Best performances by men and women open-water swimmers during the 'English Channel Swim' from 1900 to 2010

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 30, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1295-1301

  Eichenberger, Evelyn ^a   Knechtle, Beat ^a   Knechtle, Patrizia ^b   RüSt, Christoph Alexander ^a   Rosemann, Thomas ^a   Lepers, Romuald ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen ^*  (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE   (France)

Author keywords

athlete; elite swimmer; extreme endurance; nationality

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; ENDURANCE; FEMALE; FRANCE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; SEA; SEX DIFFERENCE; SWIMMING; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; ENGLAND; FEMALE; FRANCE; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; OCEANS AND SEAS; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; SEX FACTORS; SWIMMING; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84865179516     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.709264     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Acevedo, E. O., Meyers, M. C., Hayman, M. and Haskin, J. 1997. Applying physiological principles and assessment techniques to swimming the English Channel. A case study. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 37: 78-85.
2. Blaak, E. 2001. Gender differences in fat metabolism. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 4: 499-502.
3. Butković, A. and Bratko, D. 2003. Generation and sex differences in sensation seeking:Results of the family study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97: 965-970.
4. Eichenberger, E., Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T. and Lepers, R. 2012. No gender difference in peak performance in ultra-endurance swimming performance-Analysis of the 'Zurich 12-h Swim' from 1996 to 2010. Chinese Journal of Physiology, doi: 10.4077/CJP.2012.BAA053
5. Firth, P. G., Zheng, H., Windsor, J. S., Sutherland, A. I., Imray, C. H., Moore, G. W. and Salisbury, R. A. 2008. Mortality on Mount Everest, 1921-2006: Descriptive study. BMJ, 337: a2654
6. Froberg, K. and Pedersen, P. K. 1984. Sex differences in endurance capacity and metabolic response to prolonged, heavy exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 52: 446-450.
7. Hanrahan, S. J. and Cerin, E. 2009. Gender, level of participation, and type of sport: Differences in achievement goal orientation and attributional style. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12: 508-512.
8. Hatfield, H. S. and Pugh, L. G. C. 1951. Thermal conductivity of human fat and muscle. Nature, 168: 918-919.
9. Hoffman, M. D., Ong, J. C. and Wang, G. 2010. Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America. International Journal of the History of Sport, 27: 1877-1891.
10. Huey, R. B. and Salisbury, R. 2003. Success and death on Mount Everest. American Alpine Journal, 77: 432-433
11. Keatinge, W. R., Khartchenko, M., Lando, N. and Lioutov, V. 2001. Hypothermia during sports swimming in water below 11°C. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35: 352-353.
12. Knechtle, B., Baumann, B., Knechtle, P. and Rosemann, T. 2010a. What influences race performance in male open-water ultra-endurance swimmers: Anthropometry or training?. Human Movement, 11: 91-95.
13. Knechtle, B., Baumann, B., Knechtle, P. and Rosemann, T. 2010b. Speed during training and anthropometric measures in relation to race performance by male and female open-water ultra-endurance swimmers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111: 463-474.
14. Knechtle, B., Christinger, N., Kohler, G., Knechtle, P. and Rosemann, T. 2009. Swimming in ice cold water. Irish Journal of Medical Sciences, 178: 507-511.
15. Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P. and Kohler, G. 2008. No correlation of anthropometry and race performance in ultra-endurance swimmer at a 12-hour-swim. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 66: 73-79.
16. Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P. and Lepers, R. 2011. Participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons from 1985 to 2009. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21: e82-90.
17. Lavoie, J. M. and Montpetit, R. R. 1986. Applied physiology of swimming. Sports Medicine, 3: 165-189.
18. Lepers, R. 2008. Analysis of Hawaii Ironman performances in elite triathletes from 1981 to 2007. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40: 1828-1834.
19. Lepers, R. and Maffiuletti, N. A. 2011. Age and gender interactions in ultra-endurance performance: Insight from the triathlon. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43: 134-139.
20. Lynch, S. L. and Hoch, A. Z. 2010. The female runner: Gender specifics. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 29: 477-498.
21. Nevill, A. M. and White, G. 2005. Are there limits to running world records?. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37: 1785-1788.
22. Pendergast, D. R., Di Prampero, P. E., Craig, A. B., Wilson, D. R. and Rennie, D. W. 1977. Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43: 475-479.
23. Pugh, L. G. C. and Edholm, O. G. 1955. The physiology of Channel swimmers. Lancet, 2: 761-768.
24. Tanaka, H. and Seals, D. 1997. Age and gender interactions in physiological functional capacity: Insight from swimming performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82: 846-851.
25. Tanaka, H. and Seals, D. R. 2008. Endurance exercise performancein masters athletes: Age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of Physiology, 586: 55-63.
26. Tarnopolsky, M. A. 2000. Gender differences in metabolism, nutrition and supplements. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 3: 287-298.
27. Trewin, C. B., Hopkins, W. G. and Pyne, D. B. 2004. Relationship between world-ranking and Olympic performance of swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22: 339-345.
28. VanHeest, J. L., Mahoney, C. E. and Herr, L. 2004. Characteristic of elite open-water swimmers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18: 302-305.
29. Winter, E. M. and Fowler, N. 2009. Exercise defined and quantified according to the Systeme International d'Unites. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27: 447-460.
30. Zaryski, C. and Smith, D. J. 2005. Training principles and issues for ultra-endurance athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4: 165-170.