Food as ego-protective remedy for people experiencing shame. Experimental evidence for a new perspective on weight-related shame

Appetite

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 570-575

  Chao, Ying Hsien ^a   Yang, Chao Chin ^b   Chiou, Wen Bin ^a  

^a NATIONAL SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL KAOHSIUNG UNIVERSITY OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Binge eating; Evolutionary psychology; Feelings as information; Food; Shame

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BINGE EATING DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; EGO; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FOOD; HUMAN; OVERNUTRITION; SHAME; TASTE; WEIGHT; WEIGHT CONTROL;

ADULT; BINGE-EATING DISORDER; BODY WEIGHT; BULIMIA; EGO; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERPHAGIA; MALE; MEALS; SELF CONCEPT; SHAME; TASTE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84864497562     PISSN: 01956663     EISSN: 10958304     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.007     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Barkow J.H. The elastic between genes and culture. Evolution and Human Behavior 1989, 10:111-129.
2. Breiter H.C., Aharon I., Kahneman D., Dale A., Shizgal P. Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron 2001, 30:619-639.
3. Briers B., Pandelaere M., Dewitte S., Warlop L. Hungry for money. The desire for caloric resources increases the desire for financial resources and vice versa. Psychological Science 2006, 17:939-943.
4. Bruhn A.R. Cognitive-perceptual theory and the projective use of autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality Assessment 1990, 58:1-15.
5. Burney J., Irwin H.J. Shame and guilt in women with eating disorder symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2000, 56:51-61.
6. Buss D.M. Evolutionary biology and personality psychology. Toward a conception of human nature and individual differences. American Psychologist 1984, 39:1135-1147.
7. Buss D.M. Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 1991, 42:459-491.
8. Buss D.M. Evolutionary psychology. The new science of the mind 1999, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
9. Chao Y.H., Cheng Y.Y., Chiou W.B. The psychological consequence of experiencing shame. Self-sufficiency and mood-repair. Motivation and Emotion 2011, 35:202-210.
10. Chiou W.B., Wan P.H., Wan C.C. A new look at software piracy. Soft lifting primes an inauthentic sense of self, prompting further unethical behavior. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2012, 70:107-115.
11. Cohen G.L., Garcia J. Identity, belonging, and achievement. A model, interventions, implications. Current Directions for Psychological Science 2008, 17:365-369.
12. Cohen G.L., Garcia J., Purdie-Vaughns V., Apfel N., Brzustoski P. Recursive processes in self-affirmation. Intervening to close the minority achievement gap. Science 2009, 324:400-403.
13. Crandall C.S. Prejudice against fat people. Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 66:882-894.
14. de Hooge I.E., Breugelmans S.M., Zeelenberg M. Not so ugly after all. When shame acts as a commitment device. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 95:933-943.
15. de Hooge I.E., Zeelenberg M., Breugelmans S.M. Moral sentiments and cooperation. Differential influences of shame and guilt. Cognition and Emotion 2007, 21:1025-1042.
16. Diamond J. Guns, germs, and steel. The fates of human societies 1997, W.W. Norton, New York.
17. Drewnowski A., Specter S.E. Poverty and obesity. The role of energy density and energy costs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004, 79:6-16.
18. French S.A., Story M., Perry C.L. Self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents. A literature review. Obesity Research 1995, 3:479-490.
19. Friedman M.A., Brownell K.D. Psychological correlates of obesity. Moving to the next research generation. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117:3-20.
20. Frijda N.H. The emotions 1986, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
21. Gilbert P. The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1997, 70:113-147.
22. Gilbert P. What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. Shame. Interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology and culture 1998, 3-38. Oxford University Press, New York. P. Gilbert, B. Andrews (Eds.).
23. Gilbert P. Body shame. A biopsychosocial conceptualization and overview with treatment implications. Body shame. Conceptualization, research & treatment 2002, 3-54. Brunner-Routledge, Hove, UK. P. Gilbert, J. Miles (Eds.).
24. Gilligan J. Shame, guilt, and violence. Social Research 2003, 70:1149-1180.
25. Goss K., Allan S. Shame and pride in eating disorders. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2009, 16:303-316.
26. Grabhorn R., Stenner H., Stangier U., Kaufhold J. Social anxiety in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The mediating role of shame. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2006, 13:12-19.
27. Hayakia J., Friedmana M.A., Brownell K.D. Shame and severity of bulimic symptoms. Eating Behaviors 2002, 3:73-83.
28. Heatherton T.F., Baumeister R.F. Binge eating as an escape from self-awareness. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 110:86-108.
29. Herrnstein R.J. The evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist 1977, 32:593-603.
30. Hogan R. A socioanalytic theory of personality. Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1982. Personality-Current theory and research 1983, 55-89. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. M. Page (Ed.).
31. Howell J.L., Shepperd J.A. Reducing information avoidance through affirmation. Psychological Science 2012, 23:141-145.
32. Keltner D., Ellsworth P.C., Edwards K. Beyond simple pessimism. Effect of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:740-752.
33. Kemeny M.E., Gruenewald T.L., Dickerson S.S. Shame as the emotional response to threat to the social self. Implications for behavior, physiology, and health. Psychological Inquiry 2004, 15:153-160.
34. Kirkpatrick L.A., Ellis B.J. Evolutionary perspectives on self-evaluation and self-esteem. Interpersonal processes 2001, Vol. 2:411-436. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. M. Clark, G. Fletcher (Eds.).
35. Lazarus R.S. Emotion and adaptation 1991, Oxford University Press, New York.
36. Leith K.P., Baumeister R.F. Why do bad moods increase self-defeating behavior? Emotion, risking-taking, and self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:1250-1267.
37. Lewis M. Shame. The exposed self 1992, The Free Press, New York.
38. Lewis M., Alessandri S.M., Sullivan M.W. Differences in shame and pride as a function of children's gender and task-difficulty. Child Development 1992, 63:630-638.
39. Logel C., Cohen G.L. The role of the self in physical health. Testing the effect of a values-affirmation intervention on weight loss. Psychological Science 2012, 23:53-55.
40. Macht M., Simons G. Emotions and eating in everyday life. Appetite 2000, 35:65-71.
41. Morris W.N., Reilly N.P. Toward the self-regulation of mood. Theory and practice. Motivation and Emotion 1987, 11:215-249.
42. Nasser M., Katzman M.A., Gordon R. Eating disorders and cultures in transition 2001, Routledge, London, UK.
43. Nelson L.D., Morrison E.L. The symptoms of resource scarcity. Judgments of food and finances influence preferences for potential partners. Psychological Science 2005, 16:167-173.
44. O'Doherty J.P., Deichmann R., Critchley H.D., Dolan R.J. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 2002, 33:815-826.
45. Pinel J.P.J., Assanand S., Lehman D.R. Hunger, eating, and ill health. American Psychologist 2000, 55:1105-1116.
46. Puhl R.M., Brownell K.D. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research 2001, 9:788-905.
47. Puhl R.M., Heuer C.A. The stigma of obesity. A review and update. Obesity 2009, 17:941-964.
48. Raghunathan R., Pham M.T. All negative moods are not equal. Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1999, 79:56-77.
49. Raghunathan R., Pham M.T., Corfman K.P. Informational properties of anxiety and sadness, and displaced coping. Journal of Consumer Research 2006, 32:596-601.
50. Roseman I.J., Spindel M., Jose P.S. Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events. Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:899-915.
51. Sanftner J.L., Crowther J.H. Variability in self-esteem, moods, shame, and guilt in women who binge. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1998, 23:391-397.
52. Schupak-Neuberg E., Nemeroff C. Disturbances in identity and self-regulation in bulimia nervosa. Implications for a metaphorical perspective of " body as self" International Journal of Eating Disorders 1993, 13:335-347.
53. Schwarz N., Clore G. How do I feel about it? Informative functions of affective states. Affect, cognition and social behavior 1988, 44-62. Hogrefe International, Toronto. K. Fiedler, J. Forgas (Eds.).
54. Schwarz N. Feelings as information. Informational and motivational functions of affective states. Handbook of motivation and cognition 1990, 527-561. Guilford, New York. T.E. Higgins, R.M. Sorrentino (Eds.).
55. Sherman D.K., Cohen G.L. Accepting threatening information. Self-affirmation and the reduction of defensive biases. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2002, 11:119-123.
56. Sjöberg R.L., Nilsson K.W., Leppert J. Obesity, shame, and depression in school-aged children. A population-based study. Pediatrics 2005, 116:e389-e392.
57. Smith R.H., Webster J.M., Parrott W.G., Eyre H.L. The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:138-159.
58. Steele C.M. The psychology of self-affirmation. Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in experimental social psychology 1988, Vol. 21:261-302. Academic Press, New York.
59. Stinson D.A., Logel C., Shepherd S., Zanna M.P. Rewriting the self-fulfilling prophecy of social rejection. Self-affirmation improves relational security and social behavior up to 2 months later. Psychological Science 2011, 22:1145-1149.
60. Tangney J.P. Recent advances in the empirical study of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist 1995, 38:1132-1145.
61. Tangney J.P., Miller R.S., Flicker L., Barlow D.H. Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:1256-1269.
62. Thomaes S., Bushman B.J., Stegge H., Olthof T. Trumping shame by blasts of noise. Narcissism, self-esteem, shame, and aggression in young adolescents. Child Development 2008, 79:1792-1801.
63. van Strien T., Frijters J.E.R., Bergers G.P.A., Defares P.B. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1986, 5:747-755.
64. Vohs K.D., Mead N.L., Goode M.R. The psychological consequences of money. Science 2006, 314:1154-1156.
65. Wadden T.A., Brownell K.D., Foster G.D. Obesity. Responding to the global epidemic. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002, 70:510-525.
66. Wang C.C., Cheng Y.Y., Chiou W.B., Kung C.C. Shame for money. Shame enhances the incentive value of economic resources. Judgment and Decision Making 2012, 7:77-85.
67. Wansink B., Payne C.R. Eating behavior and obesity at Chinese buffets. Obesity 2008, 16:1957-1960.
68. Webb, C. (2000). Psychological distress in clinical obesity. The role of eating disorder beliefs and behaviours, social comparison and shame. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester, England.
69. Yang M.L., Yang C.C., Chiou W.B. When guilt leads to other orientation and shame leads to egocentric self-focus. Effects of differential priming of negative affects on perspective taking. Social Behavior and Personality 2010, 38:605-614.
70. Yi S., Baumgartner H. Coping with negative emotions in purchase-related situations. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2004, 14:303-317.
71. Zhong C.B., DeVoe S.E. You are how you eat. Fast food and impatience. Psychological Science 2010, 21:619-622.
72. Zhong C.B., Liljenquist K. Washing away your sins. Threatened morality and physical cleansing. Science 2006, 313:1451-1452.