Exercise defined and quantified according to the Système International d'Unités

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 447-460

  Winter, Edward M ^a   Fowler, Neil ^b  

^a SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Definition; Exercise; Quantification; SI

Indexed keywords

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; EXERCISE; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 61849181046     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640410802658461     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Adamson, G. T. and Whitney, R. J. (1971) Critical appraisal of jumping as a measure of human power. Medicine and sport 6: Biomechanics II, pp. 208-211. Karger, Basel
2. Atha, J. (1981) Strengthening muscle. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 9, pp. 1-74. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA
3. Bangsbo, J. (1996) Oxygen deficit: A measure of the anaerobic energy production during intense exercise. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 21, pp. 350-363.
4. Bartlett, R. (2007) Introduction to sports biomechanics: Analysing human movement patterns, Routledge, Abingdon, UK
5. Biddle, S. J. H. and Mutrie, N. (2008) Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions, Routledge, Abingdon, UK
6. Borg, G. (1998) Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
7. Bouchard, C. and Shephard, R. J. (1994) Physical activity, fitness and health: The model and key concepts. Physical activity, fitness and health, pp. 77-88. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
8. Cajori, F. (1960) Sir Isaac Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy and his system of the world, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
9. Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E. and Christenson, G. M. (1985) Physical activity, exercise and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100, pp. 126-131.
10. Cavanagh, P. R. and Kram, R. (1985) The efficiency of human movement - a statement of the problem. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, pp. 304-308.
11. Cavanagh, P. R. and Kram, R. (1985) Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, pp. 326-331.
12. Chalmers, C. (1999) What is this thing called science?, Open University Press, Buckingham
13. O2 in working red muscle in situ. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61, pp. 402-408.
14. Dallmeijer, A. J., van der Woude, L., Veeger, L. H. and Hollander, A. P. (1998) Effectiveness of force application in manual wheelchair propulsion in persons with spinal cord injuries. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, pp. 213-221.
15. Faulkner, J. H. (2003) Terminology for contractions of muscles during shortening, while isometric, and during lengthening. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, pp. 455-459.
16. Hamilton, M. T., Hamilton, D. G. and Zderic, T. W. (2007) The role of low energy expenditure and sitting on obesity, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes, 56, pp. 2655-2667.
17. Hand, D. H. (2004) Measurement theory and practice, Arnold, London
18. Hierons, R. and Meyer, A. (1964) Willis's place in the history of muscle physiology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 57, pp. 687-692.
19. Hill, A. V. (1938) The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 126, pp. 136-195.
20. Jones, A. M. (2008) Middle- and long-distance running. Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines, Volume One: Sport testing, pp. 147-154. Routledge, Abingdon, UK
21. Jones, A. M. and Poole, D. C. (2005) Oxygen uptake kinetics in sport, exercise and medicine, Routledge, Abingdon, UK
22. Killoran, A., Cavill, N. and Walker, A. (1994) Who needs to know what? An investigation of the characteristics of the key target groups for the effective promotion of physical activity. Moving on: International perspectives on promoting physical activity, pp. 149-169. Health Education Authority, London
23. Knuttgen, H. G. (1978) Force, work, power and exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10, pp. 227-228.
24. McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. and Katch, V. L. (2000) Essentials of exercise physiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA
25. McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. and Katch, V. L. (2007) Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition and human performance, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
26. McNamee, M. (2005) Philosophy and science of exercise, health and sport, Routledge, Abingdon, UK
27. Medbø, J. I. (1996) Is the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit an adequate measure of the anaerobic capacity. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 21, pp. 370-383.
28. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (2009)
29. Needham, D. M. (1971) Machina Carnis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
30. Porter, R. (1999) The greatest benefit to mankind: A medical history of humanity from antiquity to the present, HarperCollins, London
31. Quinney, H. A., Gauvin, L. and Wall, A. E. T. (1994) Toward active living, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
32. Rasch, P. J. and Burke, R. K. (1967) Kinesiology and applied anatomy, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA
33. Rogers, M. M. and Cavanagh, P. R. (1984) Glossary of biomechanical terms, concepts and units. Physical Therapy, 64, pp. 1886-1902.
34. Rogers, M. M. and Cavanagh, P. R. (2008) Glossary of biomechanical terms, concepts and units
35. Royal Society (1975) Quantities, units and symbols, Royal Society, London
36. Schneider, E. C. and Karpovitch, P. V. (1948) Physiology of muscular activity, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA
37. Sevick, M. A., Dunn, A. L., Morrow, M. S., Marcus, B. H., Chen, G. J. and Blair, S. N. (2000) Cost-effectiveness of lifestyle and structured exercise interventions in sedentary adults: Results of project ACTIVE. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19, pp. 1-8.
38. Smith, A. J. (1972) A study of the forces on the body in athletic activities, with particular reference to jumping, Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds
39. Spurway, N. (2008) Sailing. Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines, Volume One: Sport testing, pp. 178-183. Routledge, Abingdon, UK
40. Thomas, J. R., Nelson, J. K. and Silverman, S. J. (2005) Research methods in physical activity, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
41. Whipp, B. J. (1996) Domains of aerobic function and their limiting factors. The physiology and pathophysiology of exercise tolerance, pp. 83-90. Plenum Press, New York
42. Williams, C. (1987) Short term activity. Exercise: Benefits, limits and adaptations, pp. 59-62. E & FN Spon, London
43. Winter, D. A. (1979) A new definition of mechanical work done in human movement. Journal of Applied Physiology, 46, pp. 79-83.
44. Winter, D. A. (2004) Biomechanics and motor control of human movement (3rd edn.), Wiley, Chichester, UK
45. Winter, E. M. (1990) Assessing exercise performance - the development of terms. British Journal of Physical Education, Research Supplement, 6, pp. 3-5.
46. Winter, E. M. (1991) Assessing exercise performance - maximal exercise I. British Journal of Physical Education, Research Supplement, 9, pp. 12-14.
47. Winter, E. M. (1991) Assessing exercise performance - maximal exercise II. British Journal of Physical Education, Research Supplement, 10, pp. 13-18.
48. Winter, E. M. (2006) Workload: Time to abandon? (editorial). Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, pp. 1237-1238.
49. Winter, E. M. (2008) Sport and exercise science: How new is new? (editorial). Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, pp. 1247-1248.
50. Winter, E. M. and MacLaren, D. P. (2009) Assessment of maximal-intensity exercise. Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual, Vol. 2: Exercise physiology, pp. 307-333. Routledge, Abingdon, UK