Update in pharmacological management of coronary no-reflow phenomenon

Cardiovascular and Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 256-264

  Salinas, Pablo ^a   Jimenez Valero, Santiago ^a   Moreno, Raul ^a   Sanchez Recalde, Angel ^a   Galeote, Guillermo ^a   Calvo, Luis ^a   Ruiz Garcia, Juan ^a   Carrizo, Sebastian ^a   Trucco, Gabriel ^a   Lopez Sendon, Jose ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Coronary angioplasty; Coronary intervention; Microcirculation; No reflow; Percutaneous myocardial infarction; Primary angioplasty; Reperfusion; Reperfusion injury; Review; Slow flow; Vasodilator agents

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADENOSINE; ADRENALIN; CARIPORIDE; CLOPIDOGREL; DILTIAZEM; ENIPORIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; NICARDIPINE; NICORANDIL; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PAPAVERINE; PRASUGREL; TICAGRELOR; VERAPAMIL;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BLOOD CLOTTING; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EDEMA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; LEUKOCYTE; MICROEMBOLISM; NO REFLOW PHENOMENON; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REPERFUSION INJURY;

EID: 84864572161     PISSN: 18715257     EISSN: 18756182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152512802651024     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Krug, A.; Du Mesnil de, R.; Korb, G. Blood supply of the myocardium after temporary coronary occlusion. Circ. Res., 1966, 19(1), 57-62.
2. Majnog, A.A.; Chaing, J.; Wright, R.L. No reflow after cerebral ischemia. Lancet, 1967, 2, 569-570.
3. Kloner, R.A.; Ganote, C.E.; Jennings, R.B. The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J. Clin. Invest., 1974, 54(6), 1496-508.
4. Schofer, J.; Montz, R.; Mathey, D.G. Scintigraphic evidence of the "no reflow" phenomenon in human beings after coronary thrombolysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1985, 5(3), 593-598.
5. Kitazume, H.; Iwama, T.; Kubo, I.; Ageishi, Y.; Suzuki, A. Noreflow phenomenon during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am. Heart J., 1988, 116(1 Pt. 1), 211-215.
6. Rezkalla, S.H.; Kloner, R.A. No-reflow phenomenon. Circulation, 2002, 105(5), 656-662.
7. Valero, S.J.; Moreno, R.; Reyes, R.M.; Recalde, A.S.; Galeote, G.; Calvo, L.; Villate, A.; Sendon, J.L. Pharmacological approach of no-reflow phenomenon related with percutaneous coronary interventions. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem., 2008, 6(2), 125-129.
8. Jaffe, R.; Dick, A.; Strauss, B.H. Prevention and treatment of microvascular obstruction-related myocardial injury and coronary no-reflow following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic approach. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2010, 3(7), 695-704.
9. Resnic, F.S.; Wainstein, M.; Lee, M.K.; Behrendt, D.; Wainstein, R.V.; Ohno-Machado, L.; Kirshenbaum, J.M.; Rogers, C.D.; Popma, J.J.; Piana, R. No-reflow is an independent predictor of death and myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. Heart J., 2003, 145(1), 42-46.
10. Morishima, I.; Sone, T.; Okumura, K.; Tsuboi, H.; Kondo, J.; Mukawa, H.; Matsui, H.; Toki, Y.; Ito, T.; Hayakawa, T. Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2000, 36(4), 1202-1209.
11. Chan, W.; Stub, D.; Clark, D.J.; Ajani, A.E.; Andrianopoulos, N.; Brennan, A.L.; New, G.; Black, A.; Shaw, J.A.; Reid, C.M.; Dart, A.M.; Duffy, S.J. Usefulness of transient and persistent no reflow to predict adverse clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol., 2010, 109(4), 478-485.
12. Ndrepepa, G.; Tiroch, K.; Fusaro, M.; Keta, D.; Seyfarth, M.; Byrne, R.A.; Pache, J.; Alger, P.; Mehilli, J.; Schomig, A.; Kastrati, A. 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2010, 55(21), 2383-2389.
13. Kloner, R.A.; Rude, R.E.; Carlson, N.; Maroko, P.R.; DeBoer, L.W.; Braunwald, E. Ultrastructural evidence of microvascular damage and myocardial cell injury after coronary artery occlusion: which comes first? Circulation, 1980, 62(5), 945-952.
14. Reffelmann, T.; Kloner, R.A. The "no-reflow" phenomenon: basic science and clinical correlates. Heart, 2002, 87(2), 162-168.
15. Galiuto, L. Optimal therapeutic strategies in the setting of postinfarct no reflow: the need for a pathogenetic classification. Heart, 2004, 90(2), 123-125.
16. Maksimenko, A.V.; Turashev, A.D. No-reflow phenomenon and endothelial glycocalyx of microcirculation. Biochem. Res. Int., 2012, 2012, 859231.
17. Niccoli, G.; Lanza, G.A.; Shaw, S.; Romagnoli, E.; Gioia, D.; Burzotta, F.; Trani, C.; Mazzari, M.A.; Mongiardo, R.; De Vita, M.; Rebuzzi, A.G.; Luscher, T.F.; Crea, F. Endothelin-1 and acute myocardial infarction: a no-reflow mediator after successful percutaneous myocardial revascularization. Eur. Heart J., 2006, 27(15), 1793-1798.
18. Topol, E.J.; Yadav, J.S. Recognition of the importance of embolization in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Circulation, 2000, 101(5), 570-580.
19. Moons, A.H.; Levi, M.; Peters, R.J. Tissue factor and coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc. Res., 2002, 53(2), 313-325.
20. Zhao, B.; Li, J.; Luo, X.; Zhou, Q.; Chen, H.; Shi, H. The role of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in the no-reflow phenomenon: after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Tex. Heart Inst. J., 2012, 38(5), 516-522.
21. Piana, R.N.; Paik, G.Y.; Moscucci, M.; Cohen, D.J.; Gibson, C.M.; Kugelmass, A.D.; Carrozza, J.P., Jr.; Kuntz, R.E.; Baim, D.S. Incidence and treatment of 'no-reflow' after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation, 1994, 89(6), 2514-2518.
22. Magro, M.; Nauta, S. T.; Simsek, C.; Boersma, E.; van der Heide, E.; Regar, E.; van Domburg, R.T.; Zijlstra, F.; Serruys, P.W.; van Geuns, R.J. Usefulness of the SYNTAX score to predict "no reflow" in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 2012, 109(5), 601-606.
23. Kondo, M.; Nakano, A.; Saito, D.; Shimono, Y. Assessment of "microvascular no-reflow phenomenon" using technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin scintigraphy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1998, 32(4), 898-903.
24. Iwakura, K.; Ito, H.; Takiuchi, S.; Taniyama, Y.; Nakatsuchi, Y.; Negoro, S.; Higashino, Y.; Okamura, A.; Masuyama, T.; Hori, M.; Fujii, K.; Minamino, T. Alternation in the coronary blood flow velocity pattern in patients with no reflow and reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1996, 94(6), 1269-1275.
25. Santoro, G.M.; Valenti, R.; Buonamici, P.; Bolognese, L.; Cerisano, G.; Moschi, G.; Trapani, M.; Antoniucci, D.; Fazzini, P.F. Relation between ST-segment changes and myocardial perfusion evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty. Am. J. Cardiol., 1998, 82(8), 932-937.
26. Lepper, W.; Hoffmann, R.; Kamp, O.; Franke, A.; de Cock, C.C.; Kuhl, H.P.; Sieswerda, G.T.; Dahl, J.; Janssens, U.; Voci, P.; Visser, C.A.; Hanrath, P. Assessment of myocardial reperfusion by intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography and coronary flow reserve after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [correction of angiography] in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2000, 101(20), 2368-2374.
27. Hamada, S.; Nakamura, S.; Sugiura, T.; Murakami, T.; Fujimoto, T.; Watanabe, J.; Baden, M.; Hatada, K.; Iwasaka, T. Early detection of the no-reflow phenomenon in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1999, 26(3), 208-214.
28. Kim, R.J.; Fieno, D.S.; Parrish, T.B.; Harris, K.; Chen, E.L.; Simonetti, O.; Bundy, J.; Finn, J.P.; Klocke, F.J.; Judd, R.M. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation, 1999, 100(19), 1992-2002.
29. Gibson, C.M.; Schomig, A. Coronary and myocardial angiography: angiographic assessment of both epicardial and myocardial perfusion. Circulation, 2004, 109(25), 3096-3105.
30. Klein, L.W.; Kern, M.J.; Berger, P.; Sanborn, T.; Block, P.; Babb, J.; Tommaso, C.; Hodgson, J.M.; Feldman, T. Society of cardiac angiography and interventions: suggested management of the noreflow phenomenon in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv., 2003, 60(2), 194-201.
31. Gibson, C.M.; Murphy, S.A.; Rizzo, M.J.; Ryan, K.A.; Marble, S.J.; McCabe, C.H.; Cannon, C.P.; Van de Werf, F.; Braunwald, E. Relationship between TIMI frame count and clinical outcomes after thrombolytic administration. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) study group. Circulation, 1999, 99(15), 1945-1950.
32. Hoffmann, R.; Haager, P.; Arning, J.; Christott, P.; Radke, P.; Blindt, R.; Ortlepp, J.; Lepper, W.; Hanrath, P. Usefulness of myocardial blush grade early and late after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction in predicting left ventricular function. Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 92(9), 1015-1019.
33. Costantini, C.O.; Stone, G.W.; Mehran, R.; Aymong, E.; Grines, C.L.; Cox, D.A.; Stuckey, T.; Turco, M.; Gersh, B. J.; Tcheng, J.E.; Garcia, E.; Griffin, J.J.; Guagliumi, G.; Leon, M.B.; Lansky, A.J. Frequency, correlates, and clinical implications of myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty and stenting, with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition, in acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 44(2), 305-312.
34. Butler, M.J.; Chan, W.; Taylor, A.J.; Dart, A.M.; Duffy, S.J. Management of the no-reflow phenomenon. Pharmacol. Ther., 2011, 132(1), 72-85.
35. Muller, O.; Windecker, S.; Cuisset, T.; Fajadet, J.; Mason, M.; Zuffi, A.; Doganov, A.; Eeckhout, E. Management of two major complications in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory: the noreflow phenomenon and coronary perforations. EuroIntervention., 2008, 4(2), 181-183.
36. Cuellas, C.; Fernandez-Vazquez, F.; Martinez, G.; Trillo, R.; Vazquez, N.; Zueco, J.; Delcan, J.L.; Perez de Prado, A.; Martinez-Elbal, L. Direct stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction. The DISCO 3 study. Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 2006, 59(3), 217-224.
37. Sobieraj, D.M.; White, C.M.; Kluger, J.; Tongbram, V.; Colby, J.; Chen, W.T.; Makanji, S.S.; Lee, S.; Ashaye, A.; Coleman, C.I. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of adjunctive devices in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention of native vessels. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 2011, 11, 74.
38. Wijns, W.; Kolh, P.; Danchin, N.; Di Mario, C.; Falk, V.; Folliguet, T.; Garg, S.; Huber, K.; James, S.; Knuuti, J.; Lopez-Sendon, J.; Marco, J.; Menicanti, L.; Ostojic, M.; Piepoli, M. F.; Pirlet, C.; Pomar, J.L.; Reifart, N.; Ribichini, F.L.; Schalij, M.J.; Sergeant, P.; Serruys, P.W.; Silber, S.; Sousa Uva, M.; Taggart, D. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur. Heart J., 2010, 31(20), 2501-2555.
39. Vlaar, P.J.; Svilaas, T.; van der Horst, I.C.; Diercks, G.F.; Fokkema, M.L.; de Smet, B.J.; van den Heuvel, A.F.; Anthonio, R.L.; Jessurun, G.A.; Tan, E.S.; Suurmeijer, A.J.; Zijlstra, F. Cardiac death and reinfarction after 1 year in the Thrombus Aspiration during Percutaneous coronary intervention in Acute myocardial infarction Study (TAPAS): a 1-year follow-up study. Lancet, 2008, 371(9628), 1915-1920.
40. Stone, G.W.; Webb, J.; Cox, D.A.; Brodie, B.R.; Qureshi, M.; Kalynych, A.; Turco, M.; Schultheiss, H.P.; Dulas, D.; Rutherford, B.D.; Antoniucci, D.; Krucoff, M.W.; Gibbons, R.J.; Jones, D.; Lansky, A.J.; Mehran, R. Distal microcirculatory protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005, 293(9), 1063-1072.
41. De Luca, G.; Suryapranata, H.; Stone, G.W.; Antoniucci, D.; Tcheng, J.E.; Neumann, F.J.; Van de Werf, F.; Antman, E.M.; Topol, E.J. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA, 2005, 293(14), 1759-1765.
42. Kloner, R.A.; Dai, W. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and noreflow. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 43(2), 284-286.
43. Dudek, D.; Dziewierz, A.; Chyrchel, B.; Polonski, L.; Legutko, J.; Dubiel, J.S. Antiplatelet treatment in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (ISAR-REACT 2 insight). Eur. Heart J. Suppl., 2007, 9(Suppl. A), A25-A31.
44. Gorog, D.A.; Foale, R.A.; Malik, I. Distal myocardial protection during percutaneous coronary intervention: when and where? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 46(8), 1434-1445.
45. Ross, A.M.; Gibbons, R.J.; Stone, G.W.; Kloner, R.A.; Alexander, R.W. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMISTAD-II). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 45(11), 1775-1780.
46. Navarese, E.P.; Buffon, A.; Andreotti, F.; Gurbel, P.A.; Kozinski, M.; Kubica, A.; Musumeci, G.; Cremonesi, A.; Tavazzi, L.; Kubica, J.; Castriota, F. Adenosine improves post-procedural coronary flow but not clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 222(1), 1-7
47. Sdringola, S.; Assali, A.; Ghani, M.; Yepes, A.; Rosales, O.; Schroth, G.W.; Fujise, K.; Anderson, H.V.; Smalling, R.W. Adenosine use during aortocoronary vein graft interventions reverses but does not prevent the slow-no reflow phenomenon. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv., 2000, 51(4), 394-399.
48. Lee, C.H.; Low, A.; Tai, B.C.; Co, M.; Chan, M.Y.; Lim, J.; Lim, Y.T.; Tan, H.C. Pretreatment with intracoronary adenosine reduces the incidence of myonecrosis after non-urgent percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective randomized study. Eur. Heart J., 2007, 28(1), 19-25.
49. Michaels, A.D.; Appleby, M.; Otten, M.H.; Dauterman, K.; Ports, T.A.; Chou, T.M.; Gibson, C.M. Pretreatment with intragraft verapamil prior to percutaneous coronary intervention of saphenous vein graft lesions: results of the randomized, controlled vasodilator prevention on no-reflow (VAPOR) trial. J. Invasive Cardiol., 2002, 14(6), 299-302.
50. Hang, C.L.; Wang, C.P.; Yip, H.K.; Yang, C.H.; Guo, G.B.; Wu, C.J.; Chen, S.M. Early administration of intracoronary verapamil improves myocardial perfusion during percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction. Chest, 2005, 128(4), 2593-2598.
51. Fugit, M.D.; Rubal, B.J.; Donovan, D.J. Effects of intracoronary nicardipine, diltiazem and verapamil on coronary blood flow. J. Invasive Cardiol., 2000, 12(2), 80-85.
52. Amit, G.; Cafri, C.; Yaroslavtsev, S.; Fuchs, S.; Paltiel, O.; Abu-Ful, A.; Weinstein, J.M.; Wolak, A.; Ilia, R.; Zahger, D. Intracoronary nitroprusside for the prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial. Am. Heart J., 2006, 152(5), 887. e9-14.
53. Pasceri, V.; Pristipino, C.; Pelliccia, F.; Granatelli, A.; Speciale, G.; Roncella, A.; Pironi, B.; Capasso, M.; Richichi, G. Effects of the nitric oxide donor nitroprusside on no-reflow phenomenon during coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 2005, 95(11), 1358-1361.
54. Ono, H.; Osanai, T.; Ishizaka, H.; Hanada, H.; Kamada, T.; Onodera, H.; Fujita, N.; Sasaki, S.; Matsunaga, T.; Okumura, K. Nicorandil improves cardiac function and clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: role of inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species formation. Am. Heart J., 2004, 148(4), E15.
55. Tsubokawa, A.; Ueda, K.; Sakamoto, H.; Iwase, T.; Tamaki, S. Effect of intracoronary nicorandil administration on preventing noreflow/ slow flow phenomenon during rotational atherectomy. Circ. J., 2002, 66(12), 1119-1123.
56. Ishihara, M.; Sato, H.; Tateishi, H.; Kawagoe, T.; Shimatani, Y.; Kurisu, S.; Sakai, K. Attenuation of the no-reflow phenomenon after coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with intracoronary papaverine. Am. Heart J., 1996, 132(5), 959-963.
57. Romagnoli, E.; Burzotta, F.; Trani, C.; Biondi-Zoccai, G.G.; Giannico, F.; Crea, F. Rationale for intracoronary administration of abciximab. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2007, 23(1), 57-63.
58. Skelding, K.A.; Goldstein, J.A.; Mehta, L.; Pica, M.C.; O'Neill, W.W. Resolution of refractory no-reflow with intracoronary epinephrine. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv., 2002, 57(3), 305-309.
59. Rupprecht, H.J.; vom Dahl, J.; Terres, W.; Seyfarth, K.M.; Richardt, G.; Schultheibeta, H.P.; Buerke, M.; Sheehan, F.H.; Drexler, H. Cardioprotective effects of the Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor cariporide in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing direct PTCA. Circulation, 2000, 101(25), 2902-2908.
60. Zeymer, U.; Suryapranata, H.; Monassier, J.P.; Opolski, G.; Davies, J.; Rasmanis, G.; Linssen, G.; Tebbe, U.; Schroder, R.; Tiemann, R.; Machnig, T.; Neuhaus, K.L. The Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor eniporide as an adjunct to early reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Results of the evaluation of the safety and cardioprotective effects of eniporide in acute myocardial infarction (ESCAMI) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2001, 38(6), 1644-1650.
61. Tsujita, K.; Shimomura, H.; Kawano, H.; Hokamaki, J.; Fukuda, M.; Yamashita, T.; Hida, S.; Nakamura, Y.; Nagayoshi, Y.; Sakamoto, T.; Yoshimura, M.; Arai, H.; Ogawa, H. Effects of edaravone on reperfusion injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 94(4), 481-484.
62. Granger, C.B.; Mahaffey, K.W.; Weaver, W.D.; Theroux, P.; Hochman, J.S.; Filloon, T.G.; Rollins, S.; Todaro, T.G.; Nicolau, J.C.; Ruzyllo, W.; Armstrong, P.W. Pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the COMplement inhibition in Myocardial infarction treated with Angioplasty (COMMA) trial. Circulation, 2003, 108(10), 1184-1190.
63. Armstrong, P.W.; Granger, C.B.; Adams, P.X.; Hamm, C.; Holmes, D., Jr.; O'Neill, W.W.; Todaro, T.G.; Vahanian, A.; Van de Werf, F. Pexelizumab for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2007, 297(1), 43-51.
64. Vinten-Johansen, J.; Yellon, D.M.; Opie, L.H. Postconditioning: a simple, clinically applicable procedure to improve revascularization in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2005, 112(14), 2085-2088.
65. Hausenloy, D.J.; Yellon, D.M. Preconditioning and postconditioning: united at reperfusion. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 116(2), 173-191.
66. Tissier, R.; Ghaleh, B.; Cohen, M.V.; Downey, J.M.; Berdeaux, A. Myocardial protection with mild hypothermia. Cardiovasc. Res., 2012, 94(2), 217-225.
67. Calvert, J.W.; Lefer, D.J. Statin therapy and myocardial no-reflow. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 149(3), 229-231.
68. Hase, Y.; Okamoto, Y.; Fujita, Y.; Kitamura, A.; Nakabayashi, H.; Ito, H.; Maki, T.; Washida, K.; Takahashi, R.; Ihara, M. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, prevents no-reflow and hemorrhage in mice with focal cerebral ischemia. Exp. Neurol., 2012, 233(1), 523-533.
69. Bates, E.; Bode, C.; Costa, M.; Gibson, C. M.; Granger, C.; Green, C.; Grimes, K.; Harrington, R.; Huber, K.; Kleiman, N.; Mochly-Rosen, D.; Roe, M.; Sadowski, Z.; Solomon, S.; Widimsky, P. Intracoronary KAI-9803 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2008, 117(7), 886-896.
70. Gregorini, L.; Marco, J.; Farah, B.; Bernies, M.; Palombo, C.; Kozakova, M.; Bossi, I.M.; Cassagneau, B.; Fajadet, J.; Di Mario, C.; Albiero, R.; Cugno, M.; Grossi, A.; Heusch, G. Effects of selective alpha1-and alpha2-adrenergic blockade on coronary flow reserve after coronary stenting. Circulation, 2002, 106(23), 2901-2907.