Oceania with a high incidence of acute rheumatic fever. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:526-30 . A study conducted in New Caledonia that supported the current belief that skin infections may have a greater role pathogenesis of ARF in the tropics and prevention of pyoderma is important to limit the development of severe invasive disease.
13. Steer AC, Jenney AWJ, Kado J, et al. High burden of impetigo and scabies in a tropical country. Plos Neglect Trop D 2009, 3. A comprehensive study highlighting that the impetigo and scabies disease burden are underestimated and a vaccine must be tailored to cover common types of GAS that cause impetigo.
14. Bessen DE, Carapetis JR, Beall B, et al. Contrasting molecular epidemiology of group A streptococci causing tropical and nontropical infections of the skin and throat. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:1109-16.
15. Bramhachari PV, Kaul SY, McMillan DJ, et al. Disease burden due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp equisimilis (group G and C streptococcus) is higher than that due to Streptococcus pyogenes among Mumbai school children. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59:220-3.
16. Steer AC, Danchin MH, Carapetis Jr. Group A streptococcal infections in children. J Paediatr Child H. 2007;43:203-13. (Pubitemid 46570082)
17. Currie BJ. Group A streptococcal infections of the skin: Molecular advances but limited therapeutic progress. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006;19:132-8. (Pubitemid 44139142)
18. Kumar RK, Paul M, Francis PT. RHD in India: Are we ready to shift from secondary prophylaxis to vaccinating high-risk children? Curr Sci India. 2009;97:397-404.
19. Kaplan EL, Wotton JT, Johnson DR. Dynamic epidemiology of group A streptococcal serotypes. Lancet. 2002;359:2115-6. (Pubitemid 34680986)
20. Bisno AL, Rubin FA, Cleary PP, Dale JB. Prospects for a group A streptococcal vaccine: rationale, feasibility, and obstacles-report of a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Workshop. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1150-6. (Pubitemid 41429478)
21. Bloomfield AL, Felty AR. Prophylactic vaccination against acute tonsillitis. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1923;34:251-3.
22. Rantz LA. Group A hemolytic streptococcus antibodies III. A study of the simultaneous infection of a large number of men by a single type. Arch Intern Med. 1944;73:0238-40.
23. Potter EV, Stollerman GH, Siegel AC. Recall of type specific antibodies in man by injections of streptococcal cell walls. J Clin Invest. 1962;41:301-10.
24. Schmidt WC. Type-specific antibody formation in man following injection of streptococcal M-protein. J Infect Dis. 1960;106:250-5.
25. Medina EaC GS. The potential for vaccine development against rheumatic fever. Indian Heart J. 2002;54:93-8.
26. Fox EN, Wittner MK, Dorfman A. Antigenicity of the M proteins of group A hemolytic streptococci. 3. Antibody responses and cutaneous hypersensitivity in humans. J Exp Med. 1966;124:1135-51.
27. Massell BF, Michael JG, Amezcua J, Siner M. Secondary and apparent primary antibody responses after group A streptococcal vaccination of 21 children. Appl Microbiol. 1968;16:509-18.
28. Polly SM, Waldman RH, High P, et al. Protective studies with a group-A streptococcal-M protein vaccine. 2. Challenge of volunteers after local immunization in upper respiratory-Tract. J Infect Dis. 1975;131:217-24.
29. Lyampert IM, Danilova TA, Borodyuk NA, Beletskaya LV. Mechanism of formation of antibodies to heart tissue in immunization with group A streptococci. Folia Biol (Praha). 1966;12:108-15.
30. Massell BF, Honikman LH, Amezcua J. Rheumatic fever following streptococcal vaccination. Report of three cases. JAMA. 1969;207:1115-9.
31. Batzloff MR, Hartas J, ZengWG, et al. Intranasal vaccination with a lipopeptide containing a conformationally constrained conserved minimal peptide, a universal T cell epitope, and a self-Adjuvanting lipid protectsmice fromgroup Astreptococcus challenge and reduces throat colonization. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:325-30. (Pubitemid 44116974)
32. Dale JB. Multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine designed to optimize the immunogenicity of six tandem M protein fragments. Vaccine. 1999;17:193-200. (Pubitemid 28494119)
33. Hu MC, Walls MA, Stroop SD, et al. Immunogenicity of a 26-valent group A streptococcal vaccine. Infect Immun. 2002; 70:2171-7. (Pubitemid 34242220)
34. McNeil SA, Halperin SA, Langley JM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of 26-valent group A Streptococcus vaccine in healthy adult volunteers. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1114-22. (Pubitemid 41429473)
35. Dale JB, Penfound T, Chiang EY, et al. Multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine elicits bactericidal antibodies against variant M subtypes. Clin Diagn Lab Immun. 2005;12:833-6. (Pubitemid 40993282)
36. Dale JB, Penfound TA, Chiang EY, Walton WJ. New 30-valent M protein-based vaccine evokes cross-opsonic antibodies against non-vaccine serotypes of group A streptococci. Vaccine. 2011; 29:8175-8.
37. Bessen D, Fischetti VA. Synthetic peptide vaccine against mucosal colonization by group-A streptococci. 1. Protection against a heterologous M-serotype with shared-C repeat region epitopes. J Immunol. 1990;145:1251-6. (Pubitemid 20258732)
38. Guilherme L, Fae KC, Higa F, et al. Towards a vaccine against rheumatic fever. Clin Dev Immunol. 2006;13:125-32. (Pubitemid 44950031)
39. Guilherme L, Postol E, de Barros SF, et al. A vaccine against S. pyogenes: Design and experimental immune response. Methods. 2009;49:316-21.
40. Batzloff MR, Hayman WA, Davies MR, et al. Protection against group A streptococcus by immunization with J8-diphtheria toxoid: Contribution of J8-And diphtheria toxoid-specific antibodies to protection. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1598-608. (Pubitemid 36578966)
41. Pandey M, Batzloff MR, Good MF. Mechanism of protection induced by group A streptococcus vaccine candidate J8-DT: Contribution of B and T-cells towards protection. Plos One 2009;4:Article No.: E5147. A study that utilised conserved region vaccine J8-DTand demonstrated the role of antibodies in protection. 42.
42. Olive C, Clair T, Yarwood P, Good MR. Protection of mice from group A streptococcal infection by intranasal immunisation with a peptide vaccine that contains a conserved M protein B cell epitope and lacks a T cell autoepitope. Vaccine. 2002;20:2816-25. (Pubitemid 34597142)
43. Olive C, Batzloff M, Horvath A, et al. Group A streptococcal vaccine delivery by immunization with a self-Adjuvanting M protein-based lipid core peptide construct. Indian J Med Res. 2004;119:88-94. (Pubitemid 39004454)
44. Cole JN, Henningham A, Gillen CM, et al. Human pathogenic streptococcal proteomics and vaccine development. Proteonomics Clin Appl. 2008;2:387-410. (Pubitemid 351425367)
45. McArthur J, Medina E, Mueller A, et al. Intranasal vaccination with streptococcal fibronectin binding protein Sfb1 fails to prevent growth and dissemination of Streptococcus pyogenes in a murine skin infection model. Infect Immun. 2004;72:7342-5. (Pubitemid 39552411)
46. Schulze K, Olive C, Ebensen T, Guzman CA. Intranasal vaccination with SfbI or M protein-derived peptides conjugated to diphtheria toxoid confers protective immunity against a lethal challenge with Streptococcus pyogenes. Vaccine. 2006;24:6088-95. (Pubitemid 44175622)
47. Kawabata S, Kunitomo E, Terao Y, et al. Systemic and mucosal immunizations with fibronectin-binding protein FBP54 induce protective immune responses against Streptococcus pyogenes challenge in mice. Infect Immun. 2001;69:924-30. (Pubitemid 32109558)
48. Cleary PP, Matsuka YV, Huynh T, et al. Immunization with C5a peptidase from either group A or B streptococci enhances clearance of group A streptococci from intranasally infected mice. Vaccine. 2004;22:4332-41. (Pubitemid 39330358)
49. Park HS, Cleary PP. Active and passive intranasal immunizations with streptococcal surface protein c5a peptidase prevent infection of murine nasal mucosa-Associated lymphoid tissue, a functional homologue of human tonsils. Infect Immun. 2005;73:7878.
50. Ji YD, Carlson B, Kondagunta A, Cleary PP. Intranasal immunization with C5a peptidase prevents nasopharyngeal colonization of mice by the group A Streptococcus. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2080-7. (Pubitemid 27237281)
51. Shet A, Kaplan E, Johnson D, Cleary PP. Human immunogenicity studies on group A streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA) as a potential vaccine against group A streptococcal infections. Indian J Med Res. 2004;119:95-8. (Pubitemid 39004455)
52. Chmouryguina I, Suvorov A, Ferrieri P, Cleary PP. Conservation of the C5a peptidase genes in group A and B streptococci. Infect Immun. 1996;64:2387-90. (Pubitemid 26226794)
53. Lancefield RC, Todd EW. Antigenic differences between matt hemolytic streptococci and their glossy variants. J Exp Med. 1928;48:769-90.
54. Salvadori LG, Blake MS, Mccarty M, et al. Group-A streptococcus-liposome ELISA antibody-Titers to group-A polysaccharide and opsonophagocytic capabilities of the antibodies. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:593-600.
55. Zabriskie JB, Poon-King T, Blake MS, et al. Phagocytic, serological, and protective properties of streptococcal group A carbohydrate antibodies. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;418:917-9. (Pubitemid 27438576)
56. Schulze K, Medina E, Guzman CA. Intranasal immunization with serum opacity factor (SOF) of Streptococcus pyogenes fails to protect mice against lethal mucosal challenge with a heterologous strain. Vaccine. 2006;24:1446-50. (Pubitemid 43222057)
57. Proft T, Moffatt SL, Berkahn CJ, Fraser JD. Identification and characterization of novel superantigens from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Exp Med. 1999;189:89-101. (Pubitemid 29047029)
58. Llewelyn M, Cohen J. Superantigens: Microbial agents that corrupt immunity. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:156-62. (Pubitemid 34462450)
59. Ulrich R. Vaccine based on a ubiquitous cysteinyl protease and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A protects against streptococcus pyogenes sepsis and toxic shock. J Immune based Ther Vaccines 2008;6.
60. Good MF, Xu H, Batzloff M. Adapting immunity with subunit vaccines: Case studies with group A Streptococcus and malaria. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:575-80. (Pubitemid 34273808)
61. Kreutz M, Ackermann U, Hauschildt S, et al. A comparative analysis of cytokine production and tolerance induction by bacterial lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharides and staphyloccocus aureus in human monocytes. Immunology. 1997;92:396-401. (Pubitemid 27488153)
62. Melchers F, Braun V, Galanos C. The lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli: A B-lymphocyte mitogen. J Exp Med. 1975;142:473-82.
63. Ashbaugh CD, Moser TJ, Shearer MH, et al. Bacterial determinants of persistent throat colonization and the associated immune response in a primate model of human group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection. Cell Microbiol. 2000;2:283-92. (Pubitemid 30612938)
64. Gryllos L, Cywes C, Shearer MH, et al. Regulation of capsule gene expression by group A Streptococcus during pharyngeal colonization and invasive infection. Mol Microbiol. 2001;42:61-74. (Pubitemid 34212161)
65. Batzloff MR, Yan H, Davies MR, et al. Toward the development of an antidisease, transmission-blocking intranasal vaccine for group a streptococcus. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1450-5. (Pubitemid 41401160)
66. BenMohamed L, Krishnan R, Auge C, et al. Intranasal administration of a synthetic lipopeptide without adjuvant induces systemic immune responses. Immunology. 2002;106:113-21. (Pubitemid 34437884)
67. Park HS, Francis KP, Yu J, Cleary PP. Membranous cells in nasal-Associated lymphoid tissue: A portal of entry for the respiratory mucosal pathogen group A streptococcus. J Immunol. 2003;171:2532-7. (Pubitemid 37025563)
68. Dalton TL, Hobb RI, Scott Jr. Analysis of the role of CovR and CovS in the dissemination of Streptococcus pyogenes in invasive skin disease. Microb Pathog. 2006;40:221-7.
69. Luo F, Lizano S, Banik S, et al. Role of Mga in group A streptococcal infection at the skin epithelium. Microb Pathog. 2008;45:217-24.
70. Kuo CF, Wu JJ, Lin KY, et al. Role of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B in the mouse model of group A streptococcal infection. Infect Immun. 1998;66:3931-5.
71. Boyle MDP, Raeder R, Flosdorff A, Podbielski A. Role of emm and mrp genes in the virulence of group A streptococcal isolate 64/14 in a mouse model of skin infection. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:991-7. (Pubitemid 28155153)
72. Bisno AL, Gaviria JM. Murine model of recurrent group G streptococcal cellulitis: No evidence of protective immunity. Infect Immun. 1997;65:4926-30. (Pubitemid 27513531)
73. Ashbaugh CD, Warren HB, Carey VJ, Wessels MR. Molecular analysis of the role of the group A streptococcal cysteine protease, hyaluronic acid capsule, and M protein in a murine model of human invasive soft-Tissue infection. J Clin Invest. 1998; 102:550-60. (Pubitemid 28376158)
74. Raeder R, Boyle MDP. Association of type-Ii immunoglobulin-Gbinding protein expression and survival of group-A streptococci in human blood. Infect Immun. 1993;61:3696-702. (Pubitemid 23260039)
75. Scaramuzzino DA, McNiff JM, Bessen DE. Humanized in vivo model for streptococcal impetigo. Infect Immun. 2000;68:2880-7. (Pubitemid 30253868)
76. Quinn A, Kosanke S, Fischetti VA, et al. Induction of autoimmune valvular heart disease by recombinant streptococcal M protein. Infect Immun. 2001;69:4072-8. (Pubitemid 32493331)
77. Dale JB, Chiang EY, Liu S, et al. New protective antigen of group A streptococci. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1261-8. (Pubitemid 29218296)
78. Quinn A, Ward K, Fischetti VA, et al. Immunological relationship between the class I epitope of streptococcal M protein and myosin. Infect Immun. 1998;66:4418-24. (Pubitemid 28402720)
79. Hruby DE, Hodges WM, Wilson EM, et al. Expression of streptococcal M-protein in mammalian-cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:5714-7.
80. Dudding BA, Ayoub EM. Persistence of Group a Streptococcal carbohydrate antibodies in patients with chronic inactive rheumatic heart disease. J Clin Invest. 1968;47:A26-&.
81. Cunningham MW, McCormack JM, Talaber LR, et al. Human monoclonal antibodies reactive with antigens of the group A Streptococcus and human heart. J Immunol. 1988;141:2760-6. (Pubitemid 18263065)
82. Kapur V, Maffei JT, Greer RS, et al. Vaccination with streptococcal extracellular cysteine protease (Interleukin-1-Beta Convertase) protects mice against challenge with heterologous group-A streptococci. Microb Pathog. 1994;16:443-50.
83. Valentinweigand P, Talay SR, Kaufhold A, et al. The fibronectinbinding domain of the Sfb protein adhesin of Streptococcus-Pyogenes occurs in many group-A streptococci and does not cross-react with heart myosin. Microb Pathog. 1994;17:111-20. (Pubitemid 24342608)