Alternative technologies for biofuels production in kraft pulp mills-potential and prospects

Energies

Volumn 5, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 2288-2309

  Hamaguchi, Marcelo ^a   Cardoso, Marcelo ^b   Vakkilainen, Esa ^a  

^a LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Biofuels; Black liquor; Kraft pulp mill; Wood residues

Indexed keywords

BIOFUELS; COMPETITION; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS; FOSSIL FUELS; PAPER AND PULP MILLS; PULP; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES;

ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES; BIOFUELS PRODUCTION; BLACK LIQUOR; FAVORABLE CONDITIONS; GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE; THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION; WOOD RESIDUES;

KRAFT PULP;

BLACK LIQUORS; COMPETITION; ENERGY; FOSSIL FUELS; FUELS; KRAFT PULPING; KRAFT PULPS; PAPER MILLS; RENEWABLE RESOURCES; RESIDUES; WOOD;

EID: 84864612834     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961073     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/en5072288     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. FitzPatrick, M.; Champagne, P.; Cunningham, M.F.; Whitney, R.A. A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 8915-8927.
2. Smook, G. Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists, 3rd ed.; Angus Wilde Publications, Inc.: Vancouver, Canada, 2002.
3. Marinova, M.; Espejel, E.M.; Jemaa, N.; Paris, J. Addressing the increased energy demand of a Kraft mill biorefinery: The hemicellulose extraction case. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2009, 87, 1269-1275.
4. Doherty, W.O.S.; Mousavioun, P.; Fellows, C.M. Value-Adding to cellulosic ethanol: Lignin polymers. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2011, 33, 259-276.
5. Van der Weerdhof, M.W. Modeling the Pyrolysis Process of Biomass Particles. Master's Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2010.
6. Sheng, C.; Azevedo, J.L.T. Estimating the higher heating value of biomass from basic analysis data. Biomass Bioenergy 2005, 28, 499-507.
7. Telmo, C.; Lousada, J. The explained variation by lignin and extrative contents on higher heating value of wood. Biomass Bioenergy 2011, 5, 1663-1667.
8. Saidur, R.; Abdelaziz, E.A.; Bemirbas, A.; Hossain, M.S.; Mekhilef, S.A. A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 2262-2289.
9. Gullichsen, J. Fiber Line Operations. In Book Chemical Pulping 6A; Gullichsen, J., Fogelhom, C.-J., Eds.; Fapet Oy: Jyväskylä, Finland, 2000; pp. 18-243.
10. Sjöström, E. Wood Chemistry-Fundamentals and Applications; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, USA, 1981.
11. Mokfienski, A.; Colodette, J.L.; Gomide, J.L.; Carvalho, A.M. A importância relativa da densidade da madeira e do teor de carboidratos no rendimento de polpa e na qualidade do produto. Ciência Florestal 2008, 18, 401-413.
12. Al-Dajani, W.W.; Tschirner, U.W. Pre-extraction hemicelluloses and subsequent kraft pulping Part I: Alkaline extraction. Tappi J. 2008, 7, 3-8.
13. Shackford, D.L. A Comparison of Pulping and Bleaching of Kraft Softwood and Eucalyptus Pulps. In Proceedings of the 36th International Pulp and Paper Congress, São Paulo, Brazil, 13-16 October 2003.
14. Santos, R.B.; Capanema, E.A.; Balakshin, M.Y.; Chang, H.-M.; Jameel, H. Effect of hardwood lignin structure on the kraft pulping process: Emphasis on lignin structure. Bioresources 2011, 6, 3623-3637.
15. Grace, T.M.; Malcolm, E.W. Chemical Reactions of Wood Constituints. In Book Pulp and Paper Manufacture Volume 5; Alkaline Pulping, TAPPI&CPPA: Atlanta, GA, USA, 1989; pp. 23-44.
16. Hamaguchi, M.; Vakkilainen, E.; Ryder, P. The impact of lignin removal on the dimensioning of eucalyptus pulp mills. Appita J. 2011, 64, 433-438.
17. Elliott, A.; Mahmood, T. Pretreatment technologies for advancing anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper biotreatment residues. Water Res. 2007, 41, 4273-4286.
18. Lehtikangas, P. Quality properties of pelletised sawdust, logging residues and bark, logging residues and bark. Biomass Bioenergy 2001, 20, 351-360.
19. Johansson, I.; Larsson, S.; Wennberg, O. Torkning av Biobränslen Med Spillvärme; Report number 881; Värmeforsk Service AB: Värmeforsk, Sweden, 2004.
20. Kaliyan, N.; Morey, R.V. Factors affecting streng and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass Bioenergy 2009, 33, 337-359.
21. Anderson, E.; Harvey, S.; Berntsson, T. Energy efficient upgrading of biofuel integrated with a pulp mill. Energy 2006, 31, 1384-1394.
22. Schwob, Y. Process for converting ligneous matter from vegetable origin by torrefaction, and product obtained thereby. US Patent 4553978, 19 November 1985.
23. Medic, D.; Darr, M.; Shah, A.; Rahn, S. The effects of particle size, different corn stover components, and gas residence time on torrefaction of corn stover. Energies 2012, 5, 1199-1214.
24. Van der Stelt, M.J.C.; Gerhauser, H.; Kiel, J.H.A.; Ptasinski, K.J. Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review. Biomass Bioenergy 2011, 35, 3748-3762.
25. Prins, M.J.; Ptasinski, K.J.; Janssen, F.J.J.G. More efficient biomass gasification via torrefaction. Energy 2006, 31, 3458-3470.
26. Kumar, A.; Jones, D.D.; Hanna, M.A. Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review of the current status of the technology. Energies 2009, 2, 556-581.
27. Kleinschmidt, C. Overview of International Developments in Torrefaction. In Proceedings of the IEA Bioenergy Task 40: Sustainable Bioenergy Trade Workshop, Graz, Austria, 28 January 2011.
28. Basu, P. Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory; Elsevier Inc.: Oxford, UK, 2010; pp. 65-228.
29. Demirbas, A. Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments. Energy Convers. Manag. 2009, 50, 2782-2801.
30. Czernik, S.; Bridgwater, A.V. Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy Fuels 2004, 18, 590-598.
31. METSO. Novel solutions for pulp mill energy intensification. Results pulp and paper 3/2010. Available online: http://www.metso.com (accessed on 16 May 2012).
32. Liukko, K. Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP)-A Proven Pathway to Second Generation Biofuels. In Proceedings of the XXI TEcnicelpa Conference and Exhibition/VI Ciadicyp, Lisbon, Portugal, 12-15 October 2010.
33. Envergent Technologies, RTP Yields. Available online: http://www.envergenttech.com/rtp.php (accessed on 15 May 2012).
34. Diebold, J.P. A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils; Subcontractor Report NREL/SR-570-2761; NREL: Lakewood, CO, USA, 2000.
35. Bridgwater, A.V. Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass Bioenergy 2012, 38, 68-94.
36. Chiaramonti D.; Oasmaa, A.; Solantausta, Y. Power generation using fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2007, 11, 1056-1086.
37. Saxena, R.C.; Seal, D.; Kumar, S.; Goyal, H.B. Thermo-Chemical routes for hydrogen rich gas from biomass: A review. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2008, 12, 1909-1927.
38. Semelsberger, T.A.; Borup, R.L.; Greene, H.L. Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel. J. Power Sources 2006, 156, 497-511.
39. Vakkilainen, E.; Kivistö, A. Fossil Fuel Replacement in the Pulp Mills; Research Report EN A-58; Lappeenranta University of Technology: Lappeenranta, Finland, 2008.
40. Bain, R.L.; Broer, K. Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power; Brown, R.C., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Chichester, UK, 2011; p. 54.
41. Palonen, J.; Nieminen, J. Biomass CFB Gasifier Connected to a 350 MWth Steam Boiler Fired with Coal and Natural Gas-THERMIE Demonstration Project at Kymijärvi CHP Power Station in Lahti, Finland. In Proceedings of the Power-Gen Europe, Frankfurt, Germany, 1-3 June 1999.
42. Isaksson, J. Biomass Gasification for Lime Kiln Applications. In Proceedings of the 7th Colloquium on Black Liquor Combustion and Gasification, Jyväkylä, Finland, 31 July 2006.
43. Hrbek, J. Biomass Gasification Opportunities in Forest Industry. In Proceedings of IEA Bioenergy Task 33 Workshop, Piteå, Sweden, 19 October 2011.
44. Wetterlund, E.; Pettersson, K.; Havery, S. Systems analysis of integrating biomass gasification with pulp and paper production-effects on economic performance, CO2 emissions and energy use. Energy 2011, 36, 932-941.
45. Behrendt, F.; Neubauer, Y.; Oevermann, M.; Wilmes, B.; Zobel, N. Direct liquefaction of biomass. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2008, 31, 667-677.
46. Toor, S.S.; Rosendahl, L.; Rudolf, A. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies. Energy 2011, 36, 2328-2342.
47. Akhtar, J.; Amin, N.A.S. A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 1615-1624.
48. Cheng, S.; D'cruz, I.; Wang, M.; Leitch, M.; Xu, C. Highly efficient liquefaction of woody biomass in hot-compressed alcohol-water co-solvents. Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 4659-4667.
49. Frederick, W.J.; Lien, S.J.; Courchene, C.E.; DeMartini, N.A.; Ragauskas, A.J. Co-production of ethanol and cellulose fiber from Southern Pine: A technical and economic assessment. Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 32, 1293-1302.
50. Al-Dajani, W.W.; Tschirner, U.W.; Jensen, T. Pre-extraction hemicelluloses and subsequent kraft pulping Part II: Acid- and autohydrolysis. Tappi J. 2009, 8, 30-37.
51. Mendes, C.V.T.; Carvalho, M.G.V.S.; Baptista, C.M.S.G.; Rocha, J.M.S.; Soares, B.I.G.; Sousa, G.D.A. Valorisation of hardwood hemicelluloses in the kraft pulping process by using an integrated biorefinery concept. Food Bioprod. Proc. 2009, 87, 197-207.
52. Colodette, J.L.; Longue, D.; Pedrazzi, C.; Oliveira, C.R.; Gomide, J.L.; Gomes, F.J.B. Pulpability and bleachability of xylan-depleted eucalyptus wood chips. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 1847-1852.
53. Casebier, L.C.; Hamilton, J.K. Chemistry and mechanism of water prehydrolysis on southern pine wood. Tappi J. 1969, 52, 2369-2377.
54. Garrote, G.; Parajó, J.C. Nonisothermal autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 111-123.
55. Yoon, S.H.; MacEwan, K.; van Heiningen, A. Hot-water pretreatment from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in an integrated forest products biorefinery. Tappi J. 2008, 7, 27-31.
56. Kautto, J.; Henricson, K.; Sixta, H.; Trogen, M.; Alén, R. Effects of integrating a bioethanol production process to a kraft pulp mill. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2010, 25, 233-242.
57. Mao, H.; Genco, J.M.; van Heiningen, A.; Pendse, H. Kraft mill biorefinery to produce acetic acid and ethanol: Technical economic analysis. BioResources 2010, 5, 525-544.
58. Helmerius, J.; von Walter, J.V.; Rova, U.; Berglund, K.A.; Hodge, D.B. Impact of hemicellulose pre-extraction for bioconversion on birch Kraft pulp properties. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 5996-6005.
59. Richter, G.A. Some aspects of prehydrolysis pulping. Tappi J. 1956, 39, 193-210.
60. Sixta, H.; Schield, G. A new generation kraft process. Lenzing. Ber 2009, 87, 26-37.
61. Leschinsky, M.; Zuckerstätter, G.; Weber, H.K.; Patt, R.; Sixta, H. Effects of autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus wood on lignin structur. Part 1: Comparison of different lignin fractions formed during water prehydrolysis. Holzforschung 2008, 62, 653-658.
62. Tomlinson, G.H.; Tomlinson, G.H., Jr. Improvements in the recovery of lignin from black liquor. US Patent 664 811, 1952.
63. Uloth, V.C.; Wearing, T.J. Kraft lignin recovery: Acid precipitation versus ultrafiltration. Part I: Laboratory test results. Pulp Pap. Can. 1989, 90, 310-314.
64. Merewether, J.W.T. Lignin. XIV. The precipitation of lignin from kraft black liquor. Holzforschung 1961, 15, 168-177.
65. Alen, R.; Patja, P.; Sjostrom, E. Carbon dioxide precipitation of lignin from pine kraft black liquor. Tappi J. 1979, 62, 108-110.
66. Tomani, P. The LignoBoost process. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 2010, 44, 53-58.
67. Richardson, B.; Watkinson, A.P.; Barr, P.V. Combustion of lignin in a pilot lime kiln. Tappi J. 1990, 73, 133-145.
68. Naqvi, M.; Yan, J.; Dahlquist, E. Black liquor gasification integrated in pulp and paper mills: A critical review. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 8001-8015.
69. Vakkilainen, E.; Suutela, J.; Kankkonen, S. Advanced efficiency options-increasing electricity generating potential from pulp mills. Pulp Pap. Can. 2008, 109, 14-19.
70. Naqvi, M.; Yan, J.; Fröling, M. Bio-refinery system of DME or CH4 production from black liquor gasification in pulp mills. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 937-944.
71. Nohlgren, I.M.; Sinquefield, S.A. Black liquor gasification with direct causticizing using titanates: Equilibrium calculations. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 5996-6000.
72. Laxén T.; Tikka, P. Soap and Tall Oil. In Book Chemical Pulping Part 2, book 6; Tikka, P., Ed.; Fapet Oy: Jyväskylä, Finland, 2008; pp. 360-379.
73. Prakash, C.B. A Critical Review of Biodiesel as a Transportation Fuel in Canada; Technical Report; Global Change Strategies International: Ottawa, Canada, 1998.
74. Holmlund, K.; Parviainen, K. Evaporation of Black Liquor, In Book Chemical Pulping 6A; Gullichsen, J., Fogelhom, C.-J., Eds.; Fapet Oy: Jyväskylä, Finland, 2000; p. 83.
75. Lee, S.Y.; Hubbe, M.A.; Saka, S. Prospects for biodiesel as a byproduct of woof pulping-A review. Bioresources 2006, 1, 150-171.
76. Demirbas, A. Production of biodiesel from tall oil. Energy Sour. Part A 2008, 30, 1896-1902.
77. UPM Biofuels. Available online: http://www.upm.com (accessed on 13 May 2012).
78. White, K.; Lorenz, N.; Potts, T.; Roy Penney, W.; Babcock, R.; Hardison, A.; Canuel, E.A.; Hestekin, J.A. Production of biodiesel fuel from tall oil fatty acids via high temperature methanol reaction. Fuel 2011, 90, 3193-3199.