Sea lice as a density-dependent constraint to salmonid farming

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 279, Issue 1737, 2012, Pages 2330-2338

  Jansen, Peder A ^a   Kristoffersen, Anja B ^a,d   Viljugrein, Hildegunn ^a,d   Jimenez, Daniel ^a   Aldrin, Magne ^b,d   Stien, Audun ^c  

^a NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTER   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Host density; Lepeophtheirus salmonis; Parasite transmission; Population dynamics

Indexed keywords

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS; PHTHIRAPTERA; SALMONIDAE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; AQUACULTURE; ARTICLE; COPEPOD; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FISH DISEASE; NORWAY; PARASITOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SALMONID; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS;

ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; COPEPODA; FISH DISEASES; MODELS, STATISTICAL; NORWAY; PARASITIC DISEASES, ANIMAL; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 84865583520     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0084     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010 The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
2. Jackson, J. B. et al. 2001 Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629–637. (doi:10.1126/science.1059199)
3. Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Guenette, S., Pitcher, T. J., Sumaila, U. R., Walters, C. J., Watson, R. & Zeller, D. 2002 Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature 418, 689–695. (doi:10.1038/nature01017)
4. Myers, R. A. & Worm, B. 2003 Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423, 280–283. (doi:10.1038/nature01610)
5. Worm, B. et al. 2009 Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325, 578–585. (doi:10.1126/science.1173146)
6. Chassot, E., Bonhommeau, S., Dulvy, N. K., Melin, F., Watson, R., Gascuel, D. & Le Pape, O. 2010 Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches. Ecol. Lett. 13, 495–505. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248. 2010.01443.x)
7. Duarte, C. M., Holmer, M., Olsen, Y., Soto, D., Marba, N., Guiu, J., Black, K. & Karakassis, I. 2009 Will the oceans help feed humanity? Bioscience 59, 967–976. (doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.8)
8. Marra, J. 2005 When will we tame the oceans? Nature 436, 175–176. (doi:10.1038/436175a)
9. Diana, J. S. 2009 Aquaculture production and biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 59, 27–38. (doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.1.7)
10. Naylor, R. L. et al. 2000 Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017–1024. (doi:10.1038/35016500)
11. Naylor, R. L. et al. 2009 Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15 103–15 110. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0905235106)
12. Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. 1991 Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
13. Burdon, J. J. & Chilvers, G. A. 1982 Host density as a factor in plant disease ecology. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 20, 143–166. (doi:10.1146/annurev.py.20.090182. 001043)
14. Arneberg, P., Skorping, A., Grenfell, B. & Read, A. F. 1998 Host densities as determinants of abundance in parasite communities. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1283– 1289. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0431)
15. Davis, S., Leirs, H., Viljugrein, H., Stenseth, N. C., De Bruyn, L., Klassovskiy, N., Ageyev, V. & Begon, M. 2007 Empirical assessment of a threshold model for syl-vatic plague. J. R. Soc. Interface 4, 649–657. (doi:10. 1098/rsif.2006.0208)
16. Johansen, L. H., Jensen, I., Mikkelsen, H., Bjørn, P. A., Jansen, P. A. & Bergh, O. 2011 Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway. Aquaculture 315, 167–186. (doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.014)
17. Kristoffersen, A. B., Viljugrein, H., Kongtorp, R. T., Brun, E. & Jansen, P. A. 2009 Risk factors for pancreas disease (PD) outbreaks in farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Norway during 2003–2007. Prev. Vet. Med. 90, 127–136. (doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.04. 003)
18. Mardones, F. O., Perez, A. M. & Carpenter, T. E. 2009 Epidemiologic investigation of the re-emergence of infectious salmon anemia virus in Chile. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 84, 105–114. (doi:10.3354/dao02040)
19. Aldrin, M., Storvik, B., Frigessi, A., Viljugrein, H. & Jansen, P. A. 2010 A stochastic model for the assessment of the transmission pathways of heart and skeleton muscle inflammation, pancreas disease and infectious salmon anaemia in marine fish farms in Norway. Prev. Vet. Med. 93, 51–61. (doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009. 09.010)
20. Bostock, J. et al. 2010 Aquaculture: global status and trends. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365, 2897–2912. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0170)
21. Directorate of Fisheries. 2011 Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Sale 1994–2010. See http://www.fiskeridir.no.
22. Heuch, P. A. & Mo, T. A. 2001 A model of salmon louse production in Norway: effects of increasing salmon production and public management measures. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 45, 145–152. (doi:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1143)
23. Krkosek, M., Ford, J. S., Morton, A., Lele, S., Myers, R. A. & Lewis, M. A. 2007 Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon. Science 318, 1772–1775. (doi:10.1126/science.1148744)
24. Marty, G. D., Saksida, S. M. & Quinn, T. J. 2010 Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 599–604. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1009573108)
25. Stien, A., Bjørn, P. A., Heuch, P. A. & Elston, D. A. 2005 Population dynamics of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Atlantic salmon and sea trout. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 290, 263–275. (10.3354/meps290263)
26. Bristow, G. A. & Berland, B. 1991 A report on some metazoan parasites of wild marine salmon (Salmo salar L) from the west-coast of Norway with comments on their interactions with farmed salmon. Aquaculture 98, 311–318. (doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90395-N)
27. Bjørn, P. A. & Finstad, B. 2002 Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestation in sympatric populations of Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), and sea trout, Salmo trutta (L.), in areas near and distant from salmon farms. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59, 131–139. (doi:10. 1006/jmsc.2001.1143)
28. Krkosek, M., Gottesfeld, A., Proctor, B., Rolston, D., Carr-Harris, C. & Lewis, M. A. 2007 Effects of host migration, diversity and aquaculture on sea lice threats to Pacific salmon populations. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 3141–3149. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1122)
29. Costello, M. J. 2009 How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3385–3394. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0771)
30. Krkosek, M., Lewis, M. A., Morton, A., Frazer, L. N. & Volpe, J. P. 2006 Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 506–510. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0603525103)
31. Denholm, I., Devine, G. J., Horsberg, T. E., Sevatdal, S., Fallang, A., Nolan, D. V. & Powell, R. 2002 Analysis and management of resistance to chemotherapeutants in salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae). Pest. Manag. Sci. 58, 528–536. (doi:10.1002/ps.482)
32. Lees, F., Baillie, M., Gettinby, G. & Revie, C. W. 2008 The efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in Scotland, 2002–2006. PLoS ONE 3, e1549. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001549)
33. Fast, M. D., Ross, N. W., Mustafa, A., Sims, D. E., Johnson, S.C.,Conboy,G.A.,Speare,D.J., Johnson, G. & Burka, J. F. 2002 Susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to experimental infection with sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 52, 57–68. (10.3354/dao052057)
34. Heuch, P. A., Olsen, R. S., Malkenes, R., Revie, C.W., Gettinby, G., Baillie, M., Lees, F. & Finstad, B. 2009 Temporal and spatial variations in lice numbers on salmon farms in the Hardanger fjord 2004–2006. J. Fish Dis. 32, 89–100. (doi:10.1111/1365-2761.2008.01002.x)
35. R Development Core Team 2009 R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
36. Aldrin, M., Lyngstad, T. M., Kristoffersen, A. B., Storvik, B., Borgan, O. & Jansen, P. A. 2011 Modelling the spread of infectious salmon anaemia among salmon farms based on seaway distances between farms and genetic relationships between infectious salmon anaemia virus isolates. J. R. Soc. Interface 8, 1346–1356. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0737)
37. Hastie, T. J. 1992 Generalized additive models. In Statistical models in S (eds J. M. Chambers & T. J. Hastie), pp. 270–272. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth and Brooks.
38. Zeileis, A., Kleiber, C. & Jackman, S. 2008 Regression models for count data in R. J. Stat. Software 27, 1–25. (doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn055)
39. Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. 2009 Zero-truncated and zero-inflated models for count data. In Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R (eds A. F. Zuur, E. N. Ieno, N. J. Walker, A. A. Saveliev & G. M. Smith), pp. 1–33. New York, NY: Springer.
40. Bohning, D., Baksh, M. F. & Lerdsuwansri, R. 2011 An extension of an over-dispersion test for count data. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 55, 466–474. (doi:10.1016/j. csda.2010.05.015)
41. Norwegian Food Safety Authority. 2010 Luseforskriften. Forskriftsveileder for akvakulturnæringen (In Norwegian). See http://www.mattilsynet.no/smittevern_og_bekjempelse/fisk/lakselus/rapportering/lakselussituasjonen_som_i_ fjor_88883.
42. Jones, M. W., Sommerville, C. & Wootten, R. 1992 Reduced sensitivity of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, to the organophosphate dichlorvos. J. Fish Dis. 15,197–202.(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1992.tb00654.x)
43. Treasurer, J. W., Wadsworth, S. & Grant, A. 2000 Resistance of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), to hydrogen peroxide on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture Res. 31, 855–860. (doi:10.1046/j. 1365-2109.2000.00517.x)
44. Tully, O. & McFadden, Y. 2000 Variation in sensitivity of sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)] to dichlorvos on Irish salmon farms in 1991–92. Aquaculture Res. 31, 849–854. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000. 00518.x)
45. Sevatdal, S. & Horsberg, T. E. 2003 Determination of reduced sensitivity in sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) against the pyrethroid deltamethrin using bioassays and probit modelling. Aquaculture 218, 21–31. (doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00339-3)
46. Fallang, A., Ramsay, J. M., Sevatdal, S., Burka, J. F., Jewess, P., Hammell, K. L. & Horsberg, T. E. 2004 Evidence for occurrence of an organophosphate-resistant type of acetylcholinesterase in strains of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer). Pest. Manag. Sci. 60, 1163–1170. (doi:10.1002/ps.932)
47. Costello, M. J. 2006 Ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish. Trends Parasitol. 22, 475–483. (doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.006)
48. Carpio, Y. et al. 2011 Novel gene isolated from Caligus rogercresseyi: a promising target for vaccine development against sea lice. Vaccine 29, 2810–2820. (doi:10.1016/j. vaccine.2011.01.109)
49. Bricknell, I. R., Dalesman, S. J., O’Shea, B., Pert, C. C. & Luntz, A. J. 2006 Effect of environmental salinity on sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis settlement success. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 71, 201–212. (doi:10.3354/dao071201)
50. Heuch, P. A., Bjørn, P. A., Finstad, B., Holst, J. C., Asplin, L. & Nilsen, F. 2005 A review of the Norwegian ‘National Action Plan Against Salmon Lice on Salmonids’: the effect on wild salmonids (vol. 246, pp. 79–92, 2005). Aquaculture 250, 535. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.10.003