Distribution of internal pressure around bony prominences: Implications to deep tissue injury and effectiveness of intermittent electrical stimulation

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 40, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1740-1759

  Solis, Leandro R ^a   Liggins, Adrian ^a   Uwiera, Richard R E ^a   Poppe, Niek ^a   Pehowich, Enid ^a   Seres, Peter ^a   Thompson, Richard B ^a   Mushahwar, Vivian K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Deep tissue injury; Electrical stimulation; Immobility; Pressure; Pressure ulcers; Spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

DEEP TISSUE INJURY; ELECTRICAL STIMULATIONS; IMMOBILITY; PRESSURE ULCERS; SPINAL CORD INJURIES (SCI);

BONE; DISEASES; EXPERIMENTS; LOADING; MUSCLE; PATIENT REHABILITATION; PRESSURE; TENSORS; TUBES (COMPONENTS);

ANIMALS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DECUBITUS; ELECTROSTIMULATION; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; FEMALE; MINIPIG; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PRESSURE; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SWINE;

ANIMALS; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY; FEMALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PRESSURE; PRESSURE ULCER; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SWINE; SWINE, MINIATURE;

EID: 84864550596     PISSN: 00906964     EISSN: 15739686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0529-0     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Agam, L., and A. Gefen. Toward real-Time detection of deep tissue injury risk in wheelchair users using Hertz contact theory. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 45:537-550, 2008; (8 p. following 550).
2. Aritan, S., S. O. Oyadiji, and R. M. Bartlett. A mechanical model representation of the in vivo creep behaviour of muscular bulk tissue. J. Biomech. 41:2760-2765, 2008.
3. Bansal, C., R. Scott, D. Stewart, and C. J. Cockerell. Decubitus ulcers: A review of the literature. Int. J. Dermatol. 44:805-810, 2005.
4. Basford, J. R., T. R. Jenkyn, K. N. An, R. L. Ehman, G. Heers, and K. R. Kaufman. Evaluation of healthy and diseased muscle with magnetic resonance elastography. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83:1530-1536, 2002.
5. Bouten, C. V., C. W. Oomens, F. P. Baaijens, and D. L. Bader. The etiology of pressure ulcers: Skin deep or muscle bound? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84:616-619, 2003.
6. Ceelen, K. K., A. Stekelenburg, J. L. Mulders, G. J. Strijkers, F. P. Baaijens, K. Nicolay, and C. W. Oomens. Validation of a numerical model of skeletal muscle compression with MR tagging: A contribution to pressure ulcer research. J. Biomech. Eng. 130:061015, 2008.
7. Conine, T. A., A. K. Choi, and R. Lim. The user-friendliness of protective support surfaces in prevention of pressure sores. Rehabil. Nurs. 14:261-263, 1989.
8. Cox, J. Predictors of pressure ulcers in adult critical care patients. Am. J. Crit. Care 20:364-375, 2011.
9. Curtis, C. A., S. L. Chong, I. Kornelsen, R. R. Uwiera, P. Seres, and V. K. Mushahwar. The effects of intermittent electrical stimulation on the prevention of deep tissue injury: Varying loads and stimulation paradigms. Artif. Organs 35:226-236, 2011.
10. Daniel, R. K., D. L. Priest, and D. C. Wheatley. Etiologic factors in pressure sores: An experimental model. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 62:492-498, 1981.
11. Daniel, R. K., D. Wheatley, and D. Priest. Pressure sores and paraplegia: An experimental model. Ann. Plast. Surg. 15:41-49, 1985.
12. Drummond, D. S., R. G. Narechania, A. N. Rosenthal, A. L. Breed, T. A. Lange, and D. K. Drummond. A study of pressure distributions measured during balanced and unbalanced sitting. J. Bone Joint Surg. 64:1034-1039, 1982.
13. Fennegan, D. Positive living or negative existence? Nurs. Times 15:51-54, 1983.
14. Finestone, H. M., S. P. Levine, G. A. Carlson, K. A. Chizinsky, and R. L. Kett. Erythema and skin temperature following continuous sitting in spinal cord injured individuals. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 28:27-32, 1991.
15. Garber, S. L., and L. R. Dyerly. Wheelchair cushions for persons with spinal cord injury: An update. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 45:550-554, 1991.
16. Garber, S. L., and T. A. Krouskop. Body build and its relationship to pressure distribution in the seated wheelchair patient. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 63:17-20, 1982.
17. Geerligs, M., G. W. Peters, P. A. Ackermans, C. W. Oomens, and F. P. Baaijens. Linear viscoelastic behavior of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Biorheology 45:677-688, 2008.
18. Gefen, A., N. Gefen, E. Linder-Ganz, and S. S. Margulies. In vivo muscle stiffening under bone compression promotes deep pressure sores. J. Biomech. Eng. 127:512-524, 2005.
19. Giles, J. M., A. E. Black, and J. E. Bischoff. Anomalous rate depenDence of the preconditioned response of soft tissue during load controlled deformation. J. Biomech. 40:777-785, 2007.
20. Gilsdorf, P., R. Patterson, and S. Fisher. Thirty-minute continuous sitting force measurements with different support surfaces in the spinal cord injured and able-bodied. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 28:33-38, 1991.
21. Grace, P. A. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br. J. Surg. 81:637-647, 1994.
22. Guthrie, R. H., and D. Goulian. Decubitus ulcers: Prevention and treatment. Geriatrics 28:67-71, 1973.
23. Gyawali, S., L. Solis, S. L. Chong, C. Curtis, P. Seres, I. Kornelsen, R. Thompson, and V. K. Mushahwar. Intermittent electrical stimulation redistributes pressure and promotes tissue oxygenation in loaded muscles of individuals with spinal cord injury. J. Appl. Physiol. 110:246-255, 2011.
24. Keller, B. P., J. Wille, B. Van Ramshorst, and C. Van der Werken. Pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: A review of risks and prevention. Intensive Care Med. 28:1379-1388, 2002.
25. Klotz, R., P. A. Joseph, J. F. Ravaud, L. Wiart, and M. Barat. The Tetrafigap Survey on the long-Term outcome of tetraplegic spinal cord injured persons: Part III. Medical complications and associated factors. Spinal Cord 40:457-467, 2002.
26. Krause, J. S., and L. Broderick. Patterns of recurrent pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: IDentification of risk and protective factors 5 or more years after onset. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85:1257-1264, 2004.
27. Krouskop, T. A., R. Williams, P. Noble, and J. Brown. Inflation pressure effect on performance of air-filled wheelchair cushions. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 67:126-128, 1986.
28. Kruse, S. A., J. A. Smith, A. J. Lawrence, M. A. Dresner, A. Manduca, J. F. Greenleaf, and R. L. Ehman. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: Preliminary results. Phys. Med. Biol. 45:1579-1590, 2000.
29. Labbe, R., T. Lindsay, and P. M. Walker. The extent and distribution of skeletal muscle necrosis after graded periods of complete ischemia. J. Vasc. Surg. 6:152-157, 1987.
30. Le, K. M., B. L. Madsen, P. W. Barth, G. A. Ksander, J. B. Angell, and L. M. Vistnes. An in-depth look at pressure sores using monolithic silicon pressure sensors. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 74:745-756, 1984.
31. Linder-Ganz, E., M. Scheinowitz, Z. Yizhar, S. S. Margulies, and A. Gefen. How do normals move during prolonged wheelchair-sitting? Technol. Health Care 15:195-202, 2007.
32. Linder-Ganz, E., N. Shabshin, Y. Itzchak, Z. Yizhar, I. Siev-Ner, and A. Gefen. Strains and stresses in sub-dermal tissues of the buttocks are greater in paraplegics than in healthy during sitting. J. Biomech. 41:567-580, 2008.
33. Loerakker, S., E. Manders, G. J. Strijkers, K. Nicolay, F. P. Baaijens, D. L. Bader, and C. W. Oomens. The effects of deformation, ischemia, and reperfusion on the development of muscle damage during prolonged loading. J. Appl. Physiol., 2011. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00389.2011.
34. Loerakker, S., L. R. Solis, D. L. Bader, F. P. Baaijens, V. K. Mushahwar, and C. W. Oomens. How does muscle stiffness affect the internal deformations within the soft tissue layers of the buttocks under constant loading? Comput. Methods. Biomech. Biomed. Eng., 2012. doi:10.1080/ 10255842.2011.627682.
35. Lyder, C. H. Pressure ulcer prevention and management. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289:223-226, 2003.
36. Makhsous, M., G. Venkatasubramanian, A. Chawla, Y. Pathak, M. Priebe, W. Z. Rymer, and F. Lin. Investigation of soft-Tissue stiffness alteration in Denervated human tissue using an ultrasound inDentation system. J. Spinal Cord Med. 31:88-96, 2008.
37. McInnes, E., S. E. Bell-Syer, J. C. Dumville, R. Legood, and N. A. Cullum. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD001735, 2008.
38. McKinley, W. O., A. B. Jackson, D. D. CarDenas, and M. J. DeVivo. Long-Term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: A regional model systems analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 80:1402-1410, 1999.
39. Nola, G. T., and L. M. Vistnes. Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 66:728-733, 1980.
40. Noreau, L., P. Proulx, L. Gagnon, M. Drolet, and M. T. Laramee. Secondary impairments after spinal cord injury: A population-based study. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 79: 526-535, 2000.
41. Odderson, I. R., K. M. Jaffe, C. A. Sleicher, R. Price, and R. J.Kropp.Gelwheelchair cushions: A potential cold weather hazard. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 72:1017-1020, 1991.
42. Oomens, C. W., O. F. Bressers, E. M. Bosboom, C. V. Bouten, and D. L. Bader. Can loaded interface characteristics influence strain distributions in muscle adjacent to bony prominences? Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 6:171-180, 2003.
43. Oomens, C. W., S. Loerakker, and D. L. Bader. The importance of internal strain as opposed to interface pressure in the prevention of pressure related deep tissue injury. J. Tissue Viability 19:35-42, 2010.
44. Ragan, R., T. W. Kernozek, M. Bidar, and J. W. Matheson. Seat-interface pressures on various thicknesses of foam wheelchair cushions: A finite modeling approach. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83:872-875, 2002.
45. RaghaVan, P., W. A. Raza, Y. S. Ahmed, and M. A. Chamberlain. Prevalence of pressure sores in a community sample of spinal injury patients. Clin. Rehabil. 17:879-884, 2003.
46. Reenalda, J., M. Jannink, M. Nederhand, and M. Jzerman. Clinical use of interface pressure to predict pressure ulcer development: A systematic review. Assist Technol. 21:76-85, 2009.
47. Reger, S. I., V. K. Ranganathan, and V. Sahgal. Support surface interface pressure, microenvironment, and the prevalence of pressure ulcers: An analysis of the literature. Ostomy Wound Manage. 53:50-58, 2007.
48. Sagach, V. F., A. M. Kindybalyuk, and T. N. Kovalenko. Functional hyperemia of skeletal muscle: Role of endothelium. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20:S170-S175, 1992.
49. Salcido, R., S. B. Fisher, J. C. Donofrio, M. Bieschke, C. Knapp, R. Liang, E. K. LeGrand, and J. M. Carney. An animal model and computer-controlled surface pressure delivery system for the production of pressure ulcers. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 32:149-161, 1995.
50. Salzberg, C. A., D. W. Byrne, C. G. Cayten, P. Van Niewerburgh, J. G. Murphy, and M. Viehbeck. A new pressure ulcer riskassessment scale for individuals with spinal cord injury. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 75:96-104, 1996.
51. Seymour, R. J., and W. E. Lacefield. Wheelchair cushion effect on pressure and skin temperature. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 66:103-108, 1985.
52. Solis, L., S. Gyawali, and V. K. Mushahwar. Mechanisms and prevention of deep tissue injury. In: The Pathomechanics of Tissue Injury and Disease, and the Mechanophysiology of Healing, edited by A. Gefen. Research Signpost Co., 2009, pp. 283-312.
53. Solis, L. R., S. Gyawali, P. Seres, C. A. Curtis, S. L. Chong, R. B. Thompson, and V. K. Mushahwar. Effects of intermittent electrical stimulation on superficial pressure, tissue oxygenation, and discomfort levels for the prevention of deep tissue injury. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39:649-663, 2011.
54. Solis, L. R., D. P. Hallihan, R. R. Uwiera, R. B. Thompson, E. D. Pehowich, and V. K. Mushahwar. Prevention of pressure-induced deep tissue injury using intermittent electrical stimulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 102:1992-2001, 2007.
55. Solis, L. R., A. Liggins, P. Seres, R. R. E. Uwiera, N. Poppe, E. Pehowich, R. B. Thompson, and V. K. Mushahwar. Distribution of internal strain around bony prominences in pigs. Ann. Biomed. Eng., submitted.
56. Stekelenburg, A., D. Gawlitta, D. L. Bader, and C. W. Oomens. Deep tissue injury: how deep is our understanding? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89:1410-1413, 2008.
57. Stekelenburg, A., G. J. Strijkers, H. Parusel, D. L. Bader, K. Nicolay, and C. W. Oomens. Role of ischemia and deformation in the onset of compression-induced deep tissue injury: MRI-based studies in a rat model. J. Appl. Physiol. 102:2002-2011, 2007.
58. Swarts, A. E., T. A. Krouskop, and D. R. Smith. Tissue pressure management in the vocational setting. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 69:97-100, 1988.
59. Thomas, D. R. Are all pressure ulcers avoidable? J. Am. Med. Direct. Assoc. 4:S43-S48, 2003.
60. Tupling, R., H. Green, G. Senisterra, J. Lepock, and N. McKee. Ischemia-induced structural change in SR Ca2+-ATPase is associated with reduced enzyme activity in rat muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281:R1681-R1688, 2001.
61. Tupling, R., H. Green, G. Senisterra, J. Lepock, and N. McKee. Effects of ischemia on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release in rat skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281:E224-E232, 2001.
62. Webster, C. I. A pressure care survey in the operating theatres. Aust. Clin. Rev. 13:29-37, 1993.
63. Werner, P., and I. Perkash. Warning mat to signal air seat cushion failure. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 63:188-190, 1982.
64. Woolsey, R. M., and J. D. McGarry. The cause, prevention, and treatment of pressure sores. Neurol. Clin. 9:797-808, 1991.
65. Zanca, J. M., D. M. Brienza, D. Berlowitz, R. G. Bennett, C. H. Lyder, and N. P. U. A. Panel. Pressure ulcer research funding in America: creation and analysis of an on-line database. Adv. Skin Wound Care 16:190-197, 2003.