Non-suicidal self-injury within offender populations: A systematic review

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 33-50

  Dixon Gordon, Katherine ^a,b   Harrison, Natalie ^a   Roesch, Ronald ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

offenders; self harm; self injury

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864765249     PISSN: 14999013     EISSN: 19329903     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14999013.2012.667513     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Ahmed, A. G. and Lepnurm, M. 2001. Seclusion practice in a Canadian forensic psychiatric hospital. The American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 29: 303-309.
2. Almasi, K., Belso, N., Kapur, N., Webb, R., Cooper, J., Hadley, S. and Appleby, L. 2009. Risk factors for suicide in Hungary: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 9 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-9-45
3. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
4. Apter, A., Kotler, M. and Sevy, S. 1991. Correlates of risk of suicide in violent and nonviolent psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148: 883-887.
5. Beasley, C. M. Jr., Dornseif, B. E., Bosomworth, J. C., Sayler, M. E., Rampey, A. H. Jr., Heiligenstein, J. H. and Masica, D. N. 1992. Fluoxetine and suicide: A meta-analysis of controlled trials of treatment for depression. British Medical Journal, 303: 685-692. doi:10.1136 /bmj.303.6804.685
6. Bille-Brahe, U., Jessen, G., Nielsen, E., Nielsen, A. S. and Schiødt, H. 1994. "Attempted suicide in a Danish region 1989-1992". In Attempted suicide in Europe, Edited by: Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Schmidtke, A., Bille-Brahe, U., de Leo, D. and Lonnqvist, J. 35-51. Leiden/Copenhagen: DSWO Press.
7. Bland, J., Mezey, G. and Dolan, B. 1999. Special women, special needs: A descriptive study of female special hospital patients. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 10: 34-45. doi:10.1080 /09585189908402137
8. Borrill, J. 2002. Self-inflicted deaths of prisoners serving life sentences 1988-2001. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 4: 30-38. doi:10.1108 /14636646200200024
9. Borrill, J., Burnett, R., Atkins, R., Miller, S., Briggs, D., Weaver, T. and Maden, A. 2003. Patterns of self-harm and attempted suicide among white and black/mixed race female prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 13: 229-240. doi:10.1002 /cbm.549
10. Borrill, J., Snow, L., Medlicott, D., Teers, R. and Paton, J. 2005. Learning from 'near misses': Interviews with women who survived an incident of severe self-harm in prison. The Howard Journal, 44: 57-69. doi:10.1111 /j.1468-2311.2005.00355.x
11. Briere, J. and Gil, E. 1998. Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates, and functions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68,: 609-620. doi:10.1037 /h0080369
12. Brodsky, B. S., Groves, S. A., Oquendo, M. A., Mann, J. J. and Stanley, B. 2006. Interpersonal precipitants and suicide attempts in borderline personality disorder. Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviors, 36: 313-322. doi:10.1521 /suli.2006.36.3.313
13. Brooke, D., Taylor, C., Gunn, J. and Maden, A. 2000. Substance misuse as a marker of vulnerability among male prisoners on remand. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 248-251. doi:10.1192 /bjp.177.3.248
14. Brooker, C., Repper, J., Beverley, C., Ferriter, M. and Brewer, N. (2002). Mental health services and prisoners: A review. Sheffield, UK: Mental Health Task Force.
15. Brown, M. Z., Comtois, K. A. and Linehan, M. M. 2002. Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111: 198-202. doi:10.1037 /0021-843X.111.1.198
16. Browne, A., Miller, B. and Maguin, E. 1999. Prevalence and severity of lifetime physical and sexual victimization among incarcerated women. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22: 301-322. doi:10.1016 /S0160-2527(99)00011-4
17. Carli, V., Jovanović, N., Podlesek, A., Rihmer, Z., Maggi, S., Marusic, D. and Sarchiapone, M. 2010. The role of impulsivity in self-mutilators, suicide ideators and suicide attempters-A study of 1265 male incarcerated individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123: 116-122. doi:10.1016 /j.jad.2010.02.119
18. Chapman, A. L. and Dixon-Gordon, K. L. 2007. Emotional antecedents and consequences of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 37: 543-552. doi:10.1521 /suli.2007.37.5.543
19. Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L. and Brown, M. 2006. Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-injury: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44: 371-394.
20. Chapman, A., Specht, M. W. and Cellucci, T. 2005. Borderline personality disorder and deliberate self-harm: Does experiential avoidance play a role?. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35: 388-399. doi:10.1521 /suli.2005.35.4.388
21. Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., Brugha, T., Lewis, G. and Singleton, N. 2003. Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners and solitary confinement, II: Special ('strip') cells. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 14: 320-340. doi:10.1080 /1478994031000095501
22. Coid, J., Wilkins, J., Coid, B. and Everitt, B. 1992. Self-mutilation in female remanded prisoners II. A cluster analytic approach towards identification of a behavioural syndrome. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 2: 1-14.
23. Comtois, K. A. 2002. A review of interventions to reduce the prevalence of parasuicide. Psychiatric Services, 53: 1138-1144. doi:10.1176 /appi.ps.53.9.1138
24. Conacher, G. N. 1997. "Pharmacological approaches to impulsive and aggressive behavior". In Impulsivity: Theory, assessment, and treatment, Edited by: Webster, C. D. and Jackson, M. A. 394-408. New York: Guilford Press.
25. Daffern, M. and Howells, K. 2007. The prediction of imminent aggression and self-harm in personality disordered patients of a high security hospital using the HCR-20 Clinical Scale and the Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6: 137-143.
26. Dear, G. E. 2008. Ten years of research into self-harm in the Western Australian Prison System: Where to next?. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 15: 469-481.
27. Dear, G. E., Thomson, D. M. and Hills, A. M. 2000. Self-harm in prisons: Manipulators can also be suicide attempters. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27: 160-175. doi:10.1177 /0093854800027002002
28. DeHart, D. D., Smith, H. P. and Kaminski, R. J. 2009. Institutional responses to self-injurious behavior among inmates. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 15: 129-141. doi:10.1177 /1078345809331444
29. Dickinson, T., Wright, K. M. and Harrison, J. 2009. The attitudes of nursing staff in secure environments to young people who self-harm. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16: 947-951.
30. Dockley, A. 2001. Suicide and self-harm prevention: Repetitive self-harm among women in prison. Prison Service Journal, 138: 27-29.
31. Donhauser, S. 2008. Examining the role of shame as a mediator of childhood sexual abuse and self-injury [Abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 68: 4211-4234.
32. Douglas, N. and Plugge, E. 2008. The health needs of imprisoned female juvenile offenders: The view of the young women prisoners and youth justice professionals. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 4: 66-67. doi:10.1080 /17449200802038256
33. Dulit, R. A., Fyer, M. R., Leon, A. C., Brodsky, B. S. and Frances, A. J. 1994. Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151: 1305-1311.
34. Duncan, E. A. S., Nicol, M. M., Ager, A. and Dalgleish, L. 2006. A systematic review of structured group interventions with mentally disordered offenders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 16: 217-241. doi:10.1002 /cbm.631
35. Duperouzel, H. and Fish, R. 2010. Hurting no-one else's body but your own: People with intellectual disability who self-injure in a forensic service. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23: 606-615. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2010.00559.x
36. D'Zurilla, T. J. and Nezu, A. M. 2001. "Problem solving therapies". In Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies, 2nd ed., Edited by: Dobson, K. 211-245. New York: Guilford Press.
37. Eccleston, L. and Sorbello, L. 2002. The RUSH program-real understanding of self-help: A suicide and self-harm prevention initiative within a prison setting. Australian Psychologist, 37: 237-244. doi:10.1080 /00050060210001706926
38. Evans, J. 2000. Interventions to reduce repetition of deliberate self-harm. International Review of Psychiatry, 12: 44-47. doi:10.1080 /09540260074111
39. Evershed, S., Tennant, A., Boomer, D., Rees, A. and Watson, A. 2003. Practice-based outcomes of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) targeting anger and violence, with male forensic patients: A pragmatic and non-contemporaneous comparison. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 13: 198-213. doi:10.1002 /cbm.542
40. Favazza, A. R. 1998. The coming of age of self-mutilation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186: 259-268. doi:10.1097 /00005053-199805000-00001
41. Feiring, C., Taska, L. and Lewis, M. 2002. Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology, 38: 79-92. doi:10.1037 //0012-1649.38.1.79
42. Fish, R. M. 2000. Working with people who self-harm themselves in a forensic learning disability service: Experiences of direct care staff. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 4: 193-207.
43. Fotiadou, M., Livaditis, M., Manou, I., Kaniotou, E. and Xenitidis, K. 2006. Prevalence of mental disorders and deliberate self-harm in Greek male prisoners. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29: 68-73. doi:10.1016 /j.ijlp.2004.06.009
44. Franklin, R. K. 1988. Deliberate self-harm: Self-injurious behavior within a correctional mental health population. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 15: 210-218. doi:10.1177 /0093854888015002007
45. Fulwiler, C., Forbes, C., Santangelo, S. L. and Folstein, M. 1997. Self-mutilation and suicide attempt: Distinguishing features in prisoners. The American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 25: 69-77.
46. Gallagher, J. and Sheldon, K. 2010. Assessing the functions of self-harm behaviours for danger and severely personality disordered males in a high secure hospital. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 12: 22-32. doi:10.5042 /bjfp.2010.0035
47. Gardner, A. R. and Gardner, A. J. 1975. Self-mutilation, obsessionality, and narcissism. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127: 127-132. doi:10.1192 /bjp.127.2.127
48. Gough, K. 2005. Guidelines for managing self-harm in a forensic setting. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 7: 10-14. doi:10.1108 /14636646200500009
49. Gough, K. and Hawkins, A. 2000. Staff attitudes to self-harm and its management in a forensic psychiatric service. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 2: 22-28. doi:10.1108 /14636646200000030
50. Gratz, K. 2001. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23: 253-263.
51. Gratz, K. L. 2003. Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: A conceptual review. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10: 192-205. doi:10.1093 /clipsy.bpg022
52. Gratz, K. L. 2006. Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among female college students: The role and interaction of childhood maltreatment, emotional inexpressivity, and affect intensity/reactivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76: 238-250. doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.2.238
53. Gratz, K. L. and Gunderson, J. G. 2006. Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behavioral Therapy, 37: 25-35. doi:10.1016 /j.beth.2005.03.002
54. Gray, S. G., McGleish, A., MacCulloch, M. J., Hill, C., Timmons, D. and Snowden, R. 2003. Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 182: 443-451. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.443
55. Gunnell, D. and Frankel, S. 1994. Preventions of suicide: Aspirations and evidence. British Medical Journal, 228: 1227-1234. doi:10.1136 /bmj.308.6938.1227
56. Haines, J. and Williams, C. L. 1997. Coping and problem solving of self-mutilators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53: 177-186.
57. Haines, J., Williams, C. L., Brain, K. L. and Wilson, G. V. 1995. The psychophysiology of self-mutilation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104: 471-489. doi:10.1037 //0021-843X.104.3.471
58. Hasking, P., Momeni, R. and Swannell, S. 2008. The nature and extent of non-suicidal self-injury in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Archives of Suicide Research, 12: 208-218. doi:10.1080 /13811110802100957
59. Hawton, K., Arensman, E., Townsend, E., Bremner, S., Feldman, E. and Goldney, R. 1998. Deliberate self-harm: Systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition. British Medical Journal, 317: 441-447. doi:10.1136 /bmj.317.7156.441
60. Hawton, K., Houston, K. and Shepperd, R. 1999. Suicide in young people. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175: 271-274. doi:10.1192 /bjp.175.3.271
61. Hawton, K., McKeown, S., Day, A., Martin, P., O'Conner, M. and Yule, J. 1987. Evaluation of out-patient counseling compared with general practitioner care following overdoses. Psychological Medicine, 17: 751-761. doi:10.1136 /bmj.317. 7156.441
62. Haycock, J. 1989. Manipulation and suicide attempts in jails and prisons. Psychiatric Quarterly, 60: 85-98. doi:10.1007 /BF01064365
63. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. and Wilson, K. G. 1999. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change, New York: Guilford Press.
64. Heney, J. 2007. Women offender programs and issues: Report on self-injurious behaviour in the Kingston prison for women. The Correctional Service of Canada, Retrieved September 1, 2010 fromhttp://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/prgrm/fsw/selfinjuries/toce-eng.shtml
65. Herpertz, S. 1995. Self-injurious behavior: Psychopathological and nosological characteristics in subtypes of self-injurers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica, 91: 57-68. doi:10.1111 /j.1600-0447.1995.tb09743.x
66. Herpertz, S., Sass, H. and Favazza, A. 1997. Impulsivity in self-mutilative behavior: Psychometric and biological findings. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31: 451-465. doi:10.1016 /S0022-3956(97)00004-6
67. Hillbrand, M., Young, J. L. and Krystal, J. H. 1996. Recurrent self-injurious behavior in forensic patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 67: 33-45.
68. Holmqvist, R., Carlberg, M. and Hellgren, L. 2008. Deliberate self-harm behaviour in Swedish adolescent girls reports from public assessment and treatment agencies. Child Youth Care Forum, 37: 1-13. doi:10.1007 /s10566-007-9044-0
69. Hunter, E. M. 1988. Aboriginal suicides in custody: A view from the Kimberley. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 22: 273-282.
70. International Society for the Study of Self-injury. 2007. Definitional issues surrounding our understanding of self-injury, Conference proceedings from the annual meeting. Retrieved from http://www.isssweb.org/aboutnssi.php.
71. Ireland, J. L. and Quinn, K. 2007. Officer attitudes towards adult male prisoners who self-harm: Development of an attitudinal measure and investigation of sex differences. Aggressive Behavior, 33: 63-72. doi:10.1002 /ab.20168
72. Ivanoff, A. and Hayes, L. M. 2001. "Preventing, managing, and treating suicidal actions in high-risk offenders". In Treating offenders with mental disorders, Edited by: Ashford, J. B. and Sales, B. 313-331. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Press. doi:10.1037/10390-012
73. James, D. J. and Graze, L. E. 2006. Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (NCJ 213600)
74. Jeglic, E. L., Vanderhoff, H. A. and Donovick, P. J. 2005. The function of self-harm behavior in a forensic population. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49: 131-142. doi:10.1177 /0306624×04271130
75. Joiner, T. E. Jr., Conwell, Y., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Witte, T. K., Schmidt, N. B., Berlin, M. T. and Rudd, M. D. 2005. Four studies on how past and current suicidality relate even when "everything but the kitchen sink" is covaried. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114: 291-303. doi:10.1037 /0021-843X.114.2.291
76. Kenning, C., Cooper, J., Short, V., Shaw, J., Abel, K. and Chew-Graham, C. 2010. Prison staff and women prisoner's views on self-harm; their implications for service delivery and development: A qualitative study. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 20: 274-284. doi:10.1002 /cbm.777
77. Kenny, D. T., Lennings, C. J. and Munn, O. A. 2008. Risk factors for self-harm and suicide in incarcerated young offenders: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 8: 358-382. doi:10.1080 /15228930802199317
78. Kent, A. and Waller, G. 1999. The impact of childhood emotional abuse: An extension of the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22: 393-399. doi:10.1016 /S0145-2134(98)00007-6
79. Kettles, A., Moir, E., Woods, P., Porter, S. and Sutherland, E. 2004. Is there a relationship between risk assessment and observation level?. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11: 156-164. doi:10.1111 /j.1365-2850.2003.00699.x
80. Kirchner, T., Forns, M. and Mohino, S. 2008. Identifying the risk of deliberate self-harm among young prisoners by means of coping typologies. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38: 42-48. doi:10.1521 /suli.2008.38.4.442
81. Klonsky, E. D. 2007. The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27: 226-239.
82. Klonsky, E. D. (2008, November). Mechanisms for self-injurious behavior, Symposium presented at a meeting of the International Society for the Improvement & Teaching of Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Orlando, Florida, U.S.
83. Klonsky, E. D. and Glenn, C. R. 2009. Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31: 215-219. doi:10.1007 /s10862-008-9107-z
84. Klonsky, E. D. and Moyer, A. 2008. Childhood sexual abuse and non-suicidal self-injury: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192: 166-170. doi:10.1192 /bjp.bp.106.030650
85. Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F. and Turkheimer, E. 2003. Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160: 1501-1508. doi:10.1176 /appi.ajp.160.8.1501
86. Koons, C., Robins, C. J., Tweed, J. L., Lynch, T. R., Gonzalez, A. M. and Morese, J. Q. 2001. Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy in women veterans with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 32: 371-390. doi:10.1016 /S0005-7894(01)80009-5
87. Kreitman, N. 1977. Parasuicide., London: Wiley.
88. Lader, D., Singleton, N. and Meltzer, H. 2003. Psychiatric morbidity among young offenders in England and Wales. International Review of Psychiatry, 15: 144-147. doi:10.1080 /0954026021000046074
89. Lanes, E. 2009. The association of administrative segregation placement and other risk factors with the self-injury-free time of male prisoners. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48: 529-546. doi:10.1080 /10509670903081342
90. Laye-Gindhu, A. and Schonert-Reichl, K. A. 2005. Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the 'whats' and 'whys' of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34: 447-457. doi:10.1007 /s10964-005-7262-z
91. Liebowitz, M. R. 1987. A medication approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1: 325-327. doi:10.1521 /pedi.1987.1.4.325
92. Linehan, M. M. 1993. The cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder, New York: Guilford.
93. Linehan, M. M. 2000. "Behavioral treatments of suicidal behaviors: Definitional obfuscation and treatment outcomes". In Review of suicidology, Edited by: Maris, R. W., Canetto, S. S., McIntosh, J. L. and Silverman, M. M. 84-111. New York: Guilford. doi:10.1111 /j.1749-6632.1997.tb52367.x
94. Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Brown, M. Z., Heard, H. L. and Wagner, A. 2006. Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview (SASII): Development, reliability, and validity of a scale to assess suicide attempts and intentional self-injury. Psychological Assessment, 18: 303-312.
95. Lloyd, E., Kelley, M. L. and Hope, T. 1997, April. Self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents: Descriptive characteristics and provisional prevalence rates, New Orleans, LA: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Behavioral Medicine.
96. Lohner, J. and Konrad, N. 2006. Deliberate self-harm and suicide attempt in custody: Distinguishing features in male inmates' self-injurious behavior. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29: 370-385. doi:10.1080 /17449200701321654
97. Lohner, J. and Konrad, N. 2007. Risk factors for self-injurious behavior in custody: Problems of definition and prediction. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 3: 135-161. doi:10.1080 /17449200701321654
98. Loughran, M. and Seewoonarain, K. 2005. Characteristics of need and risk among women prisoners referred to inreach mental health services. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 7: 12-21. doi:10.1108 /14636646200500017
99. Low, G., Jones, D., Dugan, C., Power, M. and Macleod, A. 2001. The treatment of deliberate self harm in borderline personality disorder using dialectical behavior therapy: A pilot study in a high security hospital. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29: 85-92. doi:10.1017 /S1352465801001096
100. Maden, A., Chamberlain, S. and Gunn, J. 2000. Deliberate self-harm in sentenced male prisoners in England and Wales: Some ethnic factors. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 10: 199-204. doi:10.1002 /cbm.357
101. Mangnall & Yurkovich. 2010. A grounded theory exploration of deliberate self-harm in incarcerated women. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 6: 88-95. doi:10.1111 /j.1939-3938.2010.01072.x
102. Mannion, A. 2009. Self-harm in a dangerous and severely personality disordered population. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20: 322-331. doi:10.1080 /14789940802377106
103. Marzano, L. and Adler, J. R. 2007. Supporting staff working with prisoners who self-harm: A survey of support staff dealing with self-harm in prisons in England and Wales. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 3: 268-282. 10.1192 /bjp.bp.109.075424
104. Marzano, L., Fazel, S., Rivlin, A. and Hawton, K. 2010. Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: Case-control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197: 219-226. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075424
105. McLeavey, B. C., Daly, R. J., Ludgate, J. W. and Murray, C. M. 1994. Interpersonal problem solving skills training in the treatment of self- poisoning patients. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 24: 382-394.
106. Melzer, D., Tom, B. D. M., Brugha, T., Fryers, T., Gatward, R., Grounds, A. and Meltzer, H. 2004. Access to medium secure psychiatric care in England and Wales. 1: A national survey of admission assessments. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15: 7-31. doi:10.1080 /14789940310001648203
107. Miller, S. and Fritzon, K. 2007. Functional consistency across two behavioural modalities: Fire-setting and self-harm in female special hospital patients. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17: 31-44. doi:10.1002 /cbm.637
108. Milligan, R. J. and Andrews, B. 2005. Suicidal and other self-harming behaviour in offender women: The role of shame, anger, and childhood abuse. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10: 13-25. doi:10.1348 /135532504×15439
109. Muehlenkamp, J. J. 2006. Empirically supported treatments and general therapy guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28: 166-185.
110. NICE. 2004. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Self-Harm: The short term physical and psychological management and secondary prevention of self-harm in primary and secondary care, London: NICE.
111. Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I. and Michel, B. D. 2007. Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19: 309-317. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309
112. Nock, M. K. and Prinstein, M. J. 2004. A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72: 885-890. doi:10.1037 /0022-006X.72.5.885
113. Nock, M. K., Prinstein, M. J. and Sterba, S. K. 2010. Revealing the form and function of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118: 816-827. doi:10.1037/a0016948
114. O'Brien, M., Mortimer, L., Singleton, N. and Meltzer, H. 2003. Psychiatric morbidity among women prisoners in England and Wales. International Review of Psychiatry, 15: 153-157.
115. Oliver, C., Hall, S., Hales, J., Murphy, G. and Watts, D. 1998. The treatment of severe self-injurious behavior by the systematic fading of restraints: Effects on self-injury, self-restraint, adaptive behavior, and behavioral correlates of affect. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19: 143-165. doi:10.1016 /S0891-4222(97)00048-6
116. Pattison, M. E. and Kahan, J. 1983. The deliberate self-harm syndrome. Journal of Psychiatry, 140: 867-872.
117. Paulus, P. B. and Dzindolet, M. T. 1993. Reactions of male and female inmates to prison confinement: Further evidence for a two-component model. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20: 149-166. doi:10.1177 /0093854893020002003
118. Pengelly, N., Ford, B., Blenkiron, P. and Reilly, S. 2008. Harm minimization after repeated self-harm: Development of a trust handbook. Psychiatric Bulletin, 32: 60-63.
119. Perry, A. E. and Gilbody, S. 2009. Detecting and predicting self-harm behavior in prisoners: A prospective psychometric analysis of three instruments. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44: 853-861. doi:10.1007 /s00127-009-0007-7
120. Perry, A. E. and Olason, D. T. 2009. A new psychometric instrument assessing vulnerability to risk of suicide and self-harm behavior in offenders: Suicide concerns for offenders in prison environment (SCOPE). International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53: 385-400. doi:10.1177 /0306624×08319418
121. Phelan, M., Slade, M., Thornicroft, G., Dunn, G., Holloway, F., Wykes, T. and Hayward, P. 1995. The Camberwell Assessment of Need: The validity and reliability of an instrument to assess the needs of people with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167: 589-595. doi:10.1192 /bjp.167.5.589
122. Pratt, D., Appleby, L., Piper, M., Webb, R. and Shaw, J. 2010. Suicide in recently released prisoners: A case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 40: 827-835. doi:10.1017 /S0033291709991048
123. Robinson, D. and Kettles, A. M. 1998. The emerging profession of forensic nursing: Myth or reality. Psychiatric Care, 5: 214-218.
124. Roe-Sepowitz, D. 2007. Characteristics and predictors of self-mutilation: A study of incarcerated women. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 17: 312-321. doi:10.1002 /cbm.665
125. Ross, S. and Heath, N. 2002. A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31: 67-77.
126. Rutherford, H. and Taylor, P. J. 2004. The transfer of women offenders with mental disorder from prison to hospital. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15: 108-123. doi:10.1080 /14789940310001641272
127. Sakelliadis, E. I., Papadodima, S. A., Sergentanis, T. N., Giotakos, O. and Spiliopoulou, C. A. 2010. Self-injurious behavior among Greek male prisoners: Prevalence and risk factors. European Psychiatry: The Journal of Association of European Psychiatrists, 25: 151-158. doi:10.1016 /j.eurpsy.2009.07.014
128. Sakinofsky, I. 2000. "Repetition of suicidal behaviour". In The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide, Edited by: Hawton, K. and van Heeringen, K. 385-404. Chichester: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470698976.ch21
129. Schwartz, R. H., Cohen, P., Hoffmann, N. G. and Meeks, J. E. 1989. Self-harm behaviors (carving) in female adolescent drug abusers. Clinical Pediatrics, 28: 340-346. doi:10.1177 /000992288902800801
130. Shapiro, S. 1987. Self-mutilation and self-blame in incest victims. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 41: 46-55.
131. Short, V., Cooper, J., Shaw, J., Kenning, C., Abel, K. and Chew-Graham, C. 2009. Custody vs. care: Attitudes of prison staff to self-harm in women prisoners-a qualitative study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20: 408-426. doi:10.1080/14789940802377114
132. Simeon, D., Stanley, B., Frances, A., Mann, J. J., Winchel, R. and Stanley, M. 1992. Self-mutilation in personality disorders: Psychological and biological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149: 221-226.
133. Smith, H. P. and Kaminski, R. J. 2010. Inmate self-injurious behaviors: Distinguishing characteristics within a retrospective study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37: 81-96. doi:10.1177 /0093854809348474
134. Smith, H. P. and Kaminski, R. J. 2011. Self-injurious behaviors in state prisons: Findings from a national survey. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38: 26-41. doi:10.1177 /0093854810385886
135. Snow, L. 1997. A pilot study of self-injury amongst women prisoners. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology, 28: 50-59.
136. Snow, L. 2002. Prisoners' motives for self-injury and attempted suicide. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 4: 18-29. doi:10.1108 /14636646200200023
137. Suyemoto, K. 1998. The functions of self-mutilation. Clinical Psychology Review, 18: 531-554. doi:10.1016 /S0272-7358(97)00105-0
138. Tryer, P., Thompson, S., Schmidt, U., Jones, V., Knapp, M., Davidson, K. and Wessely, S. 2003. Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behaviour therapy versus treatment as usual in recurrent deliberate self-harm: The POMPACT study. Psychological Medicine, 33: 969-976.
139. van Egmond, M and Diekstra, R. F.W. 1989. "The predictability of suicidal behavior: The results of a meta-analysis of published studies". In Suicide and its prevention: The role of attitude and imitation, Edited by: Diekstra, R. F. W., Maris, R., Platt, S., Schmidtke, A. and Sonneck, G. 37-61. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
140. van der Kolk, B. A., Perry, C. and Herman, J. L. 1991. Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148: 1665-1671.
141. Vollm, B. A. and Dolan, M. C. 2009. Self-harm among UK female prisoners: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20: 741-751. doi:10.1080 /14789940903174030
142. Walsh, B. W. 2007. Clinical assessment of self-injury: A practical guide. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 63: 1057-1068. doi:10.1002 /jclp.20413
143. Walsh, B. W. and Rosen, P. M. 1988. Self-mutilation: Theory, research, and treatment., New York: Guilford Press.
144. Welch, S. S. and Linehan, M. M. 2002. High-risk situations associated with parasuicide and drug use in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16: 561-569. doi:10.1521 /pedi.16.6.561.22141
145. Welfare, H. and Mitchell, J. 2005. Addressing vulnerability amongst imprisoned juvenile offenders: An evaluation of the Access course. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 1: 171-181. doi:10.1080 /17449200600552912
146. Whitehead, E. and Mason, T. 2006. Assessment of risk and special observations in mental health practice: A comparison of forensic and non-forensic settings. International Journal of Mental health Nursing, 15: 235-241. doi:10.1111 /j.1447-0349.2006.00429.x
147. Wilkins, J. and Coid, J. 1991. Self-mutilation in female remanded prisoners: I. An indicator of severe psychopathology. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 1: 247-267.
148. Young, M. H., Justice, J. V. and Erdberg, P. 2006. Risk of harm: Inmates who harm themselves while in prison psychiatric treatment. Journal of Forensic Science, 51: 156-162. doi:10.1111 /j.1556-4029.2005.00023.x
149. Zapf, P. A. 2006. Suicide Assessment Manual for Inmates, Burnaby, BC: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute.
150. Zlotnick, C., Hohlstein, L. A., Shea, M. T., Pearlstein, T., Recupero, P. and Bidadi, K. 1996. The relationship between sexual abuse and eating pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20: 129-134. doi:10.1002 /(SICI)1098-108X(199609)20:2<129::AID-EAT2>3.0.CO;2-I
151. Zlotnick, C., Mattia, J. I. and Zimmerman, M. 1999. Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in a sample of general psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187: 296-301. doi:10.1097/00005053-199905000-00005