메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 90, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 972-983

Scale-dependent drivers of ungulate patch use along a temporal and spatial gradient of snow depth

Author keywords

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); FRAGSTATS; Generalized linear model; Habitat selection; Upper Peninsula of Michigan; White tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); Winter cover

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CLIMATE EFFECT; CONIFEROUS FOREST; DEER; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT QUALITY; HABITAT SELECTION; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR; MOVEMENT; PATCH USE; REFUGIUM; REGENERATION; SNOW ACCUMULATION; SNOW COVER; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84864659014     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: 14803283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Z2012-065     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 84989487639 scopus 로고
    • Forests too deer: Edge effects in northern Wisconsin
    • doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x
    • Alverson, W.S., Waller, D.M., and Solheim, S.L. 1988. Forests too deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin. Conserv. Biol. 2(4): 348-358. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x.
    • (1988) Conserv. Biol. , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 348-358
    • Alverson, W.S.1    Waller, D.M.2    Solheim, S.L.3
  • 2
    • 0027505188 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman browsing pressure
    • doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90713-B
    • Anderson, R.C., and Katz, A.J. 1993. Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman browsing pressure. Biol. Conserv. 63(3): 203-208. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90713-B.
    • (1993) Biol. Conserv. , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 203-208
    • Anderson, R.C.1    Katz, A.J.2
  • 3
    • 0000784552 scopus 로고
    • White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) influence on structure and composition of Tsuga canadensis forests
    • doi:10.2307/ 2402859
    • Anderson, R.C., and Loucks, O.L. 1979. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) influence on structure and composition of Tsuga canadensis forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 16(3): 855-861. doi:10.2307/ 2402859.
    • (1979) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 855-861
    • Anderson, R.C.1    Loucks, O.L.2
  • 5
    • 0025250857 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing whitetailed deer activity patterns and habitat use
    • Beier, P., and McCullough, D.R. 1990. Factors influencing whitetailed deer activity patterns and habitat use. Wildl. Monogr. 109: 3-51.
    • (1990) Wildl. Monogr. , vol.109 , pp. 3-51
    • Beier, P.1    McCullough, D.R.2
  • 6
    • 16844365276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix structure obscures the relationship between interpatch movement and patch size and isolation
    • doi:10.1890/03-0769
    • Bender, D.J., and Fahrig, L. 2005. Matrix structure obscures the relationship between interpatch movement and patch size and isolation. Ecology, 86(4): 1023-1033. doi:10.1890/03-0769.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 1023-1033
    • Bender, D.J.1    Fahrig, L.2
  • 7
    • 0038027442 scopus 로고
    • Northern Great Lakes states and Ontario forests
    • In, Edited by L.K. Halls. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa
    • Blouch, R.I. 1984. Northern Great Lakes states and Ontario forests. In White-tailed deer ecology and management. Edited by L.K. Halls. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa. pp. 391-410.
    • (1984) White-tailed deer ecology and management , pp. 391-410
    • Blouch, R.I.1
  • 9
    • 0042315091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat patch occupancy by toads (Bufo punctatus) in a naturally fragmented desert landscape
    • doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1012:HPOBTB]2.0.CO;2
    • Bradford, D.F., Neale, A.C., Nash, M.S., Sada, D.W., and Jaeger, J.R. 2003. Habitat patch occupancy by toads (Bufo punctatus) in a naturally fragmented desert landscape. Ecology, 84(4): 1012-1023. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1012:HPOBTB]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.4 , pp. 1012-1023
    • Bradford, D.F.1    Neale, A.C.2    Nash, M.S.3    Sada, D.W.4    Jaeger, J.R.5
  • 11
  • 12
    • 30644460392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves
    • doi:10.1890/05-0032
    • Creel, S., Winnie, J., Jr., Maxwell, B., Hamlin, K., and Creel, M. 2005. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology, 86(12): 3387-3397. doi:10.1890/05-0032.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.12 , pp. 3387-3397
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie Jr., J.2    Maxwell, B.3    Hamlin, K.4    Creel, M.5
  • 15
    • 0000186267 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and movements of white-tailed deer in southern New Brunswick in relation to environmental factors
    • Drolet, C.A. 1976. Distribution and movements of white-tailed deer in southern New Brunswick in relation to environmental factors. Can. Field-Nat. 90: 123-136.
    • (1976) Can. Field-Nat. , vol.90 , pp. 123-136
    • Drolet, C.A.1
  • 16
    • 26844432246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors
    • doi:10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04263.x
    • Dussault, C., Ouellet, J.-P., Courtois, R., Huot, J., Breton, L., and Jolicoeur, H. 2005. Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors. Ecography, 28(5): 619-628. doi:10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04263.x.
    • (2005) Ecography , vol.28 , Issue.5 , pp. 619-628
    • Dussault, C.1    Ouellet, J.-P.2    Courtois, R.3    Huot, J.4    Breton, L.5    Jolicoeur, H.6
  • 17
    • 0000090044 scopus 로고
    • Lake effect snowfall to the lee of the Great Lakes: Its role in Michigan
    • doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1970)051<0403:LESTTL>2.0.CO;2
    • Eichenlaub, V.L. 1970. Lake effect snowfall to the lee of the Great Lakes: its role in Michigan. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 51(5): 403-412. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1970)051<0403:LESTTL>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1970) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.51 , Issue.5 , pp. 403-412
    • Eichenlaub, V.L.1
  • 18
    • 0005092472 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of hemlock stands related to deer use in east-central Ontario
    • doi:10.2307/2402958
    • Euler, D., and Thurston, L. 1980. Characteristics of hemlock stands related to deer use in east-central Ontario. J. Appl. Ecol. 17(1): 1-6. doi:10.2307/2402958.
    • (1980) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-6
    • Euler, D.1    Thurston, L.2
  • 19
    • 0001604999 scopus 로고
    • Energy expenditures by caribou while cratering in snow
    • doi:10. 2307/3801384
    • Fancy, S.G., and White, R.G. 1985. Energy expenditures by caribou while cratering in snow. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(4): 987-993. doi:10. 2307/3801384.
    • (1985) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 987-993
    • Fancy, S.G.1    White, R.G.2
  • 20
    • 0022219621 scopus 로고
    • Current and predicted longterm effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA
    • doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85) 90103-X
    • Frelich, L.E., and Lorimer, C.G. 1985. Current and predicted longterm effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA. Biol. Conserv. 34(2): 99-120. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85) 90103-X.
    • (1985) Biol. Conserv. , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-120
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 21
    • 0034610199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology
    • doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00354-9
    • Guisan, A., and Zimmermann, N.E. 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecol. Model. 135(2-3): 147-186. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00354-9.
    • (2000) Ecol. Model. , vol.135 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 147-186
    • Guisan, A.1    Zimmermann, N.E.2
  • 22
    • 0030404254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization
    • doi:10.2307/2265659
    • Gustafson, E.J., and Gardner, R.H. 1996. The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization. Ecology, 77(1): 94-107. doi:10.2307/2265659.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , Issue.1 , pp. 94-107
    • Gustafson, E.J.1    Gardner, R.H.2
  • 23
    • 79953782575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivore-induced expansion of generalist species as a driver of homogenization in postdisturbance plant communities
    • doi:10.1007/s11258-010-9858-y
    • Holmes, S.A., and Webster, C.R. 2011. Herbivore-induced expansion of generalist species as a driver of homogenization in postdisturbance plant communities. Plant Ecol. 212(5): 753-768. doi:10.1007/s11258-010-9858-y.
    • (2011) Plant Ecol. , vol.212 , Issue.5 , pp. 753-768
    • Holmes, S.A.1    Webster, C.R.2
  • 24
    • 84857449605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling the landscape of deer overabundance: reserve size vs. landscape context in the agricultural Midwest
    • doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.034
    • Hurley, P.M., Webster, C.R., Flaspohler, D.J., and Parker, G.R. 2012. Untangling the landscape of deer overabundance: reserve size vs. landscape context in the agricultural Midwest. Biol. Conserv. 146(1): 62-71. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.034.
    • (2012) Biol. Conserv. , vol.146 , Issue.1 , pp. 62-71
    • Hurley, P.M.1    Webster, C.R.2    Flaspohler, D.J.3    Parker, G.R.4
  • 25
    • 84857450395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate winter habitat selection as a driver of herbaceous-layer heterogeneity in northern temperate forests
    • doi:10.1890/ES10-00189.1
    • Jensen, N.R., Webster, C.R., Witt, J.C., and Grant, J.B. 2011. Ungulate winter habitat selection as a driver of herbaceous-layer heterogeneity in northern temperate forests. Ecosphere, 2: art67. doi:10.1890/ES10-00189.1.
    • (2011) Ecosphere , vol.2
    • Jensen, N.R.1    Webster, C.R.2    Witt, J.C.3    Grant, J.B.4
  • 26
    • 0003065196 scopus 로고
    • The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference
    • doi:10.2307/1937156
    • Johnson, D.H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology, 61(1): 65-71. doi:10.2307/1937156.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-71
    • Johnson, D.H.1
  • 27
    • 0036107687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement parameters of ungulates and scale-specific responses to the environment
    • doi:10.1046/j. 1365-2656.2002.00595.x
    • Johnson, C.J., Parker, K.L., Heard, D.C., and Gillingham, M.P. 2002. Movement parameters of ungulates and scale-specific responses to the environment. J. Anim. Ecol. 71(2): 225-235. doi:10.1046/j. 1365-2656.2002.00595.x.
    • (2002) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.71 , Issue.2 , pp. 225-235
    • Johnson, C.J.1    Parker, K.L.2    Heard, D.C.3    Gillingham, M.P.4
  • 28
    • 0038397582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter habitat selection at three spatial scales by American elk, Cervus elaphus, in west-central Alberta
    • Jones, P.F., and Hudson, R.J. 2002. Winter habitat selection at three spatial scales by American elk, Cervus elaphus, in west-central Alberta. Can. Field-Nat. 116: 183-191.
    • (2002) Can. Field-Nat. , vol.116 , pp. 183-191
    • Jones, P.F.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 29
    • 0036165089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: Effects on spatial distribution of mule deer
    • doi:10. 1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0530:LHADSE]2.0.CO;2
    • Kie, J.G., Bowyer, R.T., Nicholson, M.C., Boroski, B.B., and Loft, E.R. 2002. Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: effects on spatial distribution of mule deer. Ecology, 83(2): 530-544. doi:10. 1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0530:LHADSE]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , Issue.2 , pp. 530-544
    • Kie, J.G.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Nicholson, M.C.3    Boroski, B.B.4    Loft, E.R.5
  • 30
    • 0023482478 scopus 로고
    • Forest cover and snow: Implications for deer habitat in southeast Alaska
    • doi:10.2307/3801623
    • Kirchhoff, M.D., and Schoen, J.W. 1987. Forest cover and snow: implications for deer habitat in southeast Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 51(1): 28-33. doi:10.2307/3801623.
    • (1987) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-33
    • Kirchhoff, M.D.1    Schoen, J.W.2
  • 31
    • 46949110464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scaledependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates
    • doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1051-9. PMID:18481095
    • Kittle, A.M., Fryxell, J.M., Desy, G.E., and Hamr, J. 2008. The scaledependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates. Oecologia (Berl.), 157(1): 163-175. doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1051-9. PMID:18481095.
    • (2008) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.157 , Issue.1 , pp. 163-175
    • Kittle, A.M.1    Fryxell, J.M.2    Desy, G.E.3    Hamr, J.4
  • 32
    • 0022236186 scopus 로고
    • Selection of sites for winter night beds by white-tailed deer in a hemlock-northern hardwood forest
    • doi:10.2307/2425570
    • Lang, B.K., and Gates, J.E. 1985. Selection of sites for winter night beds by white-tailed deer in a hemlock-northern hardwood forest. Am. Midl. Nat. 113(2): 245-255. doi:10.2307/2425570.
    • (1985) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.113 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-255
    • Lang, B.K.1    Gates, J.E.2
  • 33
    • 0001274573 scopus 로고
    • The role of fire in the perpetuation of virgin forests of northern Wisconsin
    • Maissurow, D.K. 1941. The role of fire in the perpetuation of virgin forests of northern Wisconsin. J. For. 39: 201-207.
    • (1941) J. For. , vol.39 , pp. 201-207
    • Maissurow, D.K.1
  • 34
    • 34548460829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of selection: New approaches to detecting the scaledependent response to habitat
    • doi:10. 1890/06-1672.1. PMID:17645009
    • Mayor, S., Schaefer, J., Schneider, D., and Mahoney, S. 2007. Spectrum of selection: new approaches to detecting the scaledependent response to habitat. Ecology, 88(7): 1634-1640. doi:10. 1890/06-1672.1. PMID:17645009.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , Issue.7 , pp. 1634-1640
    • Mayor, S.1    Schaefer, J.2    Schneider, D.3    Mahoney, S.4
  • 35
    • 68149166438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection at multiple scales
    • doi:10.2980/16-2-3238
    • Mayor, S.J., Schneider, D.C., Schaefer, J.A., and Mahoney, S.P. 2009. Habitat selection at multiple scales. Écoscience, 16(2): 238-247. doi:10.2980/16-2-3238.
    • (2009) Écoscience , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 238-247
    • Mayor, S.J.1    Schneider, D.C.2    Schaefer, J.A.3    Mahoney, S.P.4
  • 38
    • 84864719261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing
    • Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 2001. IFMAP/GAP Upper Peninsula Land Cover data with 30-m resolution. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing.
    • (2001) IFMAP/GAP Upper Peninsula Land Cover data with 30-m resolution
  • 39
    • 75349111296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of local and regional landscape characteristics on wildlife distribution across managed forests
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.020
    • Millington, J.D.A., Walters, M.B., Matonis, M.S., and Liu, J. 2010. Effects of local and regional landscape characteristics on wildlife distribution across managed forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 259(6): 1102-1110. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.020.
    • (2010) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.259 , Issue.6 , pp. 1102-1110
    • Millington, J.D.A.1    Walters, M.B.2    Matonis, M.S.3    Liu, J.4
  • 40
    • 0027331734 scopus 로고
    • Eastern hemlock regeneration and deer browsing in the northern Great Lakes region: A reexamination and model simulation
    • doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740889.x
    • Mladenoff, D.J., and Stearns, F. 1993. Eastern hemlock regeneration and deer browsing in the northern Great Lakes region: a reexamination and model simulation. Conserv. Biol. 7(4): 889-900. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740889.x.
    • (1993) Conserv. Biol. , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 889-900
    • Mladenoff, D.J.1    Stearns, F.2
  • 41
    • 0037454788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withinyard habitat use by white-tailed deer at varying winter severity
    • doi:10.1016/S0378-1127 (01)00809-X. National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). 2004. Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) data products at NSIDC. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colo
    • Morrison, S.F., Forbes, G.J., Young, S.J., and Lusk, S. 2003. Withinyard habitat use by white-tailed deer at varying winter severity. For. Ecol. Manage. 172(2-3): 173-182. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127 (01)00809-X. National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). 2004. Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) data products at NSIDC. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colo.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.172 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 173-182
    • Morrison, S.F.1    Forbes, G.J.2    Young, S.J.3    Lusk, S.4
  • 42
    • 0028980574 scopus 로고
    • Winter range arrival and depature of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota
    • doi:10.1139/z95-127
    • Nelson, M.E. 1995. Winter range arrival and depature of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota. Can. J. Zool. 73(6): 1069-1076. doi:10.1139/z95-127.
    • (1995) Can. J. Zool. , vol.73 , Issue.6 , pp. 1069-1076
    • Nelson, M.E.1
  • 43
    • 0031874114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of migratory behavior in northern white-tailed deer
    • doi:10.1139/z97-207
    • Nelson, M.E. 1998. Development of migratory behavior in northern white-tailed deer. Can. J. Zool. 76(3): 426-432. doi:10.1139/z97-207.
    • (1998) Can. J. Zool. , vol.76 , Issue.3 , pp. 426-432
    • Nelson, M.E.1
  • 44
    • 0002287387 scopus 로고
    • Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota
    • Nelson, M.E., and Mech, L.D. 1981. Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. 77: 3-53.
    • (1981) Wildl. Monogr. , vol.77 , pp. 3-53
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Mech, L.D.2
  • 45
    • 0026330269 scopus 로고
    • Wolf predation risk associated with white-tailed deer movements
    • doi:10.1139/z91-379
    • Nelson, M.E., and Mech, L.D. 1991. Wolf predation risk associated with white-tailed deer movements. Can. J. Zool. 69(10): 2696-2699. doi:10.1139/z91-379.
    • (1991) Can. J. Zool. , vol.69 , Issue.10 , pp. 2696-2699
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Mech, L.D.2
  • 46
    • 33646233189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-decade dearth of deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a wolf (Canis lupus)-dominated ecosystem
    • doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[373:ADDODO]2.0.CO;2
    • Nelson, M.E., and Mech, L.D. 2006. A 3-decade dearth of deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a wolf (Canis lupus)-dominated ecosystem. Am. Midl. Nat. 155(2): 373-382. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[373:ADDODO]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2006) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.155 , Issue.2 , pp. 373-382
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Mech, L.D.2
  • 47
    • 0038573663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Availability and quality of herbivore winter browse in relation to tree height and snow depth
    • Nordengren, C., Hofgaard, A., and Ball, J.P. 2003. Availability and quality of herbivore winter browse in relation to tree height and snow depth. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 40: 305-314.
    • (2003) Ann. Zool. Fenn. , vol.40 , pp. 305-314
    • Nordengren, C.1    Hofgaard, A.2    Ball, J.P.3
  • 48
    • 33645031093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the importance of spatial configuration of winter habitat for woodland caribou: An application of graph theory
    • doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.014
    • O'Brien, D., Manseau, M., Fall, A., and Fortin, M.J. 2006. Testing the importance of spatial configuration of winter habitat for woodland caribou: an application of graph theory. Biol. Conserv. 130(1): 70-83. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.014.
    • (2006) Biol. Conserv. , vol.130 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-83
    • O'Brien, D.1    Manseau, M.2    Fall, A.3    Fortin, M.J.4
  • 49
    • 8144227561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context-dependent perceptual ranges and their relevance to animal movements in landscapes
    • Olden, J.D., Schooley, R.L., Monroe, J.B., and Poff, N.L. 2004. Context-dependent perceptual ranges and their relevance to animal movements in landscapes. Ecology, 73: 1190-1194.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1190-1194
    • Olden, J.D.1    Schooley, R.L.2    Monroe, J.B.3    Poff, N.L.4
  • 50
    • 0021547628 scopus 로고
    • Energy expenditures for locomotion by mule deer and elk
    • doi:10.2307/3801180
    • Parker, K.L., Robbins, C.T., and Hanley, T.A. 1984. Energy expenditures for locomotion by mule deer and elk. J. Wildl. Manage. 48(2): 474-488. doi:10.2307/3801180.
    • (1984) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 474-488
    • Parker, K.L.1    Robbins, C.T.2    Hanley, T.A.3
  • 51
    • 0028984301 scopus 로고
    • Winter habitat use by large ungulates following fire in northern Yellowstone National Park
    • doi:10. 2307/1941982
    • Pearson, S.M., Turner, M.G., Wallace, L.L., and Romme, W.H. 1995. Winter habitat use by large ungulates following fire in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecol. Appl. 5(3): 744-755. doi:10. 2307/1941982.
    • (1995) Ecol. Appl. , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 744-755
    • Pearson, S.M.1    Turner, M.G.2    Wallace, L.L.3    Romme, W.H.4
  • 52
    • 33645664006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring and habitat analysis for wolves in Upper Michigan
    • doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1660:MAHAFW]2. 0.CO;2
    • Potvin, M.J., Drummer, T.D., Vucetich, J.A., Beyer, D.E., Jr., Peterson, R.O., and Hammill, J.H. 2005. Monitoring and habitat analysis for wolves in Upper Michigan. J. Wildl. Manage. 69(4): 1660-1669. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1660:MAHAFW]2. 0.CO;2.
    • (2005) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 1660-1669
    • Potvin, M.J.1    Drummer, T.D.2    Vucetich, J.A.3    Beyer Jr., D.E.4    Peterson, R.O.5    Hammill, J.H.6
  • 53
    • 0033862597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical habitat selection by woodland caribou: Its relationship to limiting factors
    • doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00303.x
    • Rettie, W.J., and Messier, F. 2000. Hierarchical habitat selection by woodland caribou: its relationship to limiting factors. Ecography, 23(4): 466-478. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00303.x.
    • (2000) Ecography , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 466-478
    • Rettie, W.J.1    Messier, F.2
  • 54
    • 0034968866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The matrix matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes
    • doi:10.1086/ 320863. PMID:18707317
    • Ricketts, T.H. 2001. The matrix matters: effective isolation in fragmented landscapes. Am. Nat. 158(1): 87-99. doi:10.1086/ 320863. PMID:18707317.
    • (2001) Am. Nat. , vol.158 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-99
    • Ricketts, T.H.1
  • 56
    • 0034882155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: A North American perspective
    • doi:10.1093/ forestry/74.3.201
    • Rooney, T.P. 2001. Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: a North American perspective. Forestry, 74(3): 201-208. doi:10.1093/ forestry/74.3.201.
    • (2001) Forestry , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 201-208
    • Rooney, T.P.1
  • 57
    • 63949086290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High white-tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic homogenization of forest ground-layer vegetation
    • doi:10. 1007/s11258-008-9489-8
    • Rooney, T.P. 2009. High white-tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic homogenization of forest ground-layer vegetation. Plant Ecol. 202(1): 103-111. doi:10. 1007/s11258-008-9489-8.
    • (2009) Plant Ecol. , vol.202 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-111
    • Rooney, T.P.1
  • 58
    • 0032495123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and regional variation in hemlock seedling establishment in forests of the upper Great Lakes region, USA
    • doi:10.1016/ S0378-1127(98)00333-8
    • Rooney, T.P., and Waller, D.M. 1998. Local and regional variation in hemlock seedling establishment in forests of the upper Great Lakes region, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 111(2-3): 211-224. doi:10.1016/ S0378-1127(98)00333-8.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.111 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 211-224
    • Rooney, T.P.1    Waller, D.M.2
  • 59
    • 0034482487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in recruitment of hemlock seedlings and saplings in the Upper Great Lakes, USA
    • doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1119:RVIROH]2.0.CO;2
    • Rooney, T.P., McCormick, R.J., Solheim, S.L., andWaller, D.M. 2000. Regional variation in recruitment of hemlock seedlings and saplings in the Upper Great Lakes, USA. Ecol. Appl. 10(4): 1119-1132. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1119:RVIROH]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) Ecol. Appl. , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 1119-1132
    • Rooney, T.P.1    McCormick, R.J.2    Solheim, S.L.3    Waller, D.M.4
  • 60
    • 0034915536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: A review
    • doi:10. 1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0001:EOWTDO]2.0.CO;2
    • Russell, F.L., Zippin, D.B., and Fowler, N.L. 2001. Effects of whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: a review. Am. Midl. Nat. 146(1): 1-26. doi:10. 1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0001:EOWTDO]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.146 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-26
    • Russell, F.L.1    Zippin, D.B.2    Fowler, N.L.3
  • 61
    • 77955080906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional-scale assessment of deer impacts on vegetation within western Connecticut, USA
    • Rutherford, A.C., and Schmitz, O.J. 2010. Regional-scale assessment of deer impacts on vegetation within western Connecticut, USA. J. Wildl. Manage. 74: 1257-1263.
    • (2010) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.74 , pp. 1257-1263
    • Rutherford, A.C.1    Schmitz, O.J.2
  • 62
    • 0036637982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration behavior of white-tailed deer under varying winter climate regimes in New Brunswick
    • doi:10.2307/3803137
    • Sabine, D.L., Morrison, S.F., Whitlaw, H.A., Ballard, W.B., Forbes, G.J., and Bowman, J. 2002. Migration behavior of white-tailed deer under varying winter climate regimes in New Brunswick. J. Wildl. Manage. 66(3): 718-728. doi:10.2307/3803137.
    • (2002) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.66 , Issue.3 , pp. 718-728
    • Sabine, D.L.1    Morrison, S.F.2    Whitlaw, H.A.3    Ballard, W.B.4    Forbes, G.J.5    Bowman, J.6
  • 63
    • 79955035672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor recruitment is changing the structure and species composition of an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest
    • doi:10. 1016/j.foreco.2011.02.026
    • Salk, T.T., Frelich, L.E., Sugita, S., Calcote, R., Ferrari, J.B., and Montgomery, R.A. 2011. Poor recruitment is changing the structure and species composition of an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 261(11): 1998-2006. doi:10. 1016/j.foreco.2011.02.026.
    • (2011) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.261 , Issue.11 , pp. 1998-2006
    • Salk, T.T.1    Frelich, L.E.2    Sugita, S.3    Calcote, R.4    Ferrari, J.B.5    Montgomery, R.A.6
  • 66
    • 0026292522 scopus 로고
    • Stream chemistry and hydrologic pathways during snowmelt in a small watershed adjacent Lake Superior
    • doi:10.1007/BF00002941
    • Stottlemyer, R., and Toczydlowski, D. 1991. Stream chemistry and hydrologic pathways during snowmelt in a small watershed adjacent Lake Superior. Biogeochemistry, 13(3): 177-197. doi:10.1007/BF00002941.
    • (1991) Biogeochemistry , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 177-197
    • Stottlemyer, R.1    Toczydlowski, D.2
  • 67
    • 0000979713 scopus 로고
    • Winter habitat selection by moose and white-tailed deer
    • doi:10.2307/3798862
    • Telfer, E.S. 1970. Winter habitat selection by moose and white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(3): 553-559. doi:10.2307/3798862.
    • (1970) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 553-559
    • Telfer, E.S.1
  • 68
    • 0022193131 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in theAdirondacks
    • doi:10.2307/3801708
    • Tierson, W., Mattfeld, G., Sage, R., and Behrend, D. 1985. Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in theAdirondacks. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(3): 760-769. doi:10.2307/3801708.
    • (1985) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 760-769
    • Tierson, W.1    Mattfeld, G.2    Sage, R.3    Behrend, D.4
  • 69
    • 0024897596 scopus 로고
    • Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process
    • doi:10.1146/ annurev.es.20.110189.001131
    • Turner, M.G. 1989. Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20(1): 171-197. doi:10.1146/ annurev.es.20.110189.001131.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 171-197
    • Turner, M.G.1
  • 70
    • 0002686730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape heterogeneity and ungulate dynamics: What spatial scales are important?
    • In, Edited by J. Bissonette. Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Turner, M., Pearson, S., Romme, W., and Wallace, L. 1997. Landscape heterogeneity and ungulate dynamics: what spatial scales are important? In Wildlife and landscape ecology: effects of pattern and scale. Edited by J. Bissonette. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 331-348.
    • (1997) Wildlife and landscape ecology: Effects of pattern and scale , pp. 331-348
    • Turner, M.1    Pearson, S.2    Romme, W.3    Wallace, L.4
  • 71
    • 84864666636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Geological Survey. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Forestry, Mineral and Fire Management Division, Resource Mapping and Aerial Photography, Lansing
    • US Geological Survey. 1998. 1998 Series USGS digital orthophoto quadrangles. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Forestry, Mineral and Fire Management Division, Resource Mapping and Aerial Photography, Lansing.
    • (1998) 1998 Series USGS digital orthophoto quadrangles
  • 72
    • 0031895794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration and seasonal range dynamics of deer using adjacent deeryards in northern Michigan
    • doi:10.2307/3802280
    • Van Deelen, T.R., Campa, H., III, Hamady, M., and Haufler, J.B. 1998. Migration and seasonal range dynamics of deer using adjacent deeryards in northern Michigan. J. Wildl. Manage. 62(1): 205-213. doi:10.2307/3802280.
    • (1998) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 205-213
    • van Deelen, T.R.1    Campa III, H.2    Hamady, M.3    Haufler, J.B.4
  • 73
    • 0001307136 scopus 로고
    • Movements of white-tailed deer in upper Michigan
    • doi:10.2307/3800320
    • Verme, L.J. 1973. Movements of white-tailed deer in upper Michigan. J. Wildl. Manage. 37(4): 545-552. doi:10.2307/3800320.
    • (1973) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-552
    • Verme, L.J.1
  • 74
    • 0030826913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The white-tailed deer: A keystone herbivore
    • Waller, D.M., and Alverson, W.S. 1997. The white-tailed deer: a keystone herbivore. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 217-226.
    • (1997) Wildl. Soc. Bull. , vol.25 , pp. 217-226
    • Waller, D.M.1    Alverson, W.S.2
  • 75
    • 49249099075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought-herbivory interaction disrupts competitive displacement of native plants by Microstegium vimineum, 10-year results
    • doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1085-z. PMID:18584209
    • Webster, C.R., Rock, J.H., Froese, R.E., and Jenkins, M.A. 2008. Drought-herbivory interaction disrupts competitive displacement of native plants by Microstegium vimineum, 10-year results. Oecologia (Berl.), 157(3): 497-508. doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1085-z. PMID:18584209.
    • (2008) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.157 , Issue.3 , pp. 497-508
    • Webster, C.R.1    Rock, J.H.2    Froese, R.E.3    Jenkins, M.A.4
  • 76
    • 0023504373 scopus 로고
    • An ecological history of the Great Lakes forest of Michigan
    • doi:10.2307/2260198
    • Whitney, G.G. 1987. An ecological history of the Great Lakes forest of Michigan. J. Ecol. 75(3): 667-684. doi:10.2307/2260198.
    • (1987) J. Ecol. , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 667-684
    • Whitney, G.G.1
  • 77
    • 0002589773 scopus 로고
    • Population responses to patchy environments
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.es.07. 110176.000501
    • Wiens, J.A. 1976. Population responses to patchy environments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7(1): 81-120. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.07. 110176.000501.
    • (1976) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-120
    • Wiens, J.A.1
  • 78
    • 0004173947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison
    • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1998. WISCLAND land cover (WLCGW930). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison.
    • (1998) WISCLAND land cover (WLCGW930)
  • 80
    • 77954173911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneration dynamics in remnant Tsuga canadensis stands in the northern Lake States: Potential direct and indirect effects of herbivory
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.007
    • Witt, J.C., and Webster, C.R. 2010. Regeneration dynamics in remnant Tsuga canadensis stands in the northern Lake States: potential direct and indirect effects of herbivory. For. Ecol. Manage. 260(4): 519-525. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.007.
    • (2010) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.260 , Issue.4 , pp. 519-525
    • Witt, J.C.1    Webster, C.R.2
  • 81
    • 0036188682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statewide modeling of bobcat, Lynx rufus, habitat in Illinois
    • doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00164-1
    • Woolf, A., Nielsen, C., Weber, T., and Gibbs-Kieninger, T. 2002. Statewide modeling of bobcat, Lynx rufus, habitat in Illinois. Biol. Conserv. 104(2): 191-198. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00164-1.
    • (2002) Biol. Conserv. , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-198
    • Woolf, A.1    Nielsen, C.2    Weber, T.3    Gibbs-Kieninger, T.4
  • 82
    • 0033552654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White-tailed deer management options model (DeerMOM): Design, quantification, and application
    • doi:10.1016/S0304-3800 (99)00157-X
    • Xie, J., Hill, H.R., Winterstein, S.R., Campa, H., III, Doepker, R.V., Van Deelen, T.R., and Liu, J. 1999. White-tailed deer management options model (DeerMOM): design, quantification, and application. Ecol. Model. 124(2-3): 121-130. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800 (99)00157-X.
    • (1999) Ecol. Model. , vol.124 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 121-130
    • Xie, J.1    Hill, H.R.2    Winterstein, S.R.3    Campa III, H.4    Doepker, R.V.5    van Deelen, T.R.6    Liu, J.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.