Depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in serum from catfish Ictalurus punctatus and rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 50, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 3426-3432

  Stine, Cynthia B ^a   Nochetto, Cristina B ^a   Evans, Eric R ^a   Gieseker, Charles M ^a   Mayer, Tamara D ^a   Hasbrouck, Nicholas R ^a   Reimschuessel, Renate ^a  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Catfish; Cyanuric acid; Depletion; Melamine; Serum; Trout

Indexed keywords

CYANURIC ACID; MELAMINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; CHANNEL CATFISH; LIMIT OF QUANTITATION; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN CONTENT; RAINBOW TROUT;

ANIMALS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; HALF-LIFE; ICTALURIDAE; ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; TRIAZINES;

ANIMALIA; ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS; MAMMALIA; ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 84865091760     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: 18736351     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.055     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Allen L.M., Briggle T.V., Pfaffenberger C.D. Absorption and excretion of cyanuric acid in long-distance swimmers. Drug Metab. Rev. 1982, 13:499-516.
2. Andersen W.C., Turnipseed S.B., Karbiwnyk C.M., Clark S.B., Madson M.R., Gieseker C.M., Miller R.A., Rummel N.G., Reimschuessel R. Determination and confirmation of melamine residues in catfish, trout, tilapia, salmon, and shrimp by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2008, 56:4340-4347.
3. Barbee S.J., Cascieri T., Hammond B.G., Inoue T., Ishida N., Wheeler A.G., Chadwick M., Hayes D., Macauley J., McComish A. Metabolism and disposition of sodium cyanurate. Toxicologist 1983, 3:80.
4. Barbee S.J., Cascieri T., Hammond B.G., Inoue T., Ishida N., Wheeler A.G., Chadwick M., Hayes D., Mccauley J., McComish M. Metabolism and disposition of sodium cyanurate in the dog. Toxicologist 1984, 4:92.
5. Barboza, D., Barrionuevo, A., 2007. Filler in animal feed is open secret in China. The New York Times, April 30. Available at: <> (accessed 07.25.12). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/30/business/worldbusiness/30food.html?pagewanted=all.
6. Baynes R.E., Smith G., Mason S.E., Barrett E., Barlow B.M., Riviere J.E. Pharmacokinetics of melamine in pigs following intravenous administration. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46:1196-1200.
7. Baynes R.E., Barlow B., Mason S.E., Riviere J.E. Disposition of melamine residues in blood and milk from dairy goats exposed to an oral bolus of melamine. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48:2542-2546.
8. Björklund H., Bylund G. Temperature related absorption and excretion of oxytetracycline in rainbow-trout (Salmo-gairdneri R). Aquaculture 1990, 84:363-372.
9. Björklund H.V., Eriksson A., Bylund G. Temperature-related absorption and excretion of oxolinic acid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 1992, 102:17-27.
10. Brown C.A., Jeong K.S., Poppenga R.H., Puschner B., Miller D.M., Ellis A.E., Kang K.I., Sum S., Cistola A.M., Brown S.A. Outbreaks of renal failure associated with melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats in 2004 and 2007. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2007, 19:525-531.
11. Cattaneo P., Ceriani L. Melamine in animal meals. Tecnica. Molitoria [Pinerolo] 1988, 39:28-32.
12. Cocchi M., Vascellari M., Gallina A., Agnoletti F., Angeletti R., Mutinelli F. Canine nephrotoxicosis induced by melamine-contaminated pet food in Italy. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2010, 72:103-107.
13. Dufour A.P., Evans O., Behymer T.D., Cantú' R. Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study. J. Water Health 2006, 4:425-430.
14. Gonzalez J., Puschner B., Perez V., Ferreras M.C., Delgado L., Muñoz M., Pérez C., Reyes L.E., Velasco J., Fernández V., García-Marín J.F. Nephrotoxicosis in Iberian piglets subsequent to exposure to melamine and derivatives in Spain between 2003 and 2006. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2009, 21:558-563.
15. Hammond B.G., Barbee S.J., Inoue T., Ishida N., Levinskas G.J., Stevens M.W., Wheeler A.G., Cascieri T. A review of toxicology studies on cyanurate and its chlorinated derivatives. Environ. Health Perspect. 1986, 69:287-292.
16. Heller D.N., Nochetto C.B. Simultaneous determination and confirmation of melamine and cyanuric acid in animal feed by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22:3624-3632.
17. Jacob C.C., Reimschuessel R., Von Tungeln L.S., Olson G.R., Warbritton A.R., Hattan D.G., Beland F.A., Gamboa da Costa G. Dose-response assessment of nephrotoxicity from a seven-day combined-exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid in F344 rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 119:391-397.
18. Jacob C.C., Von Tungeln L.S., Vanlandingham M., Beland F.A., Gamboa da Costa G. Pharmacokinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid, and their combinations in F344 rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2012, 126:317-324.
19. Karbiwnyk C.M., Andersen W.C., Turnipseed S.B., Storey J.M., Madson M.R., Miller K.E., Gieseker C.M., Miller R.A., Rummel N.G., Reimschuessel R. Determination of cyanuric acid residues in catfish, trout, tilapia, salmon and shrimp by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2009, 637:101-111.
20. Liu G., Li S., Jia J., Yu C., He J., Yu C., Zhu J. Pharmacokinetic study of melamine in rhesus monkey after a single oral administration of a tolerable daily intake dose. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 56:193-196.
21. Lv X., Wang J., Wu L., Qiu J., Li J., Wu Z., Qin Y. Tissue deposition and residue depletion in lambs exposed to melamine and cyanuric acid-contaminated diets. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2010, 58:943-948.
22. Mast R.W., Jeffcoat A.R., Sadler B.M., Kraska R.C., Friedman M.A. Metabolism, disposition and excretion of [14C]melamine in male Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1983, 21:807-810.
23. Nilubol D., Pattanaseth T., Boonsri K., Pirarat N., Leepipatpiboon N. Melamine- and cyanuric acid-associated renal failure in pigs in Thailand. Vet. Pathol. 2009, 46:1156-1159.
24. Nochetto, C., Stine, C.B., Rummel, N.G., Heller, D.N., Reimschuessel, R., 2009. Simultaneous determination and confirmation of melamine and cyanuric acid in fish kidneys. In: 238th American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition, Washington, DC, August 16-20.
25. Pang J., Li G.Q., Li C.R., Yang X.Y., Lu X., Hu X.X., Zhai Q.Q., Zhang W.X., Jiang J.D., You X.F. Toxicokinetic study of melamine in the presence and absence of cyanuric acid in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2011, Epub ahead of print. 10.1002/jat.1764.
26. Patel K., Jones K. Analytical method for the quantitative determination of cyanuric acid as the degradation product of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in urine by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007, 853:360-363.
27. Puschner B., Poppenga R.H., Lowenstine L.J., Filigenzi M.S., Pesavento P.A. Assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in cats. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2007, 19:616-624.
28. Puschner B., Reimschuessel R. Toxicosis caused by melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats: Uncovering the mystery and subsequent global implications. Clin. Lab. Med. 2011, 31:181-199.
29. Puschner, B., Reimschuessel, R., Stine, C.B., 2010. Melamine contamination and pathology. In: 147th American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Convention, Atlanta, GA, July 31st-August 3rd.
30. Reimschuessel R., Stewart L., Squibb E., Hirokawa K., Brady T., Brooks D., Shaikh B., Hodsdon C. Fish drug analysis-Phish-Pharm: a searchable database of pharmacokinetics data in fish. AAPS J. 2005, 7:E288-E327.
31. Reimschuessel R. Assessing the human health implications of new drugs used in fish farming. Improving Farmed Fish for the Consumer 2008, 128-156. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge England. T. Lie (Ed.).
32. Reimschuessel R., Gieseker C.M., Miller R.A., Ward J., Boehmer J., Rummel N., Heller D.N., Nochetto C., De Alwis G.K., Bataller N., Andersen W.C., Turnipseed S.B., Karbiwnyk C.M., Satzger R.D., Crowe J.B., Reinhard M.K., Roberts J.F., Witkowski M.R. Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2008, 69:1217-1228.
33. Reimschuessel R., Evans E., Andersen W.C., Turnipseed S.B., Karbiwnyk C.M., Mayer T.D., Nochetto C., Rummel N.G., Gieseker C.M. Residue depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in catfish and rainbow trout following oral administration. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009, 33:172-182.
34. Reimschuessel R., Evans E.R., Stine C.B., Hasbrouck N., Mayer T.D., Nochetto C., Gieseker C.M. Renal crystal formation after combined or sequential oral administration of melamine and cyanuric acid. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48:2898-2906.
35. Reimschuessel R., Puschner B. Melamine toxicity - stones vs. crystals. J. Med. Toxicol. 2010, 6:468-469.
36. Seffernick J.L., Dodge A.G., Sadowsky M.J., Bumpus J.A., Wackett L.P. Bacterial ammeline metabolism via guanine deaminase. J. Bacteriol. 2010, 192:1106-1112.
37. Sohlberg S., Aulie A., Soli N.E. Temperature-dependent absorption and elimination of flumequine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in fresh-water. Aquaculture 1994, 119:1-10.
38. Sprando, R.L., Reimschuessel, R., Stine, C.B., Black, T., Olejnik, N., Scott, M., Keltner, Z., Bandele, O., Yachetti, S., Tkachenko, A., Woodling, K., Loukotkova, L., Gamboa da Costa, G., 2011. Combined melamine and cyanuric acid exposure assessment: Gavage vs. feeding. In: 1st Annual FDA Foods Program Science and Research Conference, White Oak, MD, June 21-22.
39. Stine C.B., Reimschuessel R., Gieseker C.M., Evans E.R., Mayer T.D., Hasbrouck N.R., Tall E., Boehmer J., Gamboa da Costa G., Ward J.L. A No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) for pigs fed melamine and cyanuric acid. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2011, 60:363-372.
40. Usansky, J.I., Desai, A. Tang-Liu, D., 2012 PK Functions for microsoft excel. Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Allergan, Irvine, CA. Available at: (Accessed July 26). http://www.boomer.org/pkin/soft.html.
41. USFDA., 2001. Guidance for Industry #145: Bioanalytical method validation. 2001. United States Food and Drug Administration. 25pp. Available at: (Accessed 07.2612). http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM070107.pdf.
42. USFDA., 2007a. Melamine pet food recall of 2007. Last updated 11.29.10. Available at: (Accessed 07.26.12). http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/RecallsWithdrawals/ucm129575.htm.
43. USFDA., 2007b. Interim melamine and analogues safety/risk assessment. Available at: (Accessed 07.26.12). http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Melamine/ucm164658.htm.
44. USFDA., 2008. Interim safety and risk assessment of melamine and its analogues in food for humans. Available at: (Accessed 07.26.12). http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Melamine/ucm164522.htm.
45. USFDA., 2009. Phish-pharm database of pharmacokinetics data in fish. Available at: (Accessed 07.26.12). http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/ScienceResearch/ToolsResources/Phish-Pharm/default.htm.
46. Wackett L.P., Sadowsky M.J., Martinez B., Shapir N. Biodegradation of atrazine and related s-triazine compounds: from enzymes to field studies. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 58:39-45.
47. WHO (World Health Organisation)., 2004. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, World Health Report Tech. Rep. Ser., Geneva, Switzerland, p. 123. Available at: (Accessed 07.26.12). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_922.pdf.
48. WHO (World Health Organization)., 2008. Toxicological and health aspects of melamine and cyanuric acid. report of a WHO expert meeting. In: Collaboration with FAO, supported by Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1-4 December. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: (Accessed 07.2612). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597951_eng.pdf.
49. Wu, Y.N., Zhao, Y.F., Li, J.G., 2009. Melamine Analysis Group, A survey on occurrence of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula in China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 22, 95-99.
50. Wu Y.T., Huang C.M., Lin C.C., Ho W.A., Lin L.C., Chiu T.F., Tarng D.C., Lin C.H., Tsai T.H. Oral bioavailability, urinary excretion and organ distribution of melamine in Sprague-Dawley rats by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58:108-111.
51. Xue M., Qin Y., Wang J., Qiu J., Wu X., Zheng Y., Wang Q. Plasma pharmacokinetics of melamine and a blend of melamine and cyanuric acid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2011, 61:93-97.
52. Yang F., Mao Y., Zhang X., Ma Z., Zhang X. LC-MS/MS method for the determination of melamine in rat plasma: toxicokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Sep. Sci. 2009, 32(17):2974-2978.
53. Yhee J.Y., Brown C.A., Yu C.H., Kim J.H., Poppenga R., Sur J.H. Retrospective study of melamine/cyanuric acid induced renal failure in dogs in Korea between 2003 and 2004. Vet. Pathol. 2009, 46:348-354.