메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 966-976

Boldness and aggressiveness in early and late hatched three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus

Author keywords

Behavioural syndromes; Fitness; Hatching date; Risk taking

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; BREEDING; FEMALE; MALE; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGY; SEASON; SMEGMAMORPHA;

EID: 84864826211     PISSN: 00221112     EISSN: 10958649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03340.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 0032143950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative competitive strategies and the cost of food acquisition in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
    • DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00302-0
    • Adams, C. E., Huntingford, F. A., Turnbull, J. F. & Beattie, C. (1998). Alternative competitive strategies and the cost of food acquisition in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 167, 17-26. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00302-0.
    • (1998) Aquaculture , vol.167 , pp. 17-26
    • Adams, C.E.1    Huntingford, F.A.2    Turnbull, J.F.3    Beattie, C.4
  • 2
    • 0034468443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size heterogeneity can reduce aggression and promote growth in Atlantic salmon parr.
    • DOI: 10.1023/A:1009255612529
    • Adams, C., Huntingford, F., Turnbull, J., Arnott, S. & Bell, A. (2000). Size heterogeneity can reduce aggression and promote growth in Atlantic salmon parr. Aquaculture International 8, 543-549. DOI: 10.1023/A:1009255612529.
    • (2000) Aquaculture International , vol.8 , pp. 543-549
    • Adams, C.1    Huntingford, F.2    Turnbull, J.3    Arnott, S.4    Bell, A.5
  • 3
    • 0022853940 scopus 로고
    • Aggressiveness in sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L) a behavior-genetic study.
    • DOI: 10.1163/156853986X00937
    • Bakker, T. C. M. (1986). Aggressiveness in sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L) a behavior-genetic study. Behaviour 98, 1-144. DOI: 10.1163/156853986X00937.
    • (1986) Behaviour , vol.98 , pp. 1-144
    • Bakker, T.C.M.1
  • 4
    • 14844356173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural differences between individuals and two populations of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00817.x
    • Bell, A. M. (2005). Behavioural differences between individuals and two populations of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18, 464-473. DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00817.x.
    • (2005) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.18 , pp. 464-473
    • Bell, A.M.1
  • 5
    • 34547422785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to predation generates personality in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01081.x
    • Bell, A. M. & Sih, A. (2007). Exposure to predation generates personality in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Ecology Letters 10, 828-834. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01081.x.
    • (2007) Ecology Letters , vol.10 , pp. 828-834
    • Bell, A.M.1    Sih, A.2
  • 6
    • 9944249146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of behavioural differences between individuals and populations of sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus.
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.007
    • Bell, A. M. & Stamps, J. A. (2004). Development of behavioural differences between individuals and populations of sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour 68, 1339-1348. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.007.
    • (2004) Animal Behaviour , vol.68 , pp. 1339-1348
    • Bell, A.M.1    Stamps, J.A.2
  • 7
    • 34247343728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable neuroendocrine responses to ecologically-relevant challenges in sticklebacks.
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.012
    • Bell, A. M., Backström, T., Huntingford, F. A., Pottinger, T. G. & Winberg, S. (2007). Variable neuroendocrine responses to ecologically-relevant challenges in sticklebacks. Physiology & Behavior 91, 15-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.012.
    • (2007) Physiology & Behavior , vol.91 , pp. 15-25
    • Bell, A.M.1    Backström, T.2    Huntingford, F.A.3    Pottinger, T.G.4    Winberg, S.5
  • 8
    • 0344153750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From individuals to populations: prey fish risk-taking mediates mortality in whole-system experiments.
    • DOI: 10.1890/02-0416
    • Biro, P. A., Post, J. R. & Parkinson, E. A. (2003). From individuals to populations: prey fish risk-taking mediates mortality in whole-system experiments. Ecology 84, 2419-2431. DOI: 10.1890/02-0416.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 2419-2431
    • Biro, P.A.1    Post, J.R.2    Parkinson, E.A.3
  • 9
    • 0028981443 scopus 로고
    • First access to territorial space and exposure to strong predation pressure - a conflict in early emerging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L) Fry.
    • Brännäs, E. (1995). First access to territorial space and exposure to strong predation pressure - a conflict in early emerging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L) Fry. Evolutionary Ecology 9, 411-420.
    • (1995) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 411-420
    • Brännäs, E.1
  • 10
    • 34447295344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological constraints on contest behaviour.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01188.x
    • Briffa, M. & Sneddon, L. U. (2007). Physiological constraints on contest behaviour. Functional Ecology 21, 627-637. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01188.x.
    • (2007) Functional Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 627-637
    • Briffa, M.1    Sneddon, L.U.2
  • 11
    • 9944228234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size matters: a test of boldness in eight populations of the poeciliid Brachyraphis episcopi.
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.004
    • Brown, C. & Braithwaite, V. A. (2004). Size matters: a test of boldness in eight populations of the poeciliid Brachyraphis episcopi. Animal Behaviour 68, 1325-1329. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.004.
    • (2004) Animal Behaviour , vol.68 , pp. 1325-1329
    • Brown, C.1    Braithwaite, V.A.2
  • 12
    • 36148954731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between boldness and body mass in natural populations of the poeciliid Brachyrhaphis episcopi.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01627.x
    • Brown, C., Jones, F. & Braithwaite, V. A. (2007a). Correlation between boldness and body mass in natural populations of the poeciliid Brachyrhaphis episcopi. Journal of Fish Biology 71, 1590-1601. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01627.x.
    • (2007) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.71 , pp. 1590-1601
    • Brown, C.1    Jones, F.2    Braithwaite, V.A.3
  • 13
    • 36148973632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heritable and experiential effects on boldness in a tropical poeciliid.
    • DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0458-3
    • Brown, C., Burgess, F. & Braithwaite, V. A. (2007b). Heritable and experiential effects on boldness in a tropical poeciliid. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, 237-243. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0458-3.
    • (2007) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.62 , pp. 237-243
    • Brown, C.1    Burgess, F.2    Braithwaite, V.A.3
  • 14
    • 0000898142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): a correlational study of exploratory behavior and social tendency.
    • DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.111.4.399
    • Budaev, S. V. (1997). Personality in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): a correlational study of exploratory behavior and social tendency. Journal of Comparative Psychology 111, 399-411. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.111.4.399.
    • (1997) Journal of Comparative Psychology , vol.111 , pp. 399-411
    • Budaev, S.V.1
  • 15
    • 0032813001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in parental care and behaviour profile in the convict cichlid: a correlation study.
    • DOI: doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1124
    • Budaev, S. V., Zworykin, D. D. & Mochek, A. D. (1999). Individual differences in parental care and behaviour profile in the convict cichlid: a correlation study. Animal Behaviour 58, 195-202. DOI: doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1124.
    • (1999) Animal Behaviour , vol.58 , pp. 195-202
    • Budaev, S.V.1    Zworykin, D.D.2    Mochek, A.D.3
  • 16
    • 0032493409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproduction under predation risk and the trade-off between current and future reproduction in the threespine stickleback.
    • DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0415
    • Candolin, U. (1998). Reproduction under predation risk and the trade-off between current and future reproduction in the threespine stickleback. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 265, 1171-1175. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0415.
    • (1998) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.265 , pp. 1171-1175
    • Candolin, U.1
  • 17
    • 38149115413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early interactions with adults mediate the development of predator defences in guppies.
    • DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm111
    • Chapman, B. B., Morrell, L. J., Benton, T. G. & Krause, J. (2008). Early interactions with adults mediate the development of predator defences in guppies. Behavioral Ecology 19, 87-93. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm111.
    • (2008) Behavioral Ecology , vol.19 , pp. 87-93
    • Chapman, B.B.1    Morrell, L.J.2    Benton, T.G.3    Krause, J.4
  • 18
    • 79551612712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x
    • Conrad, J. L., Weinersmith, K. L., Brodin, T., Saltz, J. B. & Sih, A. (2011). Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. Journal of Fish Biology 78, 395-435.DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x.
    • (2011) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.78 , pp. 395-435
    • Conrad, J.L.1    Weinersmith, K.L.2    Brodin, T.3    Saltz, J.B.4    Sih, A.5
  • 19
    • 0022166915 scopus 로고
    • Dominance and anti-predator behaviour of great tits, Parus major: a field study.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05079.x
    • De Laet, J. F. (1985). Dominance and anti-predator behaviour of great tits, Parus major: a field study. Ibis 127, 372-377. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05079.x.
    • (1985) Ibis , vol.127 , pp. 372-377
    • De Laet, J.F.1
  • 20
    • 35148875040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural syndromes differ predictably between 12 populations of three-spined stickleback.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01284.x
    • Dingemanse, N. J., Wright, J., Kazem, A. J. N., Thomas, D. K., Hickling, R. & Dawnay, N. (2007). Behavioural syndromes differ predictably between 12 populations of three-spined stickleback. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 1128-1138. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01284.x.
    • (2007) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1128-1138
    • Dingemanse, N.J.1    Wright, J.2    Kazem, A.J.N.3    Thomas, D.K.4    Hickling, R.5    Dawnay, N.6
  • 21
    • 0027011985 scopus 로고
    • Prey approaching predators - a cost-benefit perspective.
    • Dugatkin, L. A. & Godin, J. G. J. (1992). Prey approaching predators - a cost-benefit perspective. Annales Zoologici Fennici 29, 233-252.
    • (1992) Annales Zoologici Fennici , vol.29 , pp. 233-252
    • Dugatkin, L.A.1    Godin, J.G.J.2
  • 22
    • 33746345287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social interactions tune aggression and stress responsiveness in a territorial cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus).
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.002
    • Earley, R. L., Edwards, J. T., Aseem, O., Felton, K., Blumer, L. S., Karom, M. & Grober, M. S. (2006). Social interactions tune aggression and stress responsiveness in a territorial cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus). Physiology & Behavior 88, 353-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.002.
    • (2006) Physiology & Behavior , vol.88 , pp. 353-363
    • Earley, R.L.1    Edwards, J.T.2    Aseem, O.3    Felton, K.4    Blumer, L.S.5    Karom, M.6    Grober, M.S.7
  • 23
    • 0034102650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection against late emergence and small offspring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000. tb00064.x
    • Einum, S. & Fleming, I. A. (2000). Selection against late emergence and small offspring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Evolution 54, 628-639. DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000. tb00064.x.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 628-639
    • Einum, S.1    Fleming, I.A.2
  • 24
    • 0028852165 scopus 로고
    • Who dares, benefits - predator approach behavior in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) deters predator pursuit.
    • DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1995.0028
    • Godin, J. G. J. & Davis, S. A. (1995). Who dares, benefits - predator approach behavior in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) deters predator pursuit. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 259, 193-200. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1995.0028.
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.259 , pp. 193-200
    • Godin, J.G.J.1    Davis, S.A.2
  • 25
    • 0042412095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative influence of prior residency and dominance on the early feeding behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon.
    • DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2125
    • Harwood, A. J., Griffiths, S. W., Metcalfe, N. B. & Armstrong, J. D. (2003). The relative influence of prior residency and dominance on the early feeding behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Animal Behaviour 65, 1141-1149. DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2125.
    • (2003) Animal Behaviour , vol.65 , pp. 1141-1149
    • Harwood, A.J.1    Griffiths, S.W.2    Metcalfe, N.B.3    Armstrong, J.D.4
  • 26
    • 60649106034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation mediated population divergence in complex behaviour of nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius).
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01674.x
    • Herczeg, G., Gonda, A. & Merilä, J. (2009). Predation mediated population divergence in complex behaviour of nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, 544-552. DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01674.x.
    • (2009) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.22 , pp. 544-552
    • Herczeg, G.1    Gonda, A.2    Merilä, J.3
  • 27
    • 0017082692 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between anti-predator behaviour and aggression among conspecifics in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus.
    • DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80034-6
    • Huntingford, F. (1976). The relationship between anti-predator behaviour and aggression among conspecifics in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour 24, 245-260. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80034-6.
    • (1976) Animal Behaviour , vol.24 , pp. 245-260
    • Huntingford, F.1
  • 28
    • 0030617111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual recognition affects aggression and dominance relations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00017.x
    • Johnsson, J. I. (1997). Individual recognition affects aggression and dominance relations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ethology 103, 267-282. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00017.x.
    • (1997) Ethology , vol.103 , pp. 267-282
    • Johnsson, J.I.1
  • 29
    • 38649097861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk-taking behaviour in foraging perch: does predation pressure influence age-specific boldness?
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.007
    • Magnhagen, C. & Borcherding, J. (2008). Risk-taking behaviour in foraging perch: does predation pressure influence age-specific boldness? Animal Behaviour 75, 509-517. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.007.
    • (2008) Animal Behaviour , vol.75 , pp. 509-517
    • Magnhagen, C.1    Borcherding, J.2
  • 30
    • 12844250265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is boldness affected by group composition in young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis)?
    • DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0834-1
    • Magnhagen, C. & Staffan, F. (2005). Is boldness affected by group composition in young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis)? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 57, 295-303. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0834-1.
    • (2005) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.57 , pp. 295-303
    • Magnhagen, C.1    Staffan, F.2
  • 31
    • 0032055304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fighting and assessment in male cichlid fish: the effects of asymmetries in gonadal state and body size.
    • DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0669
    • Neat, F. C., Huntingford, F. A. & Beveridge, M. M. C. (1998a). Fighting and assessment in male cichlid fish: the effects of asymmetries in gonadal state and body size. Animal Behaviour 55, 883-891. DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0669.
    • (1998) Animal Behaviour , vol.55 , pp. 883-891
    • Neat, F.C.1    Huntingford, F.A.2    Beveridge, M.M.C.3
  • 32
    • 0032055929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximate costs of fighting in male cichlid fish: the role of injuries and energy metabolism.
    • DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0668
    • Neat, F. C., Taylor, A. C. & Huntingford, F. A. (1998b). Proximate costs of fighting in male cichlid fish: the role of injuries and energy metabolism. Animal Behaviour 55, 875-882. DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0668.
    • (1998) Animal Behaviour , vol.55 , pp. 875-882
    • Neat, F.C.1    Taylor, A.C.2    Huntingford, F.A.3
  • 33
    • 22844443949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates of selection for stress responsiveness in rainbow trout - a review.
    • DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.3.463
    • Øverli, Ø., Winberg, S. & Pottinger, T. G. (2005). Behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates of selection for stress responsiveness in rainbow trout - a review. Integrative and Comparative Biology 45, 463-474. DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.3.463.
    • (2005) Integrative and Comparative Biology , vol.45 , pp. 463-474
    • Øverli, Ø.1    Winberg, S.2    Pottinger, T.G.3
  • 34
    • 34547909268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of hatchery domestication on competitive dominance of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
    • DOI: 10.1139/F07-058
    • Pearsons, T. N., Fritts, A. L. & Scott, J. L. (2007). The effects of hatchery domestication on competitive dominance of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, 803-812. DOI: 10.1139/F07-058.
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , vol.64 , pp. 803-812
    • Pearsons, T.N.1    Fritts, A.L.2    Scott, J.L.3
  • 36
    • 0033305734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive-timing-dependent alternation of offspring life histories in female threespine sticklebacks.
    • DOI: 10.1139/cjz-77-8-1314
    • Saito, T. & Nakano, S. (1999). Reproductive-timing-dependent alternation of offspring life histories in female threespine sticklebacks. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1314-1321. DOI: 10.1139/cjz-77-8-1314.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.77 , pp. 1314-1321
    • Saito, T.1    Nakano, S.2
  • 37
    • 33748618976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of captive breeding on aggressive behaviour of European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, in different contexts.
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.12.012
    • Salonen, A. & Peuhkuri, N. (2006). The effect of captive breeding on aggressive behaviour of European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, in different contexts. Animal Behaviour 72, 819-825. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.12.012.
    • (2006) Animal Behaviour , vol.72 , pp. 819-825
    • Salonen, A.1    Peuhkuri, N.2
  • 38
    • 27944485288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergence in behavioural responses to stress in two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with contrasting stress responsiveness.
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.04.008
    • Schjolden, J., Backström, T., Pulman, K. G. T., Pottinger, T. G. & Winberg, S. (2005). Divergence in behavioural responses to stress in two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with contrasting stress responsiveness. Hormones and Behavior 48, 537-544. DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.04.008.
    • (2005) Hormones and Behavior , vol.48 , pp. 537-544
    • Schjolden, J.1    Backström, T.2    Pulman, K.G.T.3    Pottinger, T.G.4    Winberg, S.5
  • 40
    • 2942757889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral syndromes: an integrative overview.
    • DOI: 10.1086/422893
    • Sih, A., Bell, A. M., Johnson, J. C. & Ziemba, R. E. (2004). Behavioral syndromes: an integrative overview. Quarterly Review of Biology 79, 241-277. DOI: 10.1086/422893.
    • (2004) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.79 , pp. 241-277
    • Sih, A.1    Bell, A.M.2    Johnson, J.C.3    Ziemba, R.E.4
  • 41
    • 0001086334 scopus 로고
    • Stages in the development of the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L).
    • Swarup, H. (1958). Stages in the development of the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L). Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 6, 373-383.
    • (1958) Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , vol.6 , pp. 373-383
    • Swarup, H.1
  • 42
    • 0000188919 scopus 로고
    • Paternal care and the development of adaptive variation in anti-predator responses in sticklebacks.
    • DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80034-9
    • Tulley, T. & Huntingford, F. (1987). Paternal care and the development of adaptive variation in anti-predator responses in sticklebacks. Animal Behaviour 35, 1570-1572. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80034-9.
    • (1987) Animal Behaviour , vol.35 , pp. 1570-1572
    • Tulley, T.1    Huntingford, F.2
  • 43
    • 85005717664 scopus 로고
    • Brood value and life expectancy as determinants of parental investment in male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1988.tb00220.x
    • Ukegbu, A. A. & Huntingford, F. A. (1988). Brood value and life expectancy as determinants of parental investment in male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Ethology 78, 72-82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1988.tb00220.x.
    • (1988) Ethology , vol.78 , pp. 72-82
    • Ukegbu, A.A.1    Huntingford, F.A.2
  • 44
    • 1942477368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlates of boldness in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
    • DOI: 10.1007/s00265-003-0751-8
    • Ward, A. J. W., Thomas, P., Hart, P. J. B. & Krause, J. (2004). Correlates of boldness in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, 561-568. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-003-0751-8.
    • (2004) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.55 , pp. 561-568
    • Ward, A.J.W.1    Thomas, P.2    Hart, P.J.B.3    Krause, J.4
  • 45
    • 64949190077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boldness and behavioral syndromes in the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus.
    • DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp018
    • Wilson, A. D. M. & Godin, J. G. J. (2009). Boldness and behavioral syndromes in the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Behavioral Ecology 20, 231-237. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp018.
    • (2009) Behavioral Ecology , vol.20 , pp. 231-237
    • Wilson, A.D.M.1    Godin, J.G.J.2
  • 46
    • 23744466072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consistency in context-specific measures of shyness and boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
    • DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01110.x
    • Wilson, A. D. M. & Stevens, E. D. (2005). Consistency in context-specific measures of shyness and boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ethology 111, 849-862. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01110.x.
    • (2005) Ethology , vol.111 , pp. 849-862
    • Wilson, A.D.M.1    Stevens, E.D.2
  • 47
    • 0027882653 scopus 로고
    • Shy bold continuum in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)- an ecological study of a psychological trait.
    • DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.107.3.250
    • Wilson, D. S., Coleman, K., Clark, A. B. & Biederman, L. (1993). Shy bold continuum in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)- an ecological study of a psychological trait. Journal of Comparative Psychology 107, 250-260. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.107.3.250.
    • (1993) Journal of Comparative Psychology , vol.107 , pp. 250-260
    • Wilson, D.S.1    Coleman, K.2    Clark, A.B.3    Biederman, L.4
  • 48
    • 33644821332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How is female mate choice affected by male competition?
    • DOI: 10.1017/S1464793105006809
    • Wong, B. B. M. & Candolin, U. (2005). How is female mate choice affected by male competition? Biological Reviews 80, 559-571. DOI: 10.1017/S1464793105006809.
    • (2005) Biological Reviews , vol.80 , pp. 559-571
    • Wong, B.B.M.1    Candolin, U.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.