Treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: Update of the EAU guidelines;Tratamiento del cáncer de vejiga con invasión muscular y metastásico: actualización de la Guía Clínica de la EAU

Actas Urologicas Espanolas

Volumn 36, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 449-460

  Stenzl, A ^a   Cowan, N C ^b   De Santis, M ^c   Kuczyk, M A ^d   Merseburger, A S ^d   Ribal, M J ^e   Sherif, A ^f   Witjes, J A ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b CHURCHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c KAISER FRANZ JOSEF HOSPITAL   (Austria)

^d HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^f KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^g RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Chemotherapy; Cystectomy; EAU guidelines; Multidisciplinary management; Muscle invasive; Quality of life; Radiation therapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865474549     PISSN: 02104806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2011.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - levels of evidence (March 2009). [Actualizado marzo 2009]. Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1025
2. C.N. Sternberg, V. Pansadoro, F. Calabro, S. Schnetzer, D. Giannarelli, and P. Emiliozzi Can patient selection for bladder preservation be based on response to chemotherapy? Cancer 97 2003 1644 1652
3. R.F. Sanchez-Ortiz, W.C. Huang, R. Mick, K.N. Van Arsdalen, A.J. Wein, and A.B. Malkowicz An interval longer than 12 weeks between the diagnosis of muscle invasion and cystectomy is associated with worse outcome in bladder carcinoma J Urol 169 2003 110 115
4. J.P. Stein Contemporary concepts of radical cystectomy and the treatment of bladder cancer J Urol 169 2003 116 117
5. H.B. Grossman, R.B. Natale, C.M. Tangen, V.O. Speights, N.J. Vogelzang, and D.L. Trump Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer N Engl J Med 349 2003 859 866
6. A. Sherif, L. Holmberg, E. Rintala, O. Mestad, J. Nilsson, and S. Nilsson Neoadjuvant cisplatinum based combination chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: a combined analysis of two Nordic studies Eur Urol 45 2004 297 303
7. Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Eur Urol 48 2005 189 201
8. H.W. Herr, D.F. Bajorin, and H.I. Scher Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and bladder-sparing surgery for invasive bladder cancer: ten-year outcome J Clin Oncol 16 1998 1298 1301
9. A. Widmark, P. Flodgren, J.E. Damber, S. Hellsten, and E. Cavallin-Stahl A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in urinary bladder cancer Acta Oncol 42 2003 567 581
10. T. Granfors, R. Tomic, and B. Ljungberg Downstaging and survival benefits of neoadjuvant radiotherapy before cystectomy for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma Scand J Urol Nephrol 43 2009 293 299
11. C. Rödel, C. Weiss, and R. Sauder Trimodality treatment and selective organ preservation for bladder cancer J Clin Oncol 24 2006 5536 5544
12. R.E. Hautmann, H. Abol-Enein, K. Hafez, I. Haro, W. Mansson, and R.D. Mills Urinary diversion, WHO Consensus Conference on Bladder Cancer Urology 69 Suppl 1 2007 17 49
13. A. Stenzl, U. Nagele, M. Kuczyk, K-D. Sievert, A. Anastasiadis, and J. Seibold Cystectomy-technical considerations in male and female patients EAU Update Series 3 2005 138 146
14. M. Abdelhady, A. Abusamra, S.E. Pautler, J.L. Chin, and J.I. Izawa Clinically significant prostate cancer found incidentally in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens BJU Int 99 2007 326 329
15. J.A. Pettus, H. Al-Ahmadie, D.A. Barocas, T.M. Koppie, H. Herr, and S.M. Donat Risk assessment of prostatic pathology in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy Eur Urol 53 2008 370 375
16. A.Z. Weizer, R.B. Shah, C.T. Lee, S.M. Gilbert, S. Daignault, and J.E. Montie Evaluation of the prostate peripheral zone/capsule in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy: defining risk with prostate capsule sparing cystectomy Urol Oncol 25 2007 460 464
17. G. Gakis, D. Schilling, J. Bedke, K.D. Sievert, and A. Stenzl Incidental prostate cancer at radical cystoprostatectomy: implications for apex-sparing surgery BJU Int 105 2010 468 471
18. C.H. Ong, M. Schmitt, G.N. Thalmann, and U.E. Studer Individualized seminal vesicle sparing cystoprostatectomy combined with ileal orthotopic bladder substitution achieves good functional results J Urol 183 2010 1337 1341
19. R. Colombo, and R.E. Hautmann Open to debate. The motion: seminal-nerve sparing radical cystectomy is an efficacious and safe treatment for selected bladder cancer patients Eur Urol 53 2008 203 207
20. A. Stenzl, K. Colleselli, S. Poisel, H. Feichtinger, H. Pontasch, and G. Bartsch Rationale and technique of nerve sparing radical cystectomy before an orthotopic neobladder procedure in women J Urol 154 1995 2044 2049
21. G. Gakis, D. Schilling, S. Perner, C. Schwentner, K.D. Sievert, and A. Stenzl Sequential resection of malignant ureteral margins at radical cystectomy: a critical assessment of the value of frozen section analysis World J Urol 29 2011 451 456
22. M.K. Tollefson, M.L. Blute, S.A. Farmer, and I. Frank Significance of distal ureteral margin at radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma J Urol 183 2010 81 86
23. M.C. Schumacher, M. Scholz, E.S. Weise, A. Fleischmann, G.N. Thalmann, and U.E. Studer Is there an indication for frozen section examination of the ureteral margins during cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder? J Urol 176 2006 2409 2413
24. H.W. Herr, B.H. Bochner, G. Dalbagni, S.M. Donat, V.E. Reuter, and D.F. Bajorin Impact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer J Urol 167 2002 1295 1298
25. J. Leissner, R. Hohenfellner, J.W. Thuroff, and H.K. Wolf Lymphadenectomy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder; significance for staging and prognosis BJU Int 85 2000 817 823
26. M.A. Ghoneim, and H. Abol-Enein Lymphadenectomy with cystectomy: is it necessary and what is its extent? Eur Urol 46 2004 457 461
27. B. Roth, M.P. Wissmeyer, P. Zehnder, F.D. Birkhäuser, G.N. Thalmann, and T.M. Krause A new multimodality technique accurately maps the primary lymphatic landing sites of the bladder Eur Urol 57 2010 205 211
28. R.S. Pruthi, J. Nix, D. McRackan, A. Hickerson, M.E. Nielsen, and M. Raynor Robotic-assisted laparoscopic intracorporeal urinary diversion Eur Urol 57 2010 1013 1021
29. R.E. Hautmann The oncologic results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy are not (yet) equivalent to open cystectomy Curr Opin Urol 19 2009 522 526
30. G.-P. Haber, S. Crouzet, and I.S. Gill Laparoscopic and robotic assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a critical analysis Eur Urol 54 2008 54 64
31. G. Gakis, and A. Stenzl Ileal neobladder and its variants Eur Urol Suppl 9 2010 745 753
32. A. Pycha, E. Comploj, T. Martini, E. Trenti, C. Mian, and L. Lusuardi Comparison of complications in three incontinent urinary diversions Eur Urol 54 2008 825 832
33. R.R. Nieuwenhuijzen, A.B. de Vries, A. Bex, H.G. van der Poel, W. Meinhardt, and N. Antonini Urinary diversions after cystectomy: the association of clinical factors, complications and functional results of four different diversions Eur Urol 53 2008 834 844
34. S.B. Farnham, and M.S. Cookson Surgical complications of urinary diversion World J Urol 22 2004 157 167
35. A. Stenzl, H. Sherif, and M. Kuczyk Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder for invasive bladder cancer: a critical analysis of long term oncological, functional and quality of life results Int Braz J Urol 36 2010 537 547
36. J.P. Stein, P. Clark, G. Miranda, J. Cai, S. Groshen, and D.G. Skinner Urethral tumor recurrence following cystectomy and urinary diversion: clinical and pathological characteristics in 768 male patients J Urol 173 2005 1163 1168
37. R.E. Hautmann, B.G. Volkmer, M.C. Schumacher, J.E. Gschwend, and U.E. Studer Long-term results of standard procedures in urology: the ileal neobladder World J Urol 24 2006 305 314
38. M. Froehner, M.A. Brausi, H.W. Herr, G. Muto, and U.E. Studer Complications following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in the elderly Eur Urol 56 2009 443 454
39. J.E. Gschwend, P. Dahm, and W.R. Fair Disease specific survival as endpoint of outcome for bladder cancer patients following radical cystectomy Eur Urol 41 2002 440 448
40. S.F. Shariat, P.I. Karakiewicz, G.S. Palapattu, G.E. Amiel, Y. Lotan, and C.G. Rogers Nomograms provide improved accuracy for predicting survival after radical cystectomy Clin Cancer Res 12 2006 6663 6676
41. D. Zaak, M. Burger, W. Otto, P.J. Bastian, S. Denzinger, and C.G. Stief Predicting individual outcomes after radical cystectomy: an external validation of current nomograms BJU Int 106 2010 342 348
42. J.P. Stein, G. Lieskovsky, R. Cote, S. Groshen, A.C. Feng, and S. Boyd Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients J Clin Oncol 19 2001 666 675
43. S. Madersbacher, F. Hochreiter, F. Burkhard, G.N. Thalmann, H. Danuser, and R. Markwalder Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer today - a homogeneous series without neoadjuvant therapy J Clin Oncol 21 2003 690 696
44. B.K. Hollenbeck, D.C. Miller, D. Taub, R.L. Dunn, W. Underwood 3rd, and J.E. Montie Aggressive treatment for bladder cancer is associated with improved overall survival among patients 80 years old or older Urology 64 2004 292 297
45. M. Lodde, S. Palermo, E. Comploj, D. Signorello, C. Mian, and L. Lusuardi Four years experience in bladder preserving management for muscle invasive bladder cancer Eur Urol 47 2005 773 779
46. U. Nagele, A.G. Anastasiadis, A.S. Merseburger, S. Corvin, J. Hennenlotter, and M. Adam The rationale for radical cystectomy as primary therapy for T4 bladder cancer World J Urol 25 2007 401 405
47. N. Lawrentschuk, R. Colombo, O.W. Hakenberg, S.P. Lerner, W. Mnsson, and A. Sagalowsky Prevention and management of complications following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer Eur Urol 57 2010 983 1001
48. B.R. Konety, V. Dhawan, V. Allareddy, and M.A. O'Donnell Association between volume and charges for most frequently performed ambulatory and nonambulatory surgery for bladder cancer. Is more cheaper? J Urol 172 2004 1056 1061
49. E. Hautmann, R.C. de Petriconi, and B.G. Volkmer Lessons learned from 1,000 neobladders: the 90-day complication rate J Urol 184 2010 990 994
50. M.S. Khan, O. Elhage, B. Challacombe, P. Rimington, D. Murphy, and P. Dasgupta Analysis of early complications of robotic-assisted radical cystectomy using a standardized reporting system Urology 77 2011 357 362
51. D. Dindo, N. Demartines, and P.A. Clavien Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey Ann Surg 240 2004 205 213
52. R.S. Svatek, M.B. Fisher, S.F. Matin, A.M. Kamat, H.B. Grossman, and G.M. Nogueras-González Risk factor analysis in a contemporary cystectomy cohort using standardized reporting methodology and adverse event criteria J Urol 183 2010 929 934
53. S.M. Donat Standards for surgical complication reporting in urologic oncology: time for a change Urology 69 2007 221 225
54. G. Novara, V. De Marco, M. Aragona, R. Boscolo-Berto, S. Cavalleri, and W. Artibani Complications and mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder transitional cell cancer J Urol 182 2009 914 921
55. W. De Neve, M.L. Lybeert, C. Goor, M.A. Crommelin, and J.G. Ribot Radiotherapy for T2 and T3 carcinoma of the bladder: the influence of overall treatment time Radiother Oncol 36 1995 183 188
56. H. Mameghan, R. Fisher, J. Mameghan, and S. Brook Analysis of failure following definitive radiotherapy for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31 1995 247 254
57. I. Näslund, B. Nilsson, and B. Littbrand Hyperfractionated radiotherapy of bladder cancer. A ten-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial Acta Oncol 33 1994 397 402
58. S. Tonoli, F. Bertoni, A. De Stefani, E. Vitali, D. De Tomasi, and B. Caraffini Radical radiotherapy for bladder cancer: retrospective analysis of a series of 459 patients treated in an Italian institution Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 18 2006 52 59
59. M.D. Shelley, J. Barber, T. Wilt, and M.D. Mason Surgery versus radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 CD002079
60. A.H. Piet, M.C. Hulshof, B.R. Pieters, F.J. Pos, T.M. de Reijke, and C.C. Koning Clinical results of a concomitant boost radiotherapy technique for muscle-invasive bladder cancer Strahlenther Onkol 184 2008 313 318
61. M.S. Eisenberg, R.P. Dorin, G. Bartsch, J. Cai, G. Miranda, and E.C. Skinner Early complications of cystectomy after high dose pelvic radiation J Urol 184 2010 2264 2269
62. L.A. Kachni, D.S. Kaufman, N.M. Heney, A.F. Althausen, P.P. Griffin, and A.L. Zietman Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer J Clin Oncol 15 1997 1022 1029
63. A.B. Als, L. Sengelov, and H. von der Maase Long-term survival after gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: focus on supplementary treatment strategies Eur Urol 52 2007 478 487
64. Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC). Meta-analysis Collaboration Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Eur Urol 48 2005 202 206
65. C.J. Weight, J.A. Garcia, D.E. Hansel, A.F. Fergany, S.C. Campbell, and M.C. Gong Lack of pathologic down-staging with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series Cancer 115 2009 792 799
66. P.J. Loehrer Sr., L.H. Einhorn, P.J. Elson, E.D. Crawford, P. Kuebler, and I. Tannock A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study J Clin Oncol 10 1992 1066 1073
67. D.F. Bajorin, P.M. Dodd, M. Mazumdar, M. Fazzari, J.A. McCaffrey, and H.I. Scher Long-term survival in metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma and prognostic factors predicting outcome of therapy J Clin Oncol 17 1999 3173 3181
68. J. Bellmunt, J. Albanell, L. Paz-Ares, M.A. Climent, J.L. González-Larriba, and J. Carles Pretreatment prognostic factors for survival in patients with advanced urothelial tumors treated in a phase I/II trial with paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine Cancer 95 2002 751 757
69. D. Bajorin The phase III candidate: can we improve the science of selection? J Clin Oncol 22 2004 211 213
70. J. Bellmunt, T.K. Choueiri, R. Fougeray, F.A. Schutz, Y. Salhi, and E. Winquist Prognostic factors in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract experiencing treatment failure with platinum-containing regimens J Clin Oncol 28 2010 1850 1855
71. M. De Santis, and M. Bachner New developments in first- and second-line chemotherapy for transitional cell, squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the bladder Curr Opin Urol 17 2007 363 368
72. C.N. Sternberg, A. Yagoda, H.I. Scher, R.C. Watson, N. Geller, and H.W. Herr Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Efficacy and patterns of response and relapse Cancer 64 1989 2448 2458
73. C.N. Sternberg, A. Yagoda, H.I. Scher, R.C. Watson, H.W. Herr, and M.J. Morse M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium J Urol 139 1988 461 469
74. H. von der Maase, S.W. Hansen, J.T. Roberts, L. Dogliotti, T. Oliver, and M.J. Moore Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study J Clin Oncol 18 2000 3068 3077
75. H. von der Maase, L. Sengelov, J.T. Roberts, S. Ricci, L. Dogliotti, and T. Oliver Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer J Clin Oncol 23 2005 4602 4608
76. C.N. Sternberg, P.H. de Mulder, J.H. Schornagel, C. Théodore, S.D. Fossa, A.T. van Oosterom European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924 J Clin Oncol 19 2001 2638 2646
77. C.N. Sternberg, P. de Mulder, J.H. Schornagel, C. Theodore, S.D. Fossa, and A.T. van Oosterom Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours Eur J Cancer 42 2006 50 54
78. M.I. Milowsky, D.M. Nanus, F.C. Maluf, S. Mironov, W. Shi, and A. Iasonos Final results of sequential doxorubicin plus gemcitabine and ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with metastatic or locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium J Clin Oncol 27 2009 4062 4067
79. M.H. Hussain, G.R. MacVicar, D.P. Petrylak, R.L. Dunn, U. Vaishampayan, and P.N. Lara Jr Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/neu-positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase II National Cancer Institute trial J Clin Oncol 25 2007 2218 2224
80. M. De Santis, J. Bellmunt, G. Mead, J.M. Kerst, M. Leahy, and P. Maroto Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer "unfit" for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: phase II - results of EORTC study 30986 J Clin Oncol 27 2009 5634 5639
81. S. Culine, C. Theodore, and M. De Santis A phase II study of vinflunine in bladder cancer patients progressing after first-line platinum-containing regimen Br J Cancer 94 2006 1395 1401
82. J. Bellmunt, C. Theodore, T. Demkov, B. Komyakov, L. Sengelov, and G. Daugaard Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract J Clin Oncol 27 2009 4454 4461
83. R.F. Youssef, A.P. Mitra, G. Bartsch Jr., P.A. Jones, D.G. Skinner, and R.J. Cote Molecular targets and targeted therapies in bladder cancer management World J Urol 27 2009 9 20
84. S.F. Shariat, R.F. Youssef, A. Gupta, D.C. Chade, P.I. Karakiewicz, and H. Isbarn Association of angiogenesis related markers with bladder cancer outcomes and other molecular markers J Urol 183 2010 1744 1750
85. S. Song, M.G. Wientjes, Y. Gan, and J.L. Au Fibroblast growth factors: an epigenetic mechanism of broad spectrum resistance to anticancer drugs Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 2000 8658 8663
86. J.J. Gomez-Roman, P. Saenz, M. Molina, J. Cuevas González, K. Escuredo, and S. Santa Cruz Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is overexpressed in urinary tract carcinomas and modulates the neoplastic cell growth Clin Cancer Res 11 2005 459 465
87. E. Ioachim, M.C. Michael, M. Salmas, K. Damala, E. Tsanou, and M.M. Michael Thrombospondin-1 expression in urothelial carcinoma: prognostic significance and association with p53 alterations, tumour angiogenesis and extracellular matrix components BMC Cancer 6 2006 140
88. D.J. Gallagher, M.I. Milowsky, and N. Ishill Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with urothelial cancer Ann Oncol 20 2009 305 308
89. A.C. Hoffmann, P. Wild, C. Leicht, S. Bertz, K.D. Danenberg, and P.V. Danenberg MDR1 and ERCC1 expression predict outcome of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Neoplasia 12 2010 628 636
90. M. Aapro, P.A. Abrahamsson, J.J. Body, R.E. Coleman, R. Colomer, and L. Costa Guidance on the use of bisphosphonates in solid tumours: recommendations of an international expert panel Ann Oncol 19 2008 420 432
91. M.S. Zaghloul, R. Boutrus, H. El-Hossieny, Y.A. Kader, I. El-Attar, and M. Nazmy A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in bony metastatic bladder cancer Int J Clin Oncol 15 2010 382 389
92. L.S. Rosen, D. Gordon, N.S. Tchekmedyian, R. Yanagihara, V. Hirsh, and M. Krzakowski Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma and other solid tumors: a randomized, phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Cancer 100 2004 2613 2621