Cardiovascular risk assessment in children following kidney transplantation

Pediatric Transplantation

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 564-576

  Dégi, Arianna ^a   Kerti, Andrea ^a   Kis, Éva ^a   Cseprekál, Orsolya ^a   Tory, Kálmán ^a   Szabó, Attila J ^a   Reusz, George S ^a  

^a SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

Author keywords

children; end stage renal disease; heart; renal transplantation; risk factors

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; RAPAMYCIN; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE;

AGING; ANEMIA; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTERY COMPLIANCE; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHILD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE MARKER; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTRON BEAM TOMOGRAPHY; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART DEATH; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART OUTPUT; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; IMMOBILIZATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MICROALBUMINURIA; MORBIDITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; OSCILLOMETRY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; PULSE WAVE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SMOKING; SPIRAL COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; STANDARDIZATION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TONOMETRY; VALIDATION PROCESS; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; PEDIATRICS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK ASSESSMENT; VASCULAR CALCIFICATION;

EID: 84864624740     PISSN: 13973142     EISSN: 13993046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01730.x     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Liefeldt L, Budde K,. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients and strategies to minimize risk. Transpl Int 2010: 23: 1191-1204.
2. Stenvinkel P,. Chronic kidney disease: A public health priority and harbinger of premature cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med 2010: 268: 456-467.
3. Di Angelantonio E, Chowdhury R, Sarwar N, Aspelund T, Danesh J, Gudnason V,. Chronic kidney disease and risk of major cardiovascular disease and non-vascular mortality: Prospective population based cohort study. BMJ 2010: 341: c4986.
4. Lentine KL, Hurst FP, Jindal RM, et al., Cardiovascular risk assessment among potential kidney transplant candidates: Approaches and controversies. Am J Kidney Dis 2010: 55: 152-167.
5. Parfrey PS, Foley RN,. The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999: 10: 1606-1615. (Pubitemid 29297538)
6. Meier-Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Srinivas TR, Reed A, Kaplan B,. Kidney transplantation halts cardiovascular disease progression in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Transplant 2004: 4: 1662-1668. (Pubitemid 39312301)
7. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ,. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998: 32: S112-S119. (Pubitemid 28527268)
8. Parekh RS, Carroll CE, Wolfe RA, Port FK,. Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease. J Pediatr 2002: 141: 191-197.
9. Chavers BM, Li S, Collins AJ, Herzog CA,. Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002: 62: 648-653. (Pubitemid 34784616)
10. Feber J, Wong H, Geier P, Chaudry B, Filler G,. Complications of chronic kidney disease in children post-renal transplantation-a single center experience. Pediatr Transplant 2008: 12: 80-84.
11. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, et al., Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: Prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 2008: 336: 1475-1482. (Pubitemid 351977019)
12. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Beiser A, Levy D,. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet 1999: 353: 89-92. (Pubitemid 29088076)
13. Silver SA, Huang M, Nash MM, Prasad GV,. Framingham risk score and novel cardiovascular risk factors underpredict major adverse cardiac events in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2011: 92: 183-189.
14. Urbina EM, Williams RV, Alpert BS, et al., Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: Recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2009: 54: 919-950.
15. Filler G,. Challenges in pediatric transplantation: The impact of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk factors on long-term outcomes and recommended management strategies. Pediatr Transplant 2011: 15: 25-31.
16. Van Meurs-Van Woezik H, Krediet P,. Measurements of the descending aorta in infants and children: Comparison with other aortic dimensions. J Anat 1982: 135: 273-279. (Pubitemid 12011149)
17. Van Meurs-Van Woezik H, Klein HW, Markus-Silvis L, Krediet P,. Comparison of the growth of the tunica media of the ascending aorta, aortic isthmus and descending aorta in infants and children. J Anat 1983: 136: 273-281. (Pubitemid 13109122)
18. Ichida F, Aubert A, Denef B, Dumoulin M, Van Der Hauwaert LG,. Cross sectional echocardiographic assessment of great artery diameters in infants and children. Br Heart J 1987: 58: 627-634. (Pubitemid 18014855)
19. Senzaki H, Akagi M, Hishi T, et al., Age-associated changes in arterial elastic properties in children. Eur J Pediatr 2002: 161: 547-551.
20. Jourdan C, Wuhl E, Litwin M, et al., Normative values for intima-media thickness and distensibility of large arteries in healthy adolescents. J Hypertens 2005: 23: 1707-1715. (Pubitemid 41233431)
21. N ational H igh B lood P ressure E ducation P rogram W orking G roup on H igh B lood P ressure in C hildren and A dolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004: 114: 555-576.
22. Cseprekal O, Kis E, Schaffer P, et al., Pulse wave velocity in children following renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009: 24: 309-315.
23. Reusz GS, Cseprekal O, Temmar M, et al., Reference values of pulse wave velocity in healthy children and teenagers. Hypertension 2010: 56: 217-224.
24. Wuhl E, Witte K, Soergel M, Mehls O, Schaefer F,. Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: Normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 2002: 20: 1995-2007. (Pubitemid 35305497)
25. London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H,. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: Impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003: 18: 1731-1740. (Pubitemid 37098542)
26. Shroff RC, Shanahan CM,. The vascular biology of calcification. Semin Dial 2007: 20: 103-109.
27. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM,. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001: 38: 938-942. (Pubitemid 34258697)
28. Guerin AP, London GM, Marchais SJ, Metivier F,. Arterial stiffening and vascular calcifications in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000: 15: 1014-1021. (Pubitemid 30410374)
29. Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M, et al., Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002: 106: 100-105. (Pubitemid 34747448)
30. Shroff R,. Dysregulated mineral metabolism in children with chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011: 20: 233-240.
31. Block GA, Raggi P, Bellasi A, Kooienga L, Spiegel DM,. Mortality effect of coronary calcification and phosphate binder choice in incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007: 71: 438-441.
32. Mizobuchi M, Towler D, Slatopolsky E,. Vascular calcification: The killer of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009: 20: 1453-1464.
33. Shroff R, Knott C, Rees L,. The virtues of vitamin D-but how much is too much? Pediatri Nephrol 2010: 25: 1607-1620.
34. Shroff R, Egerton M, Bridel M, et al., A bimodal association of vitamin D levels and vascular disease in children on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008: 19: 1239-1246.
35. Sheth RD, Perez MD, Goldstein SL,. Cardiovascular calcifications in pediatric patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Pediatri Nephrol 2003: 18: 810-813. (Pubitemid 36949969)
36. Parekh RS, Gidding SS,. Cardiovascular complications in pediatric end-stage renal disease. Pediatri Nephrol 2005: 20: 125-131. (Pubitemid 40174022)
37. Querfeld U,. The clinical significance of vascular calcification in young patients with end-stage renal disease. Pediatri Nephrol 2004: 19: 478-484. (Pubitemid 38594283)
38. Shroff R, Weaver DJ Jr, Mitsnefes MM,. Cardiovascular complications in children with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011: 7: 642-649.
39. Briese S, Claus M, Querfeld U,. Arterial stiffness in children after renal transplantation. Pediatri Nephrol 2008: 23: 2241-2245.
40. Coll B, Betriu A, Martinez-Alonso M, et al., Large artery calcification on dialysis patients is located in the intima and related to atherosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011: 6: 303-310.
41. Goldsmith DJ, Covic A, Sambrook PA, Ackrill P,. Vascular calcification in long-term haemodialysis patients in a single unit: A retrospective analysis. Nephron 1997: 77: 37-43. (Pubitemid 27395339)
42. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R,. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990: 15: 827-832. (Pubitemid 20101575)
43. Wong ND, Kouwabunpat D, Vo AN, et al., Coronary calcium and atherosclerosis by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women: Relation to age and risk factors. Am Heart J 1994: 127: 422-430. (Pubitemid 24063236)
44. Wang L, Jerosch-Herold M, Jacobs DR Jr, Shahar E, Detrano R, Folsom AR,. Coronary artery calcification and myocardial perfusion in asymptomatic adults: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006: 48: 1018-1026. (Pubitemid 44292457)
45. Tomiyama C, Higa A, Dalboni MA, et al., The impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on coronary calcification in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006: 21: 2464-2471. (Pubitemid 44644518)
46. Budoff MJ, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, et al., Relationship of estimated GFR and coronary artery calcification in the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2011: 58: 519-526.
47. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al., Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000: 342: 1478-1483. (Pubitemid 30318271)
48. Roe P, Wolfe M, Joffe M, Rosas SE,. Inflammation, coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular events in incident renal transplant recipients. Atherosclerosis 2010: 212: 589-594.
49. Ishitani MB, Milliner DS, Kim DY, et al., Early subclinical coronary artery calcification in young adults who were pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2005: 5: 1689-1693. (Pubitemid 40910451)
50. Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Amin MG, et al., Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A pooled analysis of community-based studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004: 15: 1307-1315. (Pubitemid 38526012)
51. Mackenzie IS, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR,. Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice. QJM 2002: 95: 67-74. (Pubitemid 34187779)
52. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al., Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: Methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006: 27: 2588-2605. (Pubitemid 44627304)
53. Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM,. Stiffness of capacitive and conduit arteries: Prognostic significance for end-stage renal disease patients. Hypertension 2005: 45: 592-596. (Pubitemid 40411265)
54. Salvi P, Lio G, Labat C, Ricci E, Pannier B, Benetos A,. Validation of a new non-invasive portable tonometer for determining arterial pressure wave and pulse wave velocity: The PulsePen device. J Hypertens 2004: 22: 2285-2293. (Pubitemid 39620278)
55. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al., Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001: 37: 1236-1241. (Pubitemid 34163575)
56. London GM, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP,. Arterial stiffness and function in end-stage renal disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2004: 11: 202-209. (Pubitemid 39295215)
57. Verbeke F, Van Biesen W, Peeters P, Van Bortel LM, Vanholder RC,. Arterial stiffness and wave reflections in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007: 22: 3021-3027. (Pubitemid 350093449)
58. Opazo Saez A, Kos M, Witzke O, Kribben A, Nurnberger J,. Effect of new-onset diabetes mellitus on arterial stiffness in renal transplantation. Transpl Int 2008: 21: 930-935.
59. Zoungas S, Kerr PG, Chadban S, et al., Arterial function after successful renal transplantation. Kidney Int 2004: 65: 1882-1889. (Pubitemid 38591040)
60. Covic A, Mardare N, Gusbeth-Tatomir P, et al., Increased arterial stiffness in children on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006: 21: 729-735. (Pubitemid 43372922)
61. Kis E, Cseprekal O, Biro E, et al., Effects of bone and mineral metabolism on arterial elasticity in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2009: 24: 2413-2420.
62. Kis E, Cseprekal O, Horvath Z, et al., Pulse wave velocity in end-stage renal disease: Influence of age and body dimensions. Pediatr Res 2008: 63: 95-98.
63. Shroff RC, Donald AE, Hiorns MP, et al., Mineral metabolism and vascular damage in children on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007: 18: 2996-3003. (Pubitemid 350058407)
64. Kis E, Cseprekal O, Kerti A, et al., Measurement of pulse wave velocity in children and young adults: A comparative study using three different devices. Hypertens Res 2011: 34: 1197-1202.
65. Kracht D, Shroff R, Baig S, et al., Validating a new oscillometric device for aortic pulse wave velocity measurements in children and adolescents. Am J Hypertens 2011: 24: 1294-1299.
66. Querfeld U, Anarat A, Bayazit AK, et al., The Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease (4C) study: Objectives, design, and methodology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010: 5: 1642-1648.
67. Litwin M, Niemirska A,. Intima-media thickness measurements in children with cardiovascular risk factors. Pediatri Nephrol 2009: 24: 707-719.
68. Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Zoccali C,. Prognostic value of ultrasonographic measurement of carotid intima media thickness in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001: 12: 2458-2464. (Pubitemid 33021124)
69. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M,. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007: 115: 459-467. (Pubitemid 46184197)
70. Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Kartal J, et al., Cardiac and vascular adaptation in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: Role of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005: 16: 2796-2803.
71. Litwin M, Wuhl E, Jourdan C, et al., Altered morphologic properties of large arteries in children with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005: 16: 1494-1500. (Pubitemid 41716535)
72. De Lima JJ, Vieira ML, Viviani LF, et al., Long-term impact of renal transplantation on carotid artery properties and on ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal failure patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002: 17: 645-651. (Pubitemid 34308821)
73. Krmar RT, Balzano R, Jogestrand T, Cedazo-Minguez A, Englund MS, Berg UB,. Prospective analysis of carotid arterial wall structure in pediatric renal transplants with ambulatory normotension and in treated hypertensive recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2008: 12: 412-419. (Pubitemid 351681494)
74. Mitsnefes MM,. Understanding carotid artery intima-media thickness in childhood: Lessons from studies in children with renal transplants. Pediatr Transplant 2008: 12: 377-380. (Pubitemid 351681495)
75. Litwin M, Wuhl E, Jourdan C, et al., Evolution of large-vessel arteriopathy in paediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008: 23: 2552-2557.
76. De La Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, et al., Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011: 57: 898-902.
77. O'brien E, Cox JP, O'malley K,. Ambulatory blood pressure measurement in the evaluation of blood pressure lowering drugs. J Hypertens 1989: 7: 243-247. (Pubitemid 19129470)
78. Brotman DJ, Davidson MB, Boumitri M, Vidt DG,. Impaired diurnal blood pressure variation and all-cause mortality. Am J Hypertens 2008: 21: 92-97.
79. Ogedegbe G, Agyemang C, Ravenell JE,. Masked hypertension: Evidence of the need to treat. Curr Hypertens Rep 2010: 12: 349-355.
80. Kao YT, Huang CC, Leu HB, et al., Ambulatory pulse pressure as a novel predictor for long-term prognosis in essential hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2011: 25: 444-450.
81. Stamatelopoulos KS, Manios E, Barlas G, et al., Time rate of blood pressure variation is superior to central hemodynamics as an associate of carotid intima-media thickness. J Hypertens 2010: 28: 51-58.
82. Reusz GS, Hobor M, Tulassay T, Sallay P, Miltenyi M,. 24 hour blood pressure monitoring in healthy and hypertensive children. Arch Dis Child 1994: 70: 90-94. (Pubitemid 24088957)
83. Jones HE, Sinha MD,. The definition of daytime and nighttime influences the interpretation of ABPM in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2011: 26: 775-781.
84. Soergel M, Kirschstein M, Busch C, et al., Oscillometric twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure values in healthy children and adolescents: A multicenter trial including 1141 subjects. J Pediatr 1997: 130: 178-184. (Pubitemid 27495150)
85. Feber J, Ahmed M,. Hypertension in children: New trends and challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010: 119: 151-161.
86. Lubrano R, Travasso E, Raggi C, Guido G, Masciangelo R, Elli M,. Blood pressure load, proteinuria and renal function in pre-hypertensive children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009: 24: 823-831.
87. Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Rizos Z, et al., Left ventricular mass in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 2009: 24: 1545-1551.
88. Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Light RP,. Toward a definition of masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension among hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011: 6: 2003-2008.
89. Flynn JT, Mitsnefes M, Pierce C, et al., Blood pressure in children with chronic kidney disease: A report from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study. Hypertension 2008: 52: 631-637.
90. Bircan Z, Duzova A, Cakar N, et al., Predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2010: 25: 1311-1318.
91. Weaver DJ Jr, Kimball TR, Koury PR, Mitsnefes MM,. Cardiac output and associated left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2009: 24: 565-570.
92. Mitsnefes MM, Daniels SR, Schwartz SM, Meyer RA, Khoury P, Strife CF,. Severe left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric dialysis: Prevalence and predictors. Pediatri Nephrol 2000: 14: 898-902. (Pubitemid 30621296)
93. Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Khoury PR, Daniels SR,. Abnormal carotid artery structure and function in children and adolescents with successful renal transplantation. Circulation 2004: 110: 97-101. (Pubitemid 38880140)
94. Wadei HM, Amer H, Griffin MD, Taler SJ, Stegall MD, Textor SC,. Abnormal circadian blood pressure pattern 1-year after kidney transplantation is associated with subsequent lower glomerular filtration rate in recipients without rejection. J Am Soc Hypertens 2011: 5: 39-47.
95. Steigerwalt SP, Brar N, Dhungel A, et al., Improved 24-hour blood pressure control with sirolimus versus calcineurin inhibitor based immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2009: 41: 4184-4187.
96. Paripovic D, Kostic M, Spasojevic B, Kruscic D, Peco-Antic A,. Masked hypertension and hidden uncontrolled hypertension after renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 2010: 25: 1719-1724.
97. Dolan E, Thijs L, Li Y, et al., Ambulatory arterial stiffness index as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the Dublin Outcome Study. Hypertension 2006: 47: 365-370. (Pubitemid 43740276)
98. Li Y, Dolan E, Wang JG, et al., Ambulatory arterial stiffness index: Determinants and outcome. Blood Press Monit 2006: 11: 107-110. (Pubitemid 44090025)
99. Dechering DG, Adiyaman A, Van Der Steen M, Thien T,. Interstudy variability in the ambulatory arterial stiffness index. Hypertension 2007: 50: e65; author reply e66. (Pubitemid 47312255)
100. Hansen TW, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al., Ambulatory arterial stiffness index predicts stroke in a general population. J Hypertens 2006: 24: 2247-2253. (Pubitemid 44611034)
101. Ratto E, Leoncini G, Viazzi F, et al., Ambulatory arterial stiffness index and renal abnormalities in primary hypertension. J Hypertens 2006: 24: 2033-2038. (Pubitemid 44371271)
102. Leoncini G, Ratto E, Viazzi F, et al., Increased ambulatory arterial stiffness index is associated with target organ damage in primary hypertension. Hypertension 2006: 48: 397-403. (Pubitemid 44253732)
103. Mule G, Cottone S, Cusimano P, et al., Inverse relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index and glomerular filtration rate in arterial hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2008: 21: 35-40.
104. Garcia-Garcia A, Gomez-Marcos MA, Recio-Rodriguez JI, et al., Relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index and subclinical target organ damage in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2011: 34: 180-186.
105. Simonetti GD, Von Vigier RO, Wuhl E, Mohaupt MG,. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index is increased in hypertensive childhood disease. Pediatr Res 2008: 64: 303-307.
106. Stergiou GS, Kollias A, Giovas PP, Papagiannis J, Roussias LG,. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index, pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents. Hypertens Res 2010: 33: 1272-1277.
107. Robinson TG, Carr SJ,. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int 2002: 62: 1921-1932. (Pubitemid 35366148)
108. Ranpuria R, Hall M, Chan CT, Unruh M,. Heart rate variability (HRV) in kidney failure: Measurement and consequences of reduced HRV. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008: 23: 444-449. (Pubitemid 351767627)
109. H eart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996: 93: 1043-1065.
110. Fukuta H, Hayano J, Ishihara S, et al., Prognostic value of heart rate variability in patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003: 18: 318-325. (Pubitemid 36181683)
111. Tory K, Suveges Z, Horvath E, et al., Autonomic dysfunction in uremia assessed by heart rate variability. Pediatr Nephrol 2003: 18: 1167-1171. (Pubitemid 37406867)
112. Kurata C, Uehara A, Sugi T, et al., Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Nephron 2000: 84: 312-319. (Pubitemid 30179455)
113. Tory K, Horvath E, Suveges Z, et al., Effect of propranolol on heart rate variability in patients with end-stage renal disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover pilot trial. Clin Nephrol 2004: 61: 316-323. (Pubitemid 38579017)
114. Ligtenberg G, Blankestijn PJ, Oey PL, et al., Reduction of sympathetic hyperactivity by enalapril in patients with chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med 1999: 340: 1321-1328. (Pubitemid 29196594)
115. Schlaich MP, Socratous F, Hennebry S, et al., Sympathetic activation in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009: 20: 933-939.
116. Bar-Haim Y, Marshall PJ, Fox NA,. Developmental changes in heart period and high-frequency heart period variability from 4 months to 4 years of age. Dev Psychobiol 2000: 37: 44-56. (Pubitemid 30447937)
117. Massin M, Von Bernuth G,. Normal ranges of heart rate variability during infancy and childhood. Pediatr Cardiol 1997: 18: 297-302. (Pubitemid 27259770)
118. Shroff RC, McNair R, Figg N, et al., Dialysis accelerates medial vascular calcification in part by triggering smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Circulation 2008: 118: 1748-1757.