Thinking transnationally, acting individually: Business lobby coalitions in international environmental negotiations

Global Society

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 311-329

  Orsini, Amandine ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84864783551     PISSN: 13600826     EISSN: 1469798X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2011.577030     Document Type: Article

References (86)

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3. Robert Falkner, Business Power and Conflict in International Environmental Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008).
4. Irja Vormedal, “The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: The Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2008), pp. 36–65
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16. Virginia Haufler, A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-regulation in a Global Economy (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001).
17. Jennifer Clapp, “Transnational Corporations and Global Environmental Governance”, in P. Dauvergne (ed.), Handbook of Global Environmental Politics (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2005), p. 285
18. Peter Andre´e, “The Genetic Engineering Revolution in Agriculture and Food: Strategies of the ‘Biotech Bloc’”, in Levy and Newell op. cit.; Clapp, “Transnational Corporate Interests and Global Environmental Governence”, op. cit.; and idem, “Transnational Corporate Interests in International Biosafety Negotiations”, op. cit. The ICC is the focus of Brian Hocking and Dominic Kelly’s, “Doing the Business? The International Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations, and the Global Compact”, in A. Cooper, J. English and R. Thakur, Enhancing Global Governance: Towards a New Diplomacy? (Tokyo, New York and Paris: United Nations Press, 2002), pp. 203–228. Note
19. Clapp, “Transnational Corporate Interests and Global Environmental Governence”, op. cit., p. 7.
20. Peter J. Newell and David L. Levy, “The Global Environmental Governance”, in C. May (ed.), Global Corporate Power (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006), p. 165.
21. Shauna J. Sadowski, “Bringing Multinational Corporations into the Environmental Treaty-making Process through the UN Global Compact”, Papers on International Environmental Negotiation, Vol. 14 (2005), p. 3.
22. The other coalition that Sadowski refers to is the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Sadowski distinguishes these two general transnational business coalitions from more specific ones such as the GIC that follows only the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety negotiations. Note
23. David Coen, “Environmental and Business Lobbying Alliances in Europe: Learning from Washington?”, in Levy and Newell, op. cit., pp. 197–222.
24. Britta Steffenhagen, “The Influence of Biotech Industry on German and European Negotiation Positions Regarding the 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety”, Master’s thesis, Freie Universitat Berlin (2001).
25. Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, “From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism”, Politics and Society, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1991), pp. 133–164.
26. These authors evidence four criteria defining the shape of business associations: the logic of membership, the logic of goal formation, the logic of influence and the logic of effectiveness. As we are in a context of corporate lobbying in international negotiations, the coalitions studied correspond to the logic of influencing the debates. Note
27. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit.; see also Vormedal, op. cit.
28. Louise Amoore, “International Political Economy and the ‘Contested Firm’”, New Political Economy, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2000), p. 185.
29. In the case of climate change see Vormedal, op. cit., p. 41.
30. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit.
31. John Braithwaite and Peter Drahos, Global Business Regulation (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); see also David L. Levy and Aseem Prakash, “Bargains Old and New: Multinational Corporations in Global Governance”, Business and Politics, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2003), p. 143.
32. Braithwaite and Drahos, op. cit., p. 14.
33. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit., p. 24.
34. Philippe Le Prestre, “Introduction: The Emergence of Biodiversity Governance”, in P. Le Prestre (ed.), Governing Global Biodiversity (London: Ashgate, 2002), p. 1.
35. Sebastian Oberthu¨r and Thomas Gehring, “Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: The Case of the Cartagena Protocol and the World Trade Organization”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2006), pp. 1–31.
36. Aarti Gupta and Robert Falkner, “The Influence of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Comparing Mexico, China and South Africa”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2006), pp. 23–55.
37. Andree, op. cit., pp. 135–166; Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit.
38. Kal Raustiala and David G. Victor, “The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, International Organization, Vol. 58 (2004), pp. 277–309.
39. Michael J. Miller, “Biodiversity Policy Making in Costa Rica: Pursuing Indigenous and Peasant Rights”, Journal of Environment & Development, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2006), pp. 359–381.
40. Amandine J. Bled, “Technological Choices in International Environmental Negotiations: An Actor–Network Analysis”, Business & Society, Vol. 49, No. 4 (2010), pp. 570–590.
41. Kristin G. Rosendal, “Regulating the Use of Genetic Resources—Between International Authorities”, European Environment, Vol. 16 (2006), pp. 265–277.
42. Stanley W. Burgiel, “Non State Actors and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety”, in Betsill and Corell, op. cit., p. 77.
43. Laura. M. Reifschneider, “Global Industry Coalition”, in C. Bail, R. Falkner and H. Marquard (eds.), The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Reconciling Trade in Biotechnology with Environment and Development? (London: Earthscan and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002), p. 273.
44. Interview with ICC representative, Grenada, Spain, 30 January 2006.
45. Reifschneider, op. cit., p. 273.
46. Steffenhagen, op. cit., p. 43.
47. Global Industry Coalition, “Biodiversity Jeopardized in Cartagena Biosafety Negotiations”, Press Release (17 February 1999), personal copy.
48. Among others, Global Industry Coalition, op. cit.; Global Industry Coalition, “Basic Requirements for a Successful Biosafety Protocol”; and Global Industry Coalition, “Environmental Protection, Economic Development will Suffer under Proposed Biosafety Protocol, Global Agriculture and Industry Representatives Warn Treaty Negotiators”, documents distributed at the sixth working group meeting on biosafety, personal copy; Global Industry Coalition, “Key Elements for a Successful Biosaf-ety Protocol”, 27 August 1999, distributed by e-mail on 1 September 1999 to all delegates of the biosaf-ety negotiations, personal copy. Note
49. All this information on the actions of the GIC during the negotiations comes from archival material collected in January and June 2007 from two German observers who followed the biosafety negotiations closely. Note
50. Amandine Bled, “Global Environmental Politics: Regulation for or against the Private Sector? The Case of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety”, Political Perspectives, Vol. 1 (June 2007). Note
51. Interview with Swiss delegate, Curitiba, Brazil, 24 March 2006. However, the influence of the GIC has been particularly sensitive for the Canadian and American delegations that did not ratify the Protocol. Note
52. Evelyne Dufault, “Demi-tour: une approche sociologique des revirements de politique etrangere, le cas de la politique environnementale canadienne”, PhD thesis in Political Science, Universite du Quebec a Montreal (2006), p. 141
53. confirmed by an interview with one ENGO representative, Bonn, Germany, 9 January 2007 and with a business representative from the International Grain Trade Coalition, Bonn, Germany, 14 May 2008. Note
54. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit., p. 170.
55. Kristin G. Rosendal, “Governing GMOs in the EU: A Deviant Case of Environmental Policy-making?”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005), p. 93.
56. Interview with a representative of Dupont, Grenada, Spain, 31 January 2006.
57. Richard Tapper, “Environment Business & Development Group”, in Bail, Falkner and Marquard, op. cit., p. 271; confirmed by an interview with a representative of the European Commission, Paris, France, 10 July 2007.
58. Interview with two former representatives of the GIBIP, Paris, France, 4 July 2005 and Curitiba, Brazil, 24 March 2006.
59. Steffenhagen, op. cit., p. 43.
60. Interview with GIC representative, Grenada, Spain, 2 February 2006.
61. Ibid.
62. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit., p. 170; confirmed by an informal discussion with the president of the GIC, Curitiba, Brazil, 14 March 2006.
63. Data originating from a questionnaire distributed to GIC members during the fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol. Note
64. Stephen Tully, “The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing”, RECIEL, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2003), pp. 84–88
65. Michael Frein and Hartmut Meyer, “The Concept of Benefit-sharing: A Step Forward or Backward?”, in B. Burrows (ed.), The Catch: Perspectives in Benefit Sharing (Edmonds, WA: Edmonds Institute, 2005), p. 123.
66. Volker Schneider, “Global Economic Governance by Private Actors: The International Chamber of Commerce”, in J. Greenwood and H. Jacek (eds.), Organised Business and the New Global Order (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 223–240.
67. Dominic Kelly, “Global Monitor: The International Chamber of Commerce”, New Political Economy, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2005), pp. 259–271.
68. Interview with ICC representative, Grenada, Spain, 31 January 2006.
69. The information on the ICC ABS task force actions comes from observation data during the eighth Conference of the Parties of the CBD as well as the fourth and fifth CBD working groups on ABS. Note
70. Sarah Laird and Rachel Wynberg, Access and Benefit-sharing in Practice: Trends in Partnerships across Sectors, CBD Technical Series (2008).
71. Walter Smolders, Disclosure of Origin and Access and Benefit Sharing: The Special Case of Seeds for Food and Agriculture, QUNO Occasional Paper 17 (October 2005), p. 4.
72. International Chamber of Commerce, Access and Benefit Sharing: Special Disclosure Requirements in Patent Applications, Discussion Paper (25 May 2005), p. 1.
73. Smolders, op. cit., p. 3.
74. Observation data during the “industry group” meeting following the African group proposal, Grenada, Spain, 31 January 2006. Note
75. Interview with a French business representative, Grenada, Spain, 1 February 2006.
76. Interview with a European seed company representative, Grenada, Spain, 31 January 2006.
77. Observation data during the eighth Conference of the Parties, Curitiba, Brazil, 23 March 2006.
78. Interview with one American pharmaceutical company representative and one European seed industry representative, Montreal, Canada, 12 October 2007. Note
79. Falkner, Business Power and Conflict, op. cit.
80. Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Games”, International Organization, Vol. 42 (1988), pp. 426–460.
81. Pamela S. Chasek, Janet Brown Welsh and David L. Downie, Global Environmental Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2006), p. 89; Rowlands, op. cit., p. 145. Note
82. Amandine Orsini, La Biodiversite´ sous influence, les lobbies industriels face aux politiques internationales d’environnement (Brussels: Presses de l’universite´ de Bruxelles, 2010), pp. 93–111.
83. Ibid., pp. 145–148.
84. Susan K. Sell and Aseem Prakash, “Using Ideas Strategically: The Contest between Business and NGO Networks in Intellectual Property Rights”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 48 (2004), pp. 143–175.
85. Alcock, op. cit.; Doherty, op. cit.
86. Interview with ICC representative, Grenada, Spain, 30 January 2006.