Risk factors for self-injurious behaviour in custody: Problems of definition and prediction

International Journal of Prisoner Health

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 135-161

  Lohner, Johannes ^a,b   Konrad, Norbert ^b,c  

^a Young Offenders' Institution Neuburg Herrenwörth   (Germany)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^c Berlin Prison Hospital   (Germany)

Author keywords

Custody; Risk factors; Self injurious behaviour

Indexed keywords

AUTOMUTILATION; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUSTODY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PREDICTION; PRISONER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUICIDE ATTEMPT;

EID: 34247594241     PISSN: 17449200     EISSN: 17449219     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17449200701321654     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Alessi, N., McManus, M., Brickman, A., & Grapentine, L. (1984). Suicidal behaviour among serious juvenile offenders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 286-287.
2. Allen, T. (1969). Patterns of escape and self-destructive behaviour in a correctional institution. Corrective Psychiatry and Journal of Social Therapy, 15, 50-58.
3. Andersen, H., Sestoft, D., Lillebæk, T., Gabrielsen, G., & Kramp, P. (1996). Prevalence of ICD-10 psychiatric morbidity in random samples of prisoners on remand. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 19, 61-74.
4. Battle, A., Battle, M., & Tolley, E. (1993). Potential for suicide and aggression in delinquents at juvenile court in a southern city. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 23, 230-244.
5. Beck, A., Beck, R., & Kovacs, M. (1975a). Classification of suicidal behaviours: I. Quantifying intent and medical lethality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 285-287.
6. Beck, A., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1975b). Hopelessness and suicidal behaviour: an overview. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1146-1149.
7. Beck, A., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: the Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 343-352.
8. Beck, A., Schuyler, D., & Herman, I. (1974). Development of suicidal Intent Scales. In A. Beck, H. Resnik & D. Lettieri (Eds.), The prevention of suicide (pp. 45-56). Bowie: Charles Press Publishing, Inc.
9. Beigel, A., & Russel, H. (1972). Suicide attempts in jails: prognostic considerations. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 23, 361-363.
10. Bell, D. (1999). Ethical issues in the prevention of suicide in prison. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 723-728.
11. Biederman, J., Newcorn, J., & Sprich, S. (1991). Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 564-577.
12. Biggam, F., & Power, K. (1999). A comparison of the problem-solving abilities and psychological distress of suicidal, bullied, and protected prisoners. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 26, 196-216.
13. Birmingham, L. (2003). The mental health of prisoners. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 9, 191-201.
14. Blaauw, E., Arensman, E., Kraaij, V., Winkel, F., & Bout, R. (2002). Traumatic life events and suicide risk among jail inmates: The influence of types of events, time period and significant others. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 9-16.
15. Blaauw, E., Roesch, R., & Kerkhof, A. (2000). Mental disorders in European prison systems. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 23, 649-663.
16. Blaauw, E., Winkel, F., & Kerkhof, A. (2001). Bullying and suicidal behaviour in jails. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 28, 279-299.
17. Bland, R., Newman, S., Dyck, R., & Orn, H. (1990). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts in a prison population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 407-413.
18. Blocher, D., Henkel, K., Ziegler, E., & Rösler, M. (2001). Zur Epidemiologie psychischer Beschwerden bei Häftlingen einer Justizvollzugsanstalt. Recht & Psychiatrie, 19, 136-140.
19. Bonner, R. (2000). Correctional suicide prevention in the year 2000 and beyond. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 30, 370-376.
20. Boothby, J., & Durham, T. (1999). Screening for depression in prisoners using the Beck Depression Inventory. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 26, 107-124.
21. Borrill, J., Burnett, R., Atkins, R., Miller, S., Briggs, D., Weaver, T., et al. (2003). Patterns of self-harm and attempted suicide among white and black/mixed race female prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 13, 229-240.
22. Bowers, L. (2003). Manipulation: searching for an understanding. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 329-334.
23. Boys, A., Farel, M., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Coid, J., Jenkins, R., et al. (2002). Drug use and initiation in prison: Results from a national prison survey in England and Wales. Addiction, 97, 1551-1560.
24. Brodsky, B., Oquendo, M., Ellis, S., Haas, G., Malone, K., & Mann, J. (2001). The relationship of childhood abuse to impulsivity and suicidal behaviour in adults with major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1871-1877.
25. Brooke, D., Taylor, C., Gunn, J., & Maden, A. (1996). Point prevalence of mental disorder in unconvicted male prisoners in England and Wales. British Medical Journal, 313, 1524-1527.
26. Brooke, D., Taylor, C., Gunn, J., & Maden, A. (2000). Substance misuse as a marker of vulnerability among male prisoners on remand. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 248-251.
27. Carr, E. (1977). The motivation of self-injurious behaviour: a review of some hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 800-816.
28. Chowanec, G., Josephson, A., Coleman, C., & Davis, H. (1991). Self-harming behaviour in incarcerated male delinquent adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 202-207.
29. Claghorn, J., & Beto, D. (1967). Self-mutilation in a prison mental hospital. Corrective Psychiatry and Journal of Social Therapy, 13, 133-141.
30. Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., Brugha, T., Lewis, G., et al. (2003). Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners and solitary cellular confinement, I: disciplinary segregation. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14, 298-319.
31. Coid, J., Wilkins, J., Coid, B., & Everitt, B. (1992). Self-mutilation in female remanded prisoners II: a cluster analytic approach towards identification of a behavioural syndrome. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 2, 1-14.
32. Collins, P., & White, T. (2002). Forensic implications of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 13, 263-284.
33. Cooke, D., & Michie, C. (1996). Suicide in Scottish prisons: a methodological note. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 1, 287-293.
34. Cookson, H. (1977). A survey of self-injury in a closed prison for women. British Journal of Criminology, 17, 332-347.
35. Cooper, C., & Berwick, S. (2001). Factors affecting psychological well-being of three groups of suicide-prone prisoners. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 20, 169-182.
36. Cooper, H.H. (1971). Self-mutilation by Peruvian prisoners. International Journal of Offender Therapy, 3, 180-188.
37. Cope, N. (2003). "It's no time or high time": Young offenders' experiences of time and drug use in prison. The Howard Journal, 42, 158-175.
38. Correia, K. (2000). Suicide assessment in a prison environment: a proposed control. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 27, 581-599.
39. Crawford, D. (1977). The HDHQ results of long-term prisoners: relationships with criminal and institutional behaviour. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 16, 391-394.
40. Crighton, D. (1997). The psychology of suicide. In G. Towl (Ed). Suicide and self-injury in prisons (pp. 36-44). DCLP 28. Leicester: The British Psychological Society.
41. Dahle, K.-P., Lohner, J., & Konrad, N. (2005). Suicide prevention in penal institutions: validation and optimization of a screening tool for early identification of high-risk inmates in pretrial detention. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 4, 53-62.
42. Dahle, K.-P., & Steller, M. (1990). Coping im Strafvollzug: Eine Untersuchung zu Haftfolgen bei Jugendlichen. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 37, 31-51.
43. Daigle, M. (2004). MMPI inmate profiles: suicide completers, suicide attempters, and non-suicidal controls. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 22, 833-842.
44. Daigle, M., Labelle, R., & Côté, G. (2006). Further evidence of the validity of the Suicide Risk Assessment Scale for prisoners. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29, 343-354.
45. Dear, G., Thomson, D., & Hills, A. (2000). Self-harm in prison: manipulators can also be suicide attempters. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 27, 160-175.
46. Dear, G., Thomson, D., Howells, K., & Hall, G. (2001). Self-harm in Western Australian prisons: differences between prisoners who have self-harmed and those who have not. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 34, 277-292.
47. Dimond, C., & Misch, P. (2002). Psychiatric morbidity in children remanded to prison custody - a pilot study. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 681-689.
48. Dittmann, V., & Reimer, C. (1991). Suizidhandlungen unter Haftbedingungen. Recht & Psychiatrie, 9, 118-123.
49. Dünkel, F. (1996). Empirische Forschung in Strafvollzug. Godesberg: Forum Verlag.
50. Edelson, S. (1984). Implications of sensory stimulation in self-destructive behaviour. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 140-145.
51. Eidhin, M., Sheehy, N., O'Sullivan, M., & McLeavey, B. (2002). Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201.
52. Elgar, F., Knight, J., Worrall, G., & Sherman, G. (2003). Behavioural and substance use problems in rural and urban delinquent youths. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 633-636.
53. Engström, G., Persson, B., & Levander, S. (1999). Temperament traits in male suicide attempters and violent offenders. European Psychiatry, 14, 278-283.
54. Esposito, C., & Clum, G. (1999). Specificity of depressive symptoms and suicidality in a juvenile delinquent population. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 21, 171-182.
55. Esposito, C., & Clum, G. (2002). Social support and problem-solving as moderators of the relationship between childhood abuse and suicidality: applications to a delinquent population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 137-146.
56. Farmer, K., Felthous, A., & Holzer, C. (1996). Medically serious suicide attempts in a jail with a suicide prevention program. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41, 240-246.
57. Felber, W. (1992). Dissoziales Verhalten bei Suizidenten und Parasuizidenten. In T. Payk (Ed). Dissozialität. Psychiatrische und forensische Aspekte (pp. 51-63). Stuttgart: Schattauer.
58. Frädrich, S., & Pfäfflin, F. (2000). Zur Prävalenz von Persönlichkeitsstörungen bei Strafgefangenen. Recht & Psychiatrie, 18, 95-104.
59. Franke, P., Neef, D., Weiffenbach, O., Gänsicke, M., Hautzinger, M., & Maier, W. (2003). Psychiatrische Komorbidität in Risikogruppen für Opiatabhängigkeit: eine Untersuchung an opiatabhängigen und nichtopiatabhängigen BtmG-Inhaftierten. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 71, 37-44.
60. Franklin, R. (1988). Deliberate self-harm: Self-injurious behaviour within a correctional mental health population. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 15, 210-218.
61. Frühwald, S., Frottier, P., Eher, R., Aigner, M., Gutierrez, K., & Ritter, K. (2000). Gefangenensuizide: Hinweise zur Abschätzung der Suizidgefahr. Psychiatrische Praxis, 27, 195-200.
62. Frühwald, S., Frottier, P., Ritter, K., Eher, R., & Guiterrez, K. (2002). Impact of overcrowding and legislational change on the incidence of suicide in custody: experiences in Austria, 1967-1996. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25, 119-128.
63. Fulwiler, C., Forbes, C., Santangelo, S., & Folstein, M. (1997). Self-mutilation and suicide attempt: distinguishing features in prisoners. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 69-77.
64. Gallagher, C., & Dobrin, A. (2005). The association between suicide screening practises and attempts requiring emergency care in juvenile justice facilities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 485-493.
65. Garvey, M., & Spoden, F. (1980). Suicide attempts in antisocial personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 21, 146-149.
66. Goss, J., Peterson, K., Smith, L., Kalb, K., & Brodey, B. (2002). Characteristics of suicide attempts in a large urban jail system with an established suicide prevention program. Psychiatric Services, 53, 574-579.
67. Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986). Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8, 49-65.
68. Gray, N., Hill, C., McGleish, A., Timmons, D., MacCulloch, M., & Snowden, R. (2003). Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: a prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 443-451.
69. Griffiths, A. Correlates of suicidal history in male prisoners. Medicine Science and the Law, 30 date>1990, 217-218.
70. Haines, J., Williams, C., & Brain, K. (1995). The psychopathology of incarcerated self-mutilators. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 514-522.
71. Hales, H., Davison, S., Misch, P., & Taylor, P. (2003). Young male prisoners in a Young Offenders' Institution: their contact with suicidal behaviour by others. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 667-685.
72. Hall, B., & Gabor, P. (2004). Peer suicide prevention in a prison. Crisis, 25, 19-26.
73. Harding, T., & Zimmermann, E. (1989). Psychiatric symptoms, cognitive stress and vulnerability factors: a study in a remand prison. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 36-43.
74. Hare, R. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
75. Haycock, J. (1989a). Manipulation and suicide attempts in jails and prisons. Psychiatric Quarterly, 60, 85-98.
76. Haycock, J. (1989b). Race and suicide in jails and prisons. Journal of the National Medical Association, 81, 405-411.
77. Haycock, J. (1991). Crimes and misdemeanors: a review of recent research on suicides in prison. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 23, 81-94.
78. Hayes, L. (1994). Prison suicide: an overview and guide to prevention: I. Crisis, 15, 155-158.
79. Herpertz, S., & Saß, H. (1994). Offene Selbstbeschädigung. Der Nervenarzt, 65, 296-306.
80. Herpertz, S., Werth, U., Lukas, G., Qunaibi, M., Schürkens, A., Kunert, H.-J., et al. (2001). Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 737-745.
81. Herrman, H., McGorry, P., Mills, J., & Singh, B. (1991). Hidden severe psychiatric morbidity in sentenced prisoners: an Australian study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 236-239.
82. Holden, R., & Kroner, D. (2003). Differentiating suicidal motivations and manifestations in a forensic sample. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 35, 35-44.
83. Holley, H., Arboleda-Flórez, J., & Love, E. (1995). Lifetime prevalence of prior suicide attempts in a remanded population and relationship to current mental illness. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 39, 191-209.
84. Hopes, B., & Shaull, R. (1986). Jail suicide prevention: effective programs can save lives. Corrections Today, 48, 64-70.
85. Hosser, D. & Greve, W. (2001). Die Folgen einer Gefängnisstrafe bei Jugendlichen. In: W. Fthenakis & M. Texter (Eds.), Das Online-Familienhandbuch. Available online at: http://www.www. familienhandbuch.de (accessed 16 October 2005).
86. Howard, J., Lennings, C., & Copeland, J. (2003). Suicidal behaviour in a young offender population. Crisis, 24, 98-104.
87. Hurley, W. (1989). Suicides by prisoners. The Medical Journal of Australia, 151, 188-190.
88. Inch, H., Rowlands, P., & Soliman, A. (1995). Deliberate self-harm in young offenders' institution. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 6, 161-171.
89. Ireland, J. (2000). A descriptive analysis of self-harm reports among a sample of incarcerated adolescent males. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 605-613.
90. Ireland, J. (2002). Official records of bullying incidents among young offenders: what they tell us and how useful are they? Journal of Adolescence, 25, 669-679.
91. Ivanoff, A. (1989). Identifying psychological correlates of suicidal behaviour in jail and detention facilities. Psychiatric Quarterly, 60, 71-84.
92. Ivanoff, A. (1992). Background risk factors associated with parasuicide among male prison inmates. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 19, 426-436.
93. Ivanoff, A., & Hayes, L. (2002). Preventing, managing, and treating suicidal actions in high-risk offenders. Jail Suicide/Mental Health Update, 11, 1-11.
94. Ivanoff, A., Jang, S., & Smyth, N. (1996). Clinical risk factors associated with parasuicide in prison. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 40, 135-146.
95. Jackson, N. (2000). The prevalence and frequency of deliberate self-harm among male patients in a maximum secure hospital. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10, 21-28.
96. Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Meltzer, H., Singleton, N., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., et al. (2005). Psychiatric and social aspects of suicidal behaviour in prisons. Psychological Medicine, 35, 257-269.
97. Johnson, R. (1978). Youth in crisis: dimensions of self-destructive conduct among adolescent prisoners. Adolescence, 13, 461-482.
98. Jones, A. (1986). Self-mutilation in prison: a comparison of mutilators and nonmutilators. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 13, 286-296.
99. Kempton, T., & Forehand, R. (1992). Suicide attempts among juvenile delinquents; the contribution of mental health factors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 537-541.
100. Kerkhof, J., & Bernasco, W. (1990). Suicidal behaviour in jails and prisons in The Netherlands: incidence, characteristics, and prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 20, 123-137.
101. Köhler, D. (2004). Psychische Störungen bei jungen Straftätern. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
102. Kühl, J., & Schumann, K. (1989). Prognosen im Strafrecht - Probleme der Methodologie und Legitimation. Recht & Psychiatrie, 7, 126-148.
103. Kupers, T. (1996). Trauma and its sequelae in male prisoners: effects of confinement, overcrowding, and diminished services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 189-196.
104. Laubenthal, K. (1998). Strafvollzug. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
105. Lawlor, D., & Kosky, R. (1992). Serious suicide attempts among adolescents in custody. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 474-478.
106. Leese, M., Thomas, S., & Snow, L. (2006). An ecological study of factors associated with rates of self-inflicted death in prisons in england and wales. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29, 355-360.
107. Lekka, N.P., Argyriou, A.A., & Beratis, S. (2006). Suicidal ideation in prisoners: risk factors and relevance to suicidal behaviour. A prospective case-control study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 87-92.
108. Lexcen, F. & Redding, R. (2000). Mental health needs of juvenile offenders. Juvenile Justice Fact Sheet. Available online at: http://www.ilppp.virginia.edu/Publications_and_Reports/MHNeedsJuvOff.html (accessed 11 September 2004).
109. Liebling, A. (1995). Vulnerability and prison suicide. The British Journal of Criminology, 35, 173-187.
110. Liebling, A., & Krarup, H. (1993). Suicide attempts and self-injury in male prisons. London: Home Office.
111. Links, P., Gould, B., & Ratnayake, R. (2003). Assessing suicidal youth with antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 301-310.
112. Lloyd, C. (1990). Suicide and self-injury in prison: a literature review. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
113. Lohner, J., & Konrad, N. (2006). Deliberate self-harm and suicide attempt in custody: distinguishing features in male inmates' self-injurious behavior. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29, 370-385.
114. Maden, A., Chamberlain, S., & Gunn, J. (2000). Deliberate self-harm in sentenced male prisoners in England and Wales: Some ethnic factors. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10, 199-204.
115. Maden, A., Swinton, M., & Gunn, J. (1994). Psychiatric disorder in women serving a prison sentence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 44-54.
116. Malone, K., Szanto, K., Corbitt, E., & Mann, J. (1995). Clinical assessment versus research methods in the assessment of suicidal behaviour. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1601-1607.
117. Marttunen, M., Aro, H., Henriksson, M., & Lönnqvist, J. (1994). Antisocial behaviour in adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 167-173.
118. Matsumoto, T., Yamaguchi, A., Asami, T., Okada, T., Yoshikawa, K., & Hirayasu, Y. (2005). Characteristics of self-cutters among male inmates: association with bulimia and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 319-326.
119. McAllister, M. (2003). Multiple meanings of self harm: a critical review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 12, 177-185.
120. McArthur, M., Camilleri, P., & Webb, H. (1999). Strategies for managing suicide and self-harm in prisons. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 125. Canaberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
121. McCleave, N., & Latham, D. (1998). Self-injurious behaviour in police custody. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 5, 13-26.
122. McHugh, M., & Towl, G. (1997). Organizational reactions and reflections on suicide and self-injury. In G. Towl (Ed). Suicide and self-injury in prisons (pp. 5-11). DCLP 28. Leicester: The British Psychological Society.
123. McManus, M., Brickman, A., Alessi, N., & Grapentine, L. (1984). Borderline personality in serious delinquents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 25, 446-454.
124. Meltzer, H., Jenkins, R., Singleton, N., Charlton, J., & Yar, M. (2003). Non-fatal suicidal behaviour among prisoners. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 148-149.