메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1916-1935

An observational study on the latitudes where wave forcing drives Brewer-Dobson upwelling

Author keywords

Dynamics; Eddies; Lagrangian circulation transport; Mass fluxes transportMeridional overturning circulation; Upwelling downwelling

Indexed keywords

BODY FORCES; BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION; ECMWF RE-ANALYSIS; EDDIES; INTERANNUAL TIME SCALE; LAGRANGIAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; TRANSIENT WAVES; UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING; WAVE FORCING; ZONAL MEAN FLOWS;

EID: 84864841469     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0197.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (105)
  • 1
    • 0020968325 scopus 로고
    • Eliassen-Palm diagnostics of wave-mean flow interaction in the GFDL "SKYHI" general circulation model
    • Andrews, D. G., J. D. Mahlman, and R. W. Sinclair, 1983: Eliassen-Palm diagnostics of wave-mean flow interaction in the GFDL "SKYHI" general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2768-2784.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 2768-2784
    • Andrews, D.G.1    Mahlman, J.D.2    Sinclair, R.W.3
  • 3
    • 33845670334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the age of stratospheric air
    • doi:10.1029/2006GL026867
    • Austin, J., and F. Li, 2006: On the relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the age of stratospheric air.Geophys.Res.Lett., 33, L17807, doi:10.1029/2006GL026867.
    • (2006) Geophys.Res.Lett. , vol.33
    • Austin, J.1    Li, F.2
  • 4
    • 33947669004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of water vapor concentrations and stratospheric age of air in coupled chemistry-climate model simulations
    • Austin, J., J. Wilson, F. Li, and H. Vömel, 2007: Evolution of water vapor concentrations and stratospheric age of air in coupled chemistry-climate model simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 905-921.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 905-921
    • Austin, J.1    Wilson, J.2    Li, F.3    Vömel, H.4
  • 5
    • 17844403487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quasi-biennial oscillation
    • Baldwin, M. P., and Coauthors, 2001: The quasi-biennial oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 39, 179-229.
    • (2001) Rev. Geophys. , vol.39 , pp. 179-229
    • Baldwin, M.P.K.1
  • 6
    • 0028667658 scopus 로고
    • Equatorial wave activity derived from fluctuations in observed convection
    • Bergman, J. W., and M. L. Salby, 1994: Equatorial wave activity derived from fluctuations in observed convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3791-3806.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 3791-3806
    • Bergman, J.W.1    Salby, M.L.2
  • 7
    • 0242338683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The implications of tropical Rossby waves for tropical tropopause cirrus formation and for the equatorial upwelling of the Brewer-Dobson circulation
    • Boehm, M. T., and S. Lee, 2003: The implications of tropical Rossby waves for tropical tropopause cirrus formation and for the equatorial upwelling of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 247-261.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 247-261
    • Boehm, M.T.1    Lee, S.2
  • 9
    • 84977286530 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere
    • Brewer, A. W., 1949: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 75, 351-363.
    • (1949) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 351-363
    • Brewer, A.W.1
  • 10
    • 0035848862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of chlorofluorocarbons by increased mass exchange between the stratosphere and the troposphere in a changing climate
    • Butchart, N., and A.A. Scaife, 2001: Removal of chlorofluorocarbons by increased mass exchange between the stratosphere and the troposphere in a changing climate. Nature, 410, 799-802.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 799-802
    • Butchart, N.1    Scaife, A.A.2
  • 11
    • 0034233151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of the stratospheric climate to projected changes in the concentrations of well-mixed greenhouse gases from 1992 to 2051
    • Butchart, N., J. Austin, K. R. Knight, A. A. Scaife, and K. L. Gallani, 2000: The response of the stratospheric climate to projected changes in the concentrations of well-mixed greenhouse gases from 1992 to 2051. J. Climate, 13, 2142-2159.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 2142-2159
    • Butchart, N.1    Austin, J.2    Knight, K.R.3    Scaife, A.A.4    Gallani, K.L.5
  • 12
    • 33749673071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation
    • doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0162-4
    • Butchart, N., and Coauthors, 2006: Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Climate Dyn., 27, 727-741, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0162-4.
    • (2006) Climate Dyn. , vol.27 , pp. 727-741
    • Butchart, N.1
  • 13
    • 77951100073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemistry-climate model simulations of twenty-first century stratospheric climate and circulation changes
    • Butchart, N., and Coauthors, 2010: Chemistry-climate model simulations of twenty-first century stratospheric climate and circulation changes. J. Climate, 23, 5349-5374.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 5349-5374
    • Butchart, N.1
  • 14
    • 79952483337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere
    • doi:10.1029/ 2010JD014995
    • Butchart, N., and Coauthors, 2011: Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05102, doi:10.1029/ 2010JD014995.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Butchart, N.1
  • 15
    • 84862909313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of the tropical upwelling branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation: The role of extratropical waves
    • Chen, G., and L. Sun, 2011: Mechanisms of the tropical upwelling branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation: The role of extratropical waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2878-2892.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 2878-2892
    • Chen, G.1    Sun, L.2
  • 16
    • 81555213058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of gravity waves in the tropical upwelling: WACCM simulations
    • Chun, H.-Y., Y.-H. Kim, H.-J. Choi, and J.-Y. Kim, 2011: Influence of gravity waves in the tropical upwelling: WACCM simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2599-2612.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 2599-2612
    • Chun, H.-Y.1    Kim, Y.-H.2    Choi, H.-J.3    Kim, J.-Y.4
  • 17
    • 79955446270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
    • Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597.
    • (2011) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.137 , pp. 553-597
    • Dee, D.P.1
  • 18
    • 0000678938 scopus 로고
    • Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere
    • Dobson, G. M. B., 1956: Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 236A, 187-193.
    • (1956) Proc. Roy. Soc. London , vol.236 A , pp. 187-193
    • Dobson, G.M.B.1
  • 19
    • 0001539313 scopus 로고
    • On the mean meridional mass motions of the stratosphere and mesosphere
    • Dunkerton, T. J., 1978: On the mean meridional mass motions of the stratosphere and mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2325-2333.
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 2325-2333
    • Dunkerton, T.J.1
  • 20
    • 0026306505 scopus 로고
    • Quasi-biennial modulation of planetary-wave fluxes in the Northern Hemisphere winter
    • Dunkerton, T. J., and M. P. Baldwin, 1991: Quasi-biennial modulation of planetary-wave fluxes in the Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1043-1061.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 1043-1061
    • Dunkerton, T.J.1    Baldwin, M.P.2
  • 21
    • 25844442272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in a simple AGCM
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL022924
    • Eichelberger, S. J., and D. L. Hartmann, 2005: Changes in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in a simple AGCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15807, doi:10.1029/2005GL022924.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Eichelberger, S.J.1    Hartmann, D.L.2
  • 23
    • 79955425445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • doi:10.5194/acp-11-3701-2011
    • Fueglistaler, S., P. H. Haynes, and P. M. Forster, 2011: The annual cycle in lower stratospheric temperatures revisited. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3701-3711, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3701-2011.
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 3701-3711
    • Fueglistaler, S.1    Haynes, P.H.2    Forster, P.M.3
  • 24
    • 51749119875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation due to increases in greenhouse gases
    • Garcia, R. R., and W. J. Randel, 2008: Acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation due to increases in greenhouse gases. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2731-2739.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 2731-2739
    • Garcia, R.R.1    Randel, W.J.2
  • 25
    • 79251474359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the determination of age of air trends from atmospheric trace species
    • Garcia, R. R., W. J. Randel, and D. E. Kinnison, 2011: On the determination of age of air trends from atmospheric trace species. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 139-154.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 139-154
    • Garcia, R.R.1    Randel, W.J.2    Kinnison, D.E.3
  • 26
    • 79959674938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamically forced increase of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere
    • Garny, H., M. Dameris, W. J. Randel, G. E. Bodeker, and R. Deckert, 2011: Dynamically forced increase of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1214-1233.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 1214-1233
    • Garny, H.1    Dameris, M.2    Randel, W.J.3    Bodeker, G.E.4    Deckert, R.5
  • 27
    • 52049118567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere
    • Geller, M. A., T. Zhou, and K. Hamilton, 2008: Morphology of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2360-2374.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 2360-2374
    • Geller, M.A.1    Zhou, T.2    Hamilton, K.3
  • 28
    • 0000323954 scopus 로고
    • International Geophysics Series, Academic Press
    • Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 30, Academic Press, 662 pp.
    • (1982) Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics , vol.30 , pp. 662
    • Gill, A.E.1
  • 29
    • 0023345412 scopus 로고
    • The global residual mean circulation in the middle atmosphere for the northern winter period
    • Gille, J. C., L. V. Lyjak, and A. K. Smith, 1987: The global residual mean circulation in the middle atmosphere for the northern winter period. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1437-1452.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 1437-1452
    • Gille, J.C.1    Lyjak, L.V.2    Smith, A.K.3
  • 30
    • 0037092304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forcing of the quasi-biennial oscillation from a broad spectrum of atmospheric waves
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL014756
    • Giorgetta, M. A., E. Manzini, and E. Roeckner, 2002: Forcing of the quasi-biennial oscillation from a broad spectrum of atmospheric waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1245, doi:10.1029/2002GL014756.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1245
    • Giorgetta, M.A.1    Manzini, E.2    Roeckner, E.3
  • 31
    • 11844279650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar and QBO influences on the timing of stratospheric sudden warmings
    • Gray, L. J., S. Crooks, C. Pascoe, S. Sparrow, and M. Palmer, 2004: Solar and QBO influences on the timing of stratospheric sudden warmings. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2777-2796.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 2777-2796
    • Gray, L.J.1    Crooks, S.2    Pascoe, C.3    Sparrow, S.4    Palmer, M.5
  • 32
    • 0028190382 scopus 로고
    • Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport
    • Hall, T. M., and R. A. Plumb, 1994: Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 1059-1070
    • Hall, T.M.1    Plumb, R.A.2
  • 33
    • 14544300958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric dynamics
    • Haynes, P. H., 2005: Stratospheric dynamics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 37, 263-293.
    • (2005) Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , vol.37 , pp. 263-293
    • Haynes, P.H.1
  • 34
    • 0001592464 scopus 로고
    • On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces
    • Haynes, P. H., and M. E. McIntyre, 1987: On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 828-841.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 828-841
    • Haynes, P.H.1    McIntyre, M.E.2
  • 35
    • 0026295396 scopus 로고
    • On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces
    • Haynes, P. H., C. J. Marks, M. E. McIntyre, T. G. Shepherd, and K. P. Shine, 1991: On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 651-678
    • Haynes, P.H.1    Marks, C.J.2    McIntyre, M.E.3    Shepherd, T.G.4    Shine, K.P.5
  • 36
    • 85005476063 scopus 로고
    • A note on the propagation of the biennial oscillation
    • Holton, J. R., 1968: A note on the propagation of the biennial oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 519-521.
    • (1968) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.25 , pp. 519-521
    • Holton, J.R.1
  • 37
    • 0025583568 scopus 로고
    • On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and the troposphere
    • Holton, J. R., 1990: On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and the troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 392-395.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 392-395
    • Holton, J.R.1
  • 39
    • 0017024029 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric vacillation cycles
    • Holton, J. R., and C. Mass, 1976: Stratospheric vacillation cycles. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2218-2225.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 2218-2225
    • Holton, J.R.1    Mass, C.2
  • 40
    • 0001641126 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the equatorial quasibiennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb
    • Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan, 1980: The influence of the equatorial quasibiennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200-2208.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2200-2208
    • Holton, J.R.1    Tan, H.-C.2
  • 41
    • 0001559597 scopus 로고
    • The quasi-biennial oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere
    • Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan, 1982: The quasi-biennial oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 140-147.
    • (1982) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.60 , pp. 140-147
    • Holton, J.R.1    Tan, H.-C.2
  • 43
    • 0029768948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
    • Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
    • (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 437-471
    • Kalnay, E.1
  • 44
    • 33744485024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical wave driving of the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures Part I: ECMWF analyses
    • Kerr-Munslow, A. M., and W. A. Norton, 2006: Tropical wave driving of the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures. Part I: ECMWF analyses. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1410-1419.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 1410-1419
    • Kerr-Munslow, A.M.1    Norton, W.A.2
  • 45
    • 0022190426 scopus 로고
    • A zonal-mean model of stratospheric tracer transport in isentropic coordinates: Numerical simulations for nitrous oxide nitric acid
    • Ko, M. K. W., K. K. Tung, D. K. Weisenstein, and N. D. Sze, 1985: A zonal-mean model of stratospheric tracer transport in isentropic coordinates: Numerical simulations for nitrous oxide nitric acid. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2313-2329.
    • (1985) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.90 , pp. 2313-2329
    • Ko, M.K.W.1    Tung, K.K.2    Weisenstein, D.K.3    Sze, N.D.4
  • 46
    • 0001132871 scopus 로고
    • On the interannual variability of the middle stratosphere during the northern winters
    • Labitzke, K., 1982: On the interannual variability of the middle stratosphere during the northern winters. J.Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 124-139.
    • (1982) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.60 , pp. 124-139
    • Labitzke, K.1
  • 47
    • 40849106801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in a changing climate: Coupled chemistry-climate model simulations
    • Li, F., J. Austin, and J. Wilson, 2008: The strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in a changing climate: Coupled chemistry-climate model simulations. J. Climate, 21, 40-57.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 40-57
    • Li, F.1    Austin, J.2    Wilson, J.3
  • 50
    • 0021029870 scopus 로고
    • Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere
    • McIntyre, M. E., and T. N. Palmer, 1983: Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere. Nature, 305, 593-600.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.305 , pp. 593-600
    • McIntyre, M.E.1    Palmer, T.N.2
  • 51
  • 52
    • 64049096223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated anthropogenic changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation, including its extension to high latitudes
    • McLandress, C., and T. G. Shepherd, 2009: Simulated anthropogenic changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation, including its extension to high latitudes. J. Climate, 22, 1516-1540.
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 1516-1540
    • McLandress, C.1    Shepherd, T.G.2
  • 53
    • 68249113506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction of the Remote Sensing Systems v3.2 atmospheric temperature records from the MSU and AMSU microwave sounders
    • Mears, C., and F. J. Wentz, 2009: Construction of the Remote Sensing Systems v3.2 atmospheric temperature records from the MSU and AMSU microwave sounders. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 1040-1056.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.26 , pp. 1040-1056
    • Mears, C.1    Wentz, F.J.2
  • 54
    • 0029769241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor
    • Mote, P. W., and Coauthors, 1996: An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989-4006.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 3989-4006
    • Mote, P.W.1
  • 55
    • 84979320561 scopus 로고
    • Possible meridional circulations in the stratosphere and mesosphere
    • Murgatroyd, R. J., and F. Singleton, 1961: Possible meridional circulations in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 87, 125-135.
    • (1961) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.87 , pp. 125-135
    • Murgatroyd, R.J.1    Singleton, F.2
  • 56
    • 77957728053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation influence on northern winter extratropical circulation
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD012952
    • Naoe, H., and K. Shibata, 2010: Equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation influence on northern winter extratropical circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D19102, doi:10.1029/2009JD012952.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Naoe, H.1    Shibata, K.2
  • 57
    • 1642387746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and QBO variations of ascent rate in the tropical lower stratosphere as inferred from UARS HALOE trace gas data
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD003871
    • Niwano, M., K. Yamazaki, and M. Shiotani, 2003: Seasonal and QBO variations of ascent rate in the tropical lower stratosphere as inferred from UARS HALOE trace gas data. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4794, doi:10.1029/2003JD003871.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4794
    • Niwano, M.1    Yamazaki, K.2    Shiotani, M.3
  • 58
    • 0001313431 scopus 로고
    • Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions
    • North, G. R., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706.
    • (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 699-706
    • North, G.R.1    Bell, T.L.2    Cahalan, R.F.3    Moeng, F.J.4
  • 59
    • 33744477363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical wave driving of the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures. Part II: Model results
    • Norton, W. A., 2006: Tropical wave driving of the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures. Part II:Model results. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1420-1431.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 1420-1431
    • Norton, W.A.1
  • 60
    • 65249091403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the influence of anthropogenic forcings on changes in the stratospheric mean age
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010378
    • Oman, L., D. W. Waugh, S. Pawson, R. S. Stolarski, and P. A. Newman, 2009: On the influence of anthropogenic forcings on changes in the stratospheric mean age. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03105, doi:10.1029/2008JD010378.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Oman, L.1    Waugh, D.W.2    Pawson, S.3    Stolarski, R.S.4    Newman, P.A.5
  • 61
    • 0030442012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed interannual variability in the Hadley circulation and its connection to ENSO
    • Oort, A. H., and J. J. Yienger, 1996: Observed interannual variability in the Hadley circulation and its connection to ENSO. J. Climate, 9, 2751-2767.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 2751-2767
    • Oort, A.H.1    Yienger, J.J.2
  • 62
    • 0036770636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric transport
    • Plumb, R. A., 2002: Stratospheric transport. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 793-809.
    • (2002) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.80 , pp. 793-809
    • Plumb, R.A.1
  • 63
    • 0020411943 scopus 로고
    • Amodel of the quasi-biennial oscillation on an equatorial beta-plane
    • Plumb, R. A., and R. C. Bell, 1982:Amodel of the quasi-biennial oscillation on an equatorial beta-plane. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 335-352.
    • (1982) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.108 , pp. 335-352
    • Plumb, R.A.1    Bell, R.C.2
  • 64
    • 0344672593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Brewer-Dobson circulation: Dynamics of the tropical upwelling
    • Plumb, R. A., and J. Eluszkiewicz, 1999: The Brewer-Dobson circulation: Dynamics of the tropical upwelling. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 868-890.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 868-890
    • Plumb, R.A.1    Eluszkiewicz, J.2
  • 65
    • 78449312023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties of the relationship between the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation, the Arctic stratosphere and solar forcing
    • Powell, A., and J. Xu, 2010: Uncertainties of the relationship between the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation, the Arctic stratosphere and solar forcing. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 72, 1354-1363.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.72 , pp. 1354-1363
    • Powell, A.1    Xu, J.2
  • 66
    • 0026300498 scopus 로고
    • Phase speed spectra of transient eddy fluxes and critical layer absorption
    • Randel, W. J., and I. M. Held, 1991: Phase speed spectra of transient eddy fluxes and critical layer absorption. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 688-697.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 688-697
    • Randel, W.J.1    Held, I.M.2
  • 67
    • 0033585990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements
    • Randel, W. J., F. Wu, J. M. Russell III, and J. Waters, 1999a: Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3711-3727.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 3711-3727
    • Randel, W.J.1    Wu, F.2    Russell III, J.M.3    Waters, J.4
  • 68
    • 0033076061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global QBO circulation derived from UKMO stratospheric analyses
    • Randel, W. J., F. Wu, R. Swinbank, J. Nash, and A. O'Neill, 1999b: Global QBO circulation derived from UKMO stratospheric analyses. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 457-474.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 457-474
    • Randel, W.J.1    Wu, F.2    Swinbank, R.3    Nash, J.4    O'Neill, A.5
  • 69
    • 0036647143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-dependent upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere estimated from the zonal-mean momentum budget
    • Randel, W. J., R. R. Garcia, and F. Wu, 2002: Time-dependent upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere estimated from the zonal-mean momentum budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2141-2152.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 2141-2152
    • Randel, W.J.1    Garcia, R.R.2    Wu, F.3
  • 70
    • 11144354780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SPARC intercomparison ofmiddleatmosphere climatologies
    • Randel, W. J., and Coauthors, 2004: The SPARC intercomparison ofmiddleatmosphere climatologies. J. Climate, 17, 986-1003.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 986-1003
    • Randel, W.J.1
  • 71
    • 33750624182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreases in stratospheric water vapor since 2001. Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation
    • doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006744
    • Randel, W. J., F. Wu, H. Vömel, G. E. Nedoluha, and P. Forster, 2006: Decreases in stratospheric water vapor since 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12312, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006744.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Randel, W.J.1    Wu, F.2    Vömel, H.3    Nedoluha, G.E.4    Forster, P.5
  • 72
    • 58049116994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamical balances and tropical stratospheric upwelling
    • Randel, W. J., R. R. Garcia, and F. Wu, 2008: Dynamical balances and tropical stratospheric upwelling. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3584-3595.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 3584-3595
    • Randel, W.J.1    Garcia, R.R.2    Wu, F.3
  • 73
    • 84978569926 scopus 로고
    • A tentative model of the 26-month oscillation in tropical latitudes
    • Reed, R. J., 1964: A tentative model of the 26-month oscillation in tropical latitudes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 90, 441-466.
    • (1964) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.90 , pp. 441-466
    • Reed, R.J.1
  • 74
    • 0001291158 scopus 로고
    • The annual temperature variation in the lower tropical stratosphere
    • Reed, R. J., and C. L. Vlcek, 1969: The annual temperature variation in the lower tropical stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 163-167.
    • (1969) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 163-167
    • Reed, R.J.1    Vlcek, C.L.2
  • 77
    • 0023510502 scopus 로고
    • A computation of the stratospheric diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer model
    • Rosenfield, J. E., M. R. Schoeberl, and M. A. Geller, 1987: A computation of the stratospheric diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 859-876.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 859-876
    • Rosenfield, J.E.1    Schoeberl, M.R.2    Geller, M.A.3
  • 78
    • 0028810518 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere
    • Rosenlof, K. H., 1995: Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5173-5191.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 5173-5191
    • Rosenlof, K.H.1
  • 79
    • 0027839643 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of the stratospheric residual circulation using the downward control principle
    • Rosenlof, K. H., and J. R. Holton, 1993: Estimates of the stratospheric residual circulation using the downward control principle. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 465-10 479.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98
    • Rosenlof, K.H.1    Holton, J.R.2
  • 80
    • 24644508430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extratropical signature of the quasi-biennial oscillation
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD005382
    • Ruzmaikin, A., J. Feynman, X. Jiang, and Y. L. Yung, 2005: Extratropical signature of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11111, doi:10.1029/2004JD005382.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Ruzmaikin, A.1    Feynman, J.2    Jiang, X.3    Yung, Y.L.4
  • 81
    • 77958552216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tropical waves on the tropical tropopause transition layer upwelling
    • Ryu, J.-H., and S. Lee, 2010: Effect of tropical waves on the tropical tropopause transition layer upwelling. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3130-3148.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 3130-3148
    • Ryu, J.-H.1    Lee, S.2
  • 82
    • 79960324434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual changes of stratospheric temperature and ozone: Forcing by anomalous wave driving and the QBO
    • Salby, M. L., 2011: Interannual changes of stratospheric temperature and ozone: Forcing by anomalous wave driving and the QBO. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1513-1525.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 1513-1525
    • Salby, M.L.1
  • 83
    • 0037116334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual changes of the stratospheric circulation: Relationship to ozone and tropospheric structure
    • Salby, M. L., and P. F. Callaghan, 2002: Interannual changes of the stratospheric circulation: Relationship to ozone and tropospheric structure. J. Climate, 15, 3673-3685.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 3673-3685
    • Salby, M.L.1    Callaghan, P.F.2
  • 84
    • 0037106735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wave-driven mean tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere
    • Scott, R. K., 2002: Wave-driven mean tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2745-2759.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 2745-2759
    • Scott, R.K.1
  • 85
    • 0035515154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for tropical upwelling in the stratosphere
    • Semeniuk, K., and T. G. Shepherd, 2001: Mechanisms for tropical upwelling in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3097-3115.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 3097-3115
    • Semeniuk, K.1    Shepherd, T.G.2
  • 86
    • 79955048915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A robust mechanism for strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in response to climate change: Critical-layer control of subtropical wave breaking
    • Shepherd, T. G., and C. McLandress, 2011: A robust mechanism for strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in response to climate change: Critical-layer control of subtropical wave breaking. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 784-797.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 784-797
    • Shepherd, T.G.1    McLandress, C.2
  • 87
    • 0024568290 scopus 로고
    • Sources and sinks of zonal momentum in the middle atmosphere diagnosed using the diabatic circulation
    • Shine, K., 1989: Sources and sinks of zonal momentum in the middle atmosphere diagnosed using the diabatic circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 265-292.
    • (1989) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 265-292
    • Shine, K.1
  • 88
    • 3242659188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simulation of the separate climate effects of middleatmospheric and tropospheric CO2 doubling
    • Sigmond, M., P. C. Siegmund, E. Manzini, and H. Kelder, 2004: A simulation of the separate climate effects of middleatmospheric and tropospheric CO2 doubling. J. Climate, 17, 2352-2367.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 2352-2367
    • Sigmond, M.1    Siegmund, P.C.2    Manzini, E.3    Kelder, H.4
  • 89
    • 81755181529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the lower stratospheric circulation response to ENSO
    • Simpson, I. R., T. G. Shepherd, and M. Sigmond, 2011: Dynamics of the lower stratospheric circulation response to ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2537-2556.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 2537-2556
    • Simpson, I.R.1    Shepherd, T.G.2    Sigmond, M.3
  • 90
    • 0022860187 scopus 로고
    • Tracer transport by the diabatic circulation deduced from satellite observations
    • Solomon, S., J. T. Kiehl, R. R. Garcia, and W. Grose, 1986: Tracer transport by the diabatic circulation deduced from satellite observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1603-1617.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 1603-1617
    • Solomon, S.1    Kiehl, J.T.2    Garcia, R.R.3    Grose, W.4
  • 92
    • 0033876462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability
    • Thompson, D.W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Climate, 13, 1000-1016.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 1000-1016
    • Thompson, D.W.J.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 93
    • 77649317990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To what extent does highlatitude wave forcing drive tropical upwelling in the Brewer-Dobson circulation? J
    • Ueyama, R., and J. M. Wallace, 2010: To what extent does highlatitude wave forcing drive tropical upwelling in the Brewer-Dobson circulation? J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1232-1246.
    • (2010) Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 1232-1246
    • Ueyama, R.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 94
    • 27144554835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ERA-40 Re-Analysis
    • Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 Re-Analysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961-3012.
    • (2005) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.131 , pp. 2961-3012
    • Uppala, S.M.1
  • 95
    • 0001757610 scopus 로고
    • Adiagnostic numericalmodel of the quasi-biennial oscillation
    • Wallace, J. M., and J. R.Holton, 1968:Adiagnostic numericalmodel of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 280-292.
    • (1968) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.25 , pp. 280-292
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Holton, J.R.2
  • 96
    • 0000754518 scopus 로고
    • Interannual variability of the wintertime polar vortex in the Northern Hemisphere middle stratosphere
    • Wallace, J. M., and F.-C. Chang, 1982: Interannual variability of the wintertime polar vortex in the Northern Hemisphere middle stratosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 149-155.
    • (1982) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.60 , pp. 149-155
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Chang, F.-C.2
  • 97
    • 50049114089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General aspects of a T213L256 middle atmosphere general circulation model
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010026
    • Watanabe, S., Y. Kawatani, Y. Tomikawa, K. Miyazaki, M. Takahashi, and K. Sato, 2008: General aspects of a T213L256 middle atmosphere general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12110, doi:10.1029/2008JD010026.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Watanabe, S.1    Kawatani, Y.2    Tomikawa, Y.3    Miyazaki, K.4    Takahashi, M.5    Sato, K.6
  • 98
    • 0029730542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of isentropic transport out of the tropical stratosphere
    • Waugh, D. W., 1996: Seasonal variation of isentropic transport out of the tropical stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4007-4023.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 4007-4023
    • Waugh, D.W.1
  • 99
    • 67649173010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The age of stratospheric air
    • Waugh, D. W., 2009: The age of stratospheric air. Nat. Geosci., 2, 14-16.
    • (2009) Nat. Geosci. , vol.2 , pp. 14-16
    • Waugh, D.W.1
  • 100
    • 0038237347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models
    • doi:10.1029/ 2000RG000101
    • Waugh, D. W., and T. Hall, 2002: Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models. Rev. Geophys., 40, 1010, doi:10.1029/ 2000RG000101.
    • (2002) Rev. Geophys. , vol.40 , pp. 1010
    • Waugh, D.W.1    Hall, T.2
  • 101
    • 79959739500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2010
    • WMO/UNEP
    • WMO/UNEP, 2011: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2010. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 52. [Available online at http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/ SAP/Scientific_Assessment_2010/index.shtml.]
    • (2011) Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep , pp. 52
  • 102
    • 0023467573 scopus 로고
    • Bifurcation properties of a stratospheric vacillation
    • Yoden, S., 1987: Bifurcation properties of a stratospheric vacillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1723-1733.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 1723-1733
    • Yoden, S.1
  • 103
    • 0028592127 scopus 로고
    • On the cause of the annual cycle in tropical lower-stratospheric temperatures
    • Yulaeva, E., J. R. Holton, and J. M. Wallace, 1994: On the cause of the annual cycle in tropical lower-stratospheric temperatures. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 169-174.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 169-174
    • Yulaeva, E.1    Holton, J.R.2    Wallace, J.M.3
  • 104
    • 33845273102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of the Hadley circulation and downward control in tropical upwelling
    • Zhou, T., M. A. Geller, and K. Hamilton, 2006: The roles of the Hadley circulation and downward control in tropical upwelling. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2740-2757.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 2740-2757
    • Zhou, T.1    Geller, M.A.2    Hamilton, K.3
  • 105
    • 0035048798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications
    • Zhou, X.-L., M. A. Geller, and M. Zhang, 2001: Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1511-1521.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 1511-1521
    • Zhou, X.-L.1    Geller, M.A.2    Zhang, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.