Worksite emergency preparedness: Lessons from the world trade center evacuation study

International Terrorism and Threats to Security: Managerial and Organizational Challenges

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 232-266

  Gershon, Robyn R M ^a   Qureshi, Kristine A ^b   Barocas, Briana ^c   Pearson, Julie ^a   Dopson, Stephanie A ^d  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865485242     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4337/9781848443815.00020     Document Type: Chapter

References (85)

1. Aguirre, B.E.,Wenger, D. and Vigo, G. (1998), 'A test of the emergent norm theory of collective behavior', Sociological Forum, 13, 301-20.
2. Akabas, S.H. and Kurzman, P.A. (2005), Work and the Workplace: A Resource for Innovative Policy and Practice, New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Andrews, B., Brewin, C.R. and Rose, S. (2003), 'Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(4), 421-7.
4. Arata, C.M., Picou, J.S., Johnson, G.D. et al. (2000), 'Coping with technological disaster: an application of the conservation of resources model to the Exxon Valdez oil spill', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 23-39.
5. Becker, M.H. and Maiman, L.A. (1983), 'Models of health-related behavior', in D. Mechanic (ed.), Handbook of Health, Health Care, and the Health Professions, New York: Free Press, pp. 539-68.
6. Benedek, D.M., Ursano, R.J., Fullerton, C.S., Vineburgh, N.T. and Gifford, R.K. (2006), 'Responding to workplace terrorism: applying military models of behavioral health and public health response', Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 21(3/4), 21-33.
7. Ben-Ezra, M. (2004), 'Traumatic events take their toll on mental health', Nature, 430, 611.
8. Brooks,N. and McKinlay,W. (1992), 'Mental health consequences of the Lockerbie disaster', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 527-43.
9. Burkle, F.M.J., Newland, C., Orebaugh, S. and Blood, C.G. (1994), 'Emergency medicine in the Persian Gulf War: part 2. Triage methodology and lessons learned', Annual Emergency Medicine, 23, 748-54.
10. Bystritsky, A., Vapnik, T., Maidment, K., Pynoos, R.S. and Steinberg, A.M. (2000), 'Acute responses of anxiety disorder patients after a natural disaster', Depression and Anxiety, 11(1), 43-4.
11. Cameron, G., Pate, J., McCauley, D. and DeFazio, L. (2000), '1999 WMD terrorism chronology: incidents involving sub-national actors and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear materials', Nonproliferation Review, 7(2), 157-74.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001), 'Update: Investigation of bioterrorism- related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax', Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(43), 941-8.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003), Public Health and Aging: Health Related Quality of Life among Low-income Persons aged 45-64 Years, 1995-2001, New York.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004), Mental Health Status of World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers and Volunteers, July 2002-August 2004, New York.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007), Fire Safety Directory, http://www.firesafety.gov/, October 5, 2007.
16. Chao, E.L. and Henshaw, J.L. (2001), How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations, http://www.osha.gov/publications/osha3088.html, September 1, 2007.
17. Ciokajlo, M., Heinzmann, D., Pang, K., Cholo, A.B., Vittachi, I. and Kellogg, A.P. (2004), 'Loop high-rise fire injures', Chicago Tribune, December 7, 25.
18. Deering, C.G., Glover, S.G., Ready, D., Eddleman, H.C. and Alarcon, R.D. (1996), 'Unique patterns of comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder from different sources of trauma', Journal of Comparative Psychiatry, 37, 336-46.
19. Dellinger, A.M., Waxweiler, R.J. and Mallonee, S. (1997), 'Injuries to rescue workers following the Oklahoma City bombing', American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31(6), 727-32.
20. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (1987), 'Code of federal regulations',Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, Chapter XVII.
21. Department of Labor (1998), Using Universal Precautions with Bloodborne Pathogens (1910.1030), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
22. Dooley, E.G. and Gunn, J. (1995), 'The psychological effects of disaster at sea', British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 233-7.
23. Eachempati, S.R., Mick, S. and Barie, P.S. (2004), 'The impact of the 2003 blackout on a level 1 trauma center: lessons learned and implications for injury prevention', Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care, 57(5), 1127-31.
24. Everly, G.S., Jr (1999), 'Emergency mental health: an overview', International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(1), 3-7.
25. Fahy, R.F. (1995), 'The study of occupant behavior during the World Trade Center evacuation - preliminary report of results', paper presented at the International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering, Orlando, FL, September 10-15.
26. Fahy, R.F. and Proulx, G. (1995), 'Collective common sense: a study of human behavior during the World Trade Center evacuation', National Fire Protection Association Journal, 9(2), 59-67.
27. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (2001), FBI Policy and Guidelines: Counterterrorism, http://jackson.fbi.gov/cntrterr.htm, October 5, 2007.
28. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (1993), Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry, Washington, DC: FEMA.
29. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2002), World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations, New York: FEMA Region II.
30. Fire Department New York (FDNY) (2005), 'Office Building Emergency Action Plans', 3 RCNY §6-02.
31. 'Fire in Chicago high-rise office building kills six' (2003), http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Midwest/10/18/chicago.fire.ap/, March 13, 2006.
32. Flynn, B.W., Flanigan, S. and Everly, G.S. Jr. (2005), 'Fostering human continuity: an essential element in workplace crisis intervention', International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 7(3), 187-93.
33. Galea, S., Nandi, A. and Vlahov, D. (2005), 'The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters', Epidemiological Reviews, 27, 78-91.
34. Gershon, R.R., Karkashian, C.D., Grosch, J.W., Murphy, L.R., Escamilla-Cejudo, A., Flanagan, P.A. et al. (2000), 'Hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices and workplace exposure incidents', American Journal of Infection Control, 28(3), 211-21.
35. Gershon, R.R., Karkashian, C.D., Vlahov, D., Kummer, L., Kasting, C., Green- McKenzie, J. et al. (1999), 'Compliance with universal precautions in correctional health care facilities', Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41(3), 181-9.
36. Gershon, R.R., Qureshi, K.A., Rubin, M.S. and Raveis, V.H. (2007), 'Factors associated with high-rise evacuation: qualitative results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study', Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 22(3), 165-73.
37. Gershon, R.R., Vlahov, D., Felknor, S.A., Vesley, D., Johnson, P.C., Delclos, G.L. et al. (1995), 'Compliance with universal precautions among health care workers at three regional hospitals', American Journal of Infection Control, 23(4), 225-36.
38. Green, B.L. and Lindy, J.D. (1994), 'Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of disasters', Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(2), 301-9.
39. Green, B.L., Lindy J.D., Grace, M.C. et al. (1992), 'Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample', Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 760-66.
40. Grieger, T.A., Fullerton, C.S. and Ursano, R.J. (2003), 'Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and perceived safety after the terrorist attack on the Pentagon', Psychiatric Services, 54(10), 1380-82.
41. Grieger, T.A., Fullerton, C.S. and Ursano, R.J. (2004), 'Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and perceived safety 13 months after September 11', Psychiatric Services, 55(8), 1061-3.
42. Hinman, E.E. and Hammond, D.J. (1996), Lessons from the Oklahoma City Bombing: Defensive Design Techniques, New York: ASCE Press.
43. International Code Council (ICC) (2003), International Code Council Government Relations Code Adoption Toolkit, Washington, DC: International Code Council.
44. International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) (1994), Publications List, Whittier, CA.
45. Irving, L.M., Telfer, L. and Blake, D.D. (1997), 'Hope, coping, and social support in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(3), 465-79.
46. Kaniasty, K. and Norris, F.H. (1993), 'A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disasters', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 395-408.
47. Kessler, R.C. (2000), 'Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society', Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 4-12.
48. Kuo, C.J., Tang, H.S., Tsay, C.J., Lin, S.K., Hu, W.H. and Chen, C.C. (2003), 'Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among bereaved survivors of a disastrous earthquake in Taiwan', Psychiatric Services, 54(2), 249-51.
49. Lindell, M.K. and Perry, R.W. (1992), Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Management, Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing.
50. Local Law 26 (2004), 'Building Safety', New York City Building Code, § 27-383.
51. Masi, D., Altman, L., Benayon, C., Healy, H., Jorgensen, D.G. and Kennish, R., et al. (2002), 'Employee assistance programs in the year 2002', in R.W. Manderscheld and M.J. Henderson (eds), Mental Health, United States, 2002, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
52. Michalsen, A., Delclos, G.L., Felknor, S.A., Davidson, A.L., Johnson, P.C., Vesley, D. et al. (1997), 'Compliance with universal precautions among physicians', Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39(2), 130-37.
53. Morgan, L., Scourfield, J., Williams, D., Jasper, A. and Lewis, G. (2003), 'The Aberfan disaster: 33-year follow-up of survivors', British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 532-6.
54. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (2000), Life Safety Code, Section 3- 3.25.06, Quincy, MA.
55. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (2007), Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs, Quincy, MA.
56. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2007), NIOSH Safety and Health Topics: Emergency Preparedness for Business, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/prepared/, October 4.
57. National Institute of Mental Health (2002), Mental Health and Mass Violence: Evidence-based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence (NIMH Publication No. 02-5138), Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health.
58. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2005), Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers, http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm, September 1, 2007.
59. Norris, F., Friedman, M., Watson, P., Byrne, C., Diaz, E. and Kaniasty, K. (2002), '60,000 disaster victims speak, Part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001', Psychiatry, 65, 207-39.
60. North, C.S., Nixon, S.J., Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., McMillen, J.C., Spitznagel, E.L. et al. (1999), 'Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing', Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(8), 755-62.
61. Pfefferbaum, B., Sconzo, G.M., Flynn, B.W., Kearns, L.J., Doughty, D.E., Gurwitch, R.H. et al. (2003), 'Case findings and mental health services for children in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing', Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 30(2), 215-27.
62. Pohlman, C. (1999), Study on Workplace Satisfaction in Public, Private Sectors, Toronto: Canadian Federation of Independent Business.
63. Proulx, G. (2001), 'Occupant behavior and evacuation', paper presented at the Proceedings of the 9th International Fire Protection Symposium, Munich, Germany, May 25.
64. Proulx, G. and Fahy, R. (2002), 'A comparison of the 1993 and 2001 evacuations of the World Trade Center', paper presented at the National Fire Protection Association World Safety Congress and Exhibition, Minneapolis, MN, May 21.
65. Quarantelli, E.L. (1997), 'Ten criteria for evaluating the management of community disasters', Disasters, 21(1), 39-56.
66. Quenemoen, L.E., Davis, Y.M., Malilay, J., Sinks, T., Noji, E.K. and Klitzman, S. (1996), 'The World Trade Center bombing: injury prevention strategies for highrise building fires', Disasters, 20(2), 125-32.
67. Quinn, S.C., Thomas, T. and McAllister, C. (2005), 'Postal workers' perspectives on communication during the anthrax attack', Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 3(3), 207-15.
68. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (2005), P/L/93- 288 as amended, and 42 U.S.C. § 5121-5206, 44 C.F.R. 206.31-206.48.
69. Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M. and Livanou, M. (2003), 'Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey', Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(3), 154-60.
70. Schouten, R., Callahan, M.V. and Bryant, S. (2004), 'Community response to - disaster: the role of the workplace', Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(4), 229-37.
71. Selley, C., King, E., Peveler, R. et al. (1997), 'Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the Clapham rail accident', British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 478-82.
72. Society of Fire Protection Engineers (2003), Engineering Guide to Human Behavior in Fire, Bethesda, MD.
73. Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) (1993), Products Catalog, Birmingham, AL.
74. Stith Butler, A., Panzer, A.M. and Goldfrank, L.R. (2003), Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism: A Public Health Strategy, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
75. Straussner, S.L.A. (1988), 'A comparative analysis of in-house and contractual employee assistance programs', Employee Assistance Quarterly, 3, 43-55.
76. Tierney, K.J., Lindell, M.K. and Perry, R.W. (2001), Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
77. 'Training Courses for Fire Safety/Emergency Action Plan Directors', 3 RCNY §9- 08 (2006).
78. Tyler, M.P. and Rogers, J.R. (2005), 'A federal perspective on EAPs and emergency preparedness', International Journal Emergency Mental Health, 7(3), 179-86.
79. Ursano, R.J. (2002), 'Terrorism and mental health: public health and primary care', paper presented at the 18th Annual Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy, Atlanta, GA, November 6-7.
80. US Office of Personnel Management (2004), Employee Health Services Handbook, http://www.healthierfeds.opm.gov/healthierfedsmanual.asp, August 30, 2007.
81. Veenema, T.G. (2006), 'Expanding educational opportunities in disaster response and emergency preparedness for nurses', Nursing Education Perspective, 27(2), 93-9.
82. Verger, P., Dab,W., Lamping,D.L., Loze, J.Y., Deschaseaux-Voinet, C., Abenhaim, L. et al. (2004), 'The psychological impact of terrorism: an epidemiologic study of posttraumatic stress disorder and associated factors in victims of the 1995-1996 bombings in France', American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1384-9.
83. Vineburgh, N.T. (2004), 'The power of the pink ribbon: raising awareness of the mental health implications of terrorism', Psychiatry, 67(2), 137-46.
84. Wenger, D. (1987), 'Collective behavior and disaster research', in R. Dynes, B. DeMarchi and C. Pelanda (eds), Sociology of Disasters: Contributions of Sociology to Disaster Research, Milan: Franco Angeli, pp. 213-37.
85. Yule,W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., O'Ryan, D. and Nurrish, J. (2000), 'The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(4), 503-11.