Convergence and divergence in the subterranean realm: A reassessment

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 107, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-14

  Pipan, Tanja ^a   Culver, David C ^b  

^a KARST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Slovenia)

^b AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Environment; Natural selection; Troglomorphy

Indexed keywords

CAVE; CONVERGENT EVOLUTION; DIVERGENCE; EYE; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; MORPHOLOGY; NATURAL SELECTION; PIGMENT; SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84864862773     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: 10958312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01964.x     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Bakalowicz M. 2012. Epikarst. In: White WB, Culver DC, eds. Encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2. Barr TC. 1960. A synopsis of the cave beetles of the genus Pseudanophthalmus of the Mitchell Plain of southern Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 63: 307-320.
3. Barr TC. 1967. Ecological studies in the Mammoth Cave system of Kentucky. I. The biota. International Journal of Speleology 3: 37-64.
4. Bilandžija H, Ćetković H, Jeffery WR. 2012. Evolution of albinism in cave planthoppers by a convergent defect in the first step of melanin biosynthesis. Evolution and Development 14: 196-203.
5. Brancelj A, Pipan T. 2004. Diversity of Copepoda (Crustacea) in the unsaturated zone of karstic caves of Slovenia. In: Griffiths HI, Kryštufek B, Reed JM, eds. Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 323-332.
6. Busacca J. 1975. Distribution and biology of Amoebaleria defessa (Osten Sacken) and Heleomyza brachypterna (Loew) (Diptera: Heleomyzidae) in an Indiana cave. The NSS Bulletin 37: 5-8.
7. Christiansen KA. 1961. Convergence and parallelism in cave Entomobryinae. Evolution 15: 288-301.
8. Christiansen KA. 1962. Proposition pour la classification des animaux cavernicoles. Spelunca 2: 75-78.
9. Christiansen KA. 1965. Behavior and form in the evolution of cave Collembola. Evolution 19: 529-537.
10. Coiffait H. 1958. Les coléoptères du sol. Vie et Milieu Supplement 7: 1-204.
11. Coineau N. 2000. Adaptations to interstitial groundwater life. In: Wilkens H, Culver DC, Humphreys WF, eds. Subterranean ecosystems. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 189-210.
12. Culver DC, Holsinger JR, Christman MC, Pipan T. 2010. Morphological differences among eyeless amphipods in the genus Stygobromus dwelling in different subterranean habitats. Journal of Crustacean Biology 30: 68-74.
13. Culver DC, Holsinger JR, Feller DJ. 2012. The fauna of seepage springs and other shallow subterranean habitats in the mid-Atlantic Piedmont and Coastal Plain, U.S.A. Northeastern Naturalist 12 (Monograph 9): 1-42.
14. Culver DC, Jones WK, Fong DW, Kane TC. 1994. Organ Cave karst basin. In: Gibert J, Danielopol D, Stanford J, eds. Groundwater ecology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 451-473.
15. Culver DC, Kane TC, Fong DW. 1995. Adaptation and natural selection in caves. The evolution of Gammarus minus Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Culver DC, Pipan T. 2009. The biology of caves and other subterranean habitats. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Culver DC, Pipan T. 2011. Redefining the extent of the aquatic subterranean biotope - shallow subterranean habitats. Ecohydrology 4: 721-730.
18. Culver DC, Pipan T, Gottstein S. 2006. Hypotelminorheic - a unqiue freshwater habitat. Subterranean Biology 4: 1-8.
19. Culver DC, Šereg I. 2004. Kenk's Amphipod (Stygobromus kenki) and Other Amphipods in Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC Report to Rock Creek Park, National Park Service, Washington, DC.
20. Culver DC, Sket B. 2000. Hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in caves and wells. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 62: 11-17.
21. Culver DC, Wilkens H. 2000. Critical review of the relevant theories of the evolution of subterranean animals. In: Wilkens H, Humphreys WF, Culver DC, eds. Subterranean ecosystems. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 389-407.
22. Deharveng L, Bedos A. 2000. The cave fauna of southeast Asia. Origin, evolution, and ecology. In: Wilkens H, Humphreys WF, Culver DC, eds. Subterranean ecosystems. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 603-632.
23. Deharveng L, Gibert J, Culver DC. 2012. Diversity patterns in Europe. In: White WB, Culver DC, eds. Encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
24. Derkarabetian S, Steinmann DB, Hedin M. 2010. Repeated and time-correlated morphological convergence in cave-dwelling harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores) from montane western North America. PLoS ONE 5: e10388.
25. Desutter-Grandcolas L. 1999. Are troglobitic taxa troglobiomorphic? A test using phylogenetic inference. International Journal of Speleology 26: 1-19.
26. Faille A, Ribera I, Deharveng L, Bourdeau C, Garney L, Queinnec E, Deuve T. 2010. A molecular phylogeny shows the single origin of the Pyrenean subterranean Trechini ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 97-106.
27. Fišer C. 2012. Niphargus: a model system for evolution and ecology. In: White WB, Culver DC, eds. Encyclopedia of cave, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
28. Fišer C, Blejec A, Trontelj P. 2012. Niche-based mechanisms operating within extreme habitats: a case study of subterranean amphipod communities. Biology Letters doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0125
29. Fisher CE, Howie SEM. 2007. Shh and Gli signaling in development. New York, NY: Springer.
30. Friedrich M, Chen R, Daines B, Bao R, Carabvas J, Rai PK, Zagmajster M, Peck SB. 2011. Phototransduction and clock gene expression in the troglobiont beetle Ptomaphagus hirtus of Mammoth Cave. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: 3532-3541.
31. Gabrovšek F. 2004. Attempts to model the early evolution of epikarst. In: Jones WK, Culver DC, Herman JS, eds. Epikarst. Proceedings of the Symposium Held 1-4 October 2003, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA. Charles Town, WV: Karst Waters Institute, 50-55.
32. Gers C. 1992. Ecoloogie et Biologie des Arthropodes Terrestres du Milieu Souterrain Superficiel. Fonctionnement et Ecologie Evolutive DPhil Thesis, Universite Paul Sabatier de Toulouse.
33. Gers C. 1998. Diversity of energy fluxes and interactions between arthropod communities, from soil to cave. Acta Oecologica 19: 205-213.
34. Gnaspini P. 2012. Guano communities. In: White WB, Culver DC, eds. Encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 357-364.
35. Graening GO, Fenolio DB, Slay ME. 2012. Cave life of Oklahoma and Arkansas: exploration and conservation of subterranean biodiversity. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
36. Gunn J, Hardwick P, Wood PJ. 2000. The invertebrate community of the Peak-Speedwell cave system, Derbyshire, England: pressures and considerations for conservation management. Aquatic Conservation - Marine and Freshwater 10: 353-369.
37. Heads SW. 2010. The first fossil spider cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae): 20 million years of troglobiomorphosis or exaptation in the dark? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 56-65.
38. Hedin M, Thomas SM. 2009. Molecular systematic of eastern North American Phalangodidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores), demonstrating morphological evolution in caves. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 107-121.
39. Jeffery WR. 2009. Regressive evolution in Astyanax cavefish. Annual Review of Genetics 43: 25-47.
40. Jeffery WR, Strickler AG. 2010. Development as an evolutionary process in Astyanax cavefish. In: Trajano E, Bichuette ME, Kapoor BG, eds. Biology of subterranean fishes. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 141-168.
41. Jones WK, White WB. 2012. Karst. In: White WB, Culver DC, eds. Encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
42. Juberthie C, Decu V. 1994. Structure et diversite du domaine souterrain; particularites des habitats et adaptations des especes. In: Juberthie C, Decu V, eds. Encyclopaedia biospeologica. Tome I. Moulis: Société Internationale de Biospéologie, 5-22.
43. Juberthie C, Delay B, Bouillon M. 1980. Extension du milieu souterrain en zone non-calcaire: description d'un nouveau milieu et de son peuplement par les coleopteres troglobies. Mémoires de Biospéologie 7: 19-52.
44. Kogovšek J. 2010. Characteristics of percolation through the karst vadose zone. Ljubljana: ZRC Publishing.
45. Kresic N. 2010. Types and classifications of springs. In: Kresic N, Stevanovic Z, eds. Groundwater hydrology of springs. Engineering, theory, management, and sustainability. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 31-86.
46. López H, Oromí P. 2010. A type of trap for sampling the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) fauna. Speleobiology Notes 2: 7-11.
47. Medina AL, Oromí P. 1990. First data on the superficial underground compartment in La Gomera (Canary Islands). Mémoires de Biospéologie 17: 87-91.
48. Meleg IN, Fiers F, Moldovan OT. 2011. Assessing copepod (Crustacea: Copepoda) species richness at different spatial scales in northwestern Romanian caves. Subterranean Biology 9: 103-112.
49. Meštrov M. 1962. Un nouveau milieu aquatique souterrain: le biotope hypotelminorhéique. Compte Rendus Academie des Sciences 254: 2677-2679.
50. Moseley M. 2007. Acadian biospeleology: composition and ecology of cave fauna of Nova Scotia and southern New Brunswick, Canada. International Journal of Speleology 36: 1-21.
51. Papi F, Pipan T. 2011. Ecological studies of an epikarst community of Snežna jama na planini Arto: an ice cave in north central Slovenia. Acta Carsologica 40: 505-513.
52. Pipan T. 2005. Epikarst - a promising habitat. Ljubljana: ZRC Publishing.
53. Pipan T, Christman MC, Culver DC. 2006. Dynamics of epikarst communities: microgeographic pattern and environmental determinants of epikarst copepods in Organ Cave, West Virginia. American Midland Naturalist 156: 75-87.
54. Pipan T, Culver DC. 2007. Copepod distribution as an indicator of epikarst system connectivity. Hydrogeology Journal 15: 817-822.
55. Pipan T, Holt N, Culver DC. 2010. How to protect a diverse, poorly known, inaccessible fauna: identification of source and sink habitats in the epikarst. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20: 748-755.
56. Pipan T, López H, Oromí P, Polak S, Culver DC. 2011. Temperature variation and the presence of troglobionts in shallow subterranean habitats. Journal of Natural History 45: 253-273.
57. Pipan T, Navodnik V, Janžekovič F, Novak T. 2008. First studies on the fauna of percolation water in Huda luknja, a cave in the isolated karst in northeast Slovenia. Acta Carsologica 37: 33-43.
58. Porter ML, Summers Engel A, Kane TC, Kinkle BK. 2009. Productivity-diversity relationships from chemolithoautotrophically based sulfidic karst systems. International Journal of Speleology 38: 27-40.
59. Poulson TL. 1963. Cave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes. American Midland Naturalist 70: 257-290.
60. Poulson TL, White WB. 1969. The cave environment. Science 165: 971-981.
61. Prevorčnik S, Blejec A, Sket B. 2004. Racial differentiation in Asellus aquaticus (L.) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae). Archives fur Hydrobiologie 160: 193-214.
62. Protas ME, Hersey C, Kochanek D, Zhou Y, Wilkens H, Jeffery WR, Zon LI, Borowsky R, Tabin CJ. 2006. Genetic analysis of cavefish reveals molecular convergence in the evolution of albinism. Nature Genetics 38: 107-111.
63. Romero A. 2009. Cave biology: life in darkness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Romero A. 2011. The evolution of cave life. American Scientist 99: 144-151.
65. Romero A, Green SM. 2005. The end of regressive evolution: examining and interpreting the evidence from cave fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 67: 3-32.
66. Růžička V. 1990. The spiders of stony debris. Acta Zoologica Fennica 190: 333-337.
67. Růžička V. 1999. The first steps in subterranean evolution of spiders (Araneae) in Central Europe. Journal of Natural History 33: 255-265.
68. Růžička V, Hager J, Zacharda M. 1995. Arachnid population patterns in underground cavities of a stony debris field (Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpionidea, Acari: Prostigmata, Rhagidiidae). Pedobiologia 39: 42-51.
69. Schneider K, Christman MC, Fagan WF. 2011. The influence of resource subsidies on cave invertebrates: results from an ecosystem-level manipulation experiment. Ecology 92: 765-776.
70. Shear WA. 2011. Cave millipeds of the United States. X. New species and records of the genus Pseudotremia Cope. 2. Species from Virginia, USA (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Cleidogonidae). Zootaxa 3109: 1-38.
71. Simon KS, Pipan T, Culver DC. 2007. A conceptual model of the flow and distribution of organic carbon in caves. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 69: 279-284.
72. Simon KS, Pipan T, Ohno T, Culver DC. 2010. Spatial and temporal patterns in abundance and character of dissolved organic matter in two karst aquifers. Fundamental and Applied Limnology 177: 81-92.
73. Sket B. 2003. Životinjski svijet Vjetrenice. In: Lučić I, ed. Vjetrenica: Pogled u dušu Zemlje. Zagreb: Croatia, 147-248.
74. Sket B. 2008. Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History 42: 1549-1563.
75. Sket B, Paragamian K, Trontelj P. 2004. A census of the obligate subterranean fauna of the Balkan Peninsula. In: Griffiths HI, Kryštufek B, Reed JM, eds. Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 309-322.
76. Trajano E. 2012. Ecological classification of subterranean organisms. In: White WB, Culver DC, eds. Encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
77. Wessel A, Erbee P, Hoch H. 2007. Pattern and process: evolution of troglomorphy in the cave-planthopper of Australia and Hawai'I - preliminary observations (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Acta Carsologica 36: 199-206.
78. Wilkens H. 2010. Genes, modules and the evolution of cave fish. Heredity 105: 413-422.
79. Williams PW. 2008. The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology: a review. International Journal of Speleology 37: 1-10.
80. Yamamoto Y, Byerly MS, Jackman WR, Jeffery WR. 2009. Pleiotropic function of embryonic sonic hedgehog expression link jaw and taste bud amplification with eye loss during cavefish evolution. Developmental Biology 330: 200-211.
81. Zagmajster M, Culver DC, Sket B. 2008. Species richness patterns of obligate subterranean beetles in a global biodiversity hotspot - effect of scale and sampling intensity. Diversity and Distributions 14: 95-105.