A concise guide to Marl C-Pottery

Agypten und Levante

Volumn 12, Issue , 2004, Pages 29-54

  Bader, Bettina ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84864419830     PISSN: 10155104     EISSN: 18135145     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1553/AEundL12s29     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. DO. ARNOLD, Ägyptische Mergeltone ("Wüstentone") und die Herkunft einer Mergeltonware des Mittleren Reiches aus der Gegend von Memphis, in: DO. ARNOLD (ed.), Studien zur altägyptischen Keramik, Mainz 1981, 167-91 (in the following quoted as DO. ARNOLD, Wüstentone).
2. H.-Å. NORDSTRÖM, J. BOURRIAU, Ceramic Technology: Clays and Fabrics, in: DO. ARNOLD, (ed.), Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, Mainz 1993, 179-81 (in the following quoted as NORDSTRÖM, BOURRIAU, Clays and Fabrics).
3. Photos of all variants are to be found in B. BADER, TD XIII, colour plates I-V.
4. ca V, Vienna 1991, 328.
5. ca and Their Chronological Distribution, Lecture held at Haindorf Conference 2001.
6. A detailed description of all inclusions, which occur has been attempted in B. BADER, TD XIII, Vienna 2001, 24-9, but geological and petrographic research in this field is sorely needed.
7. The term "self slip" is used here in the following sense: a white layer on the surface of the vessel developed by itself in the course of production through the presence of soluble salts. But it does not mean a slip consisting of the same material as the vessel. Cf. BADER, TD XIII, 22, footnote 54. The white surface can also be used as an indicator whether a given sherd belonged to an open or closed vessel, because on closed vessels only the outside shows this surface colour whereas on open shapes the inside is also white. There are, of course, exceptions, that could be explained by placing vessels inside each other in the kiln or while drying.
8. nd Cairo Solid State Conference, 1973, Recent Advances in Technology of Materials, New York, San Francisco, London 1974, 136-138.
9. Cf. DO. ARNOLD, The Pottery, in: D. ARNOLD, The Pyramid of Senwosret I, The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Vol. I., The Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition, Vol. XXII., New York 1988, 126
10. (in the following quoted as DO. ARNOLD, Senwosret I).
11. H. J. FRANKEN and G. LONDON, Why Painted Pottery Disappeared at the End of the Second Millennium BCE, BA 58(1995), 217 give a description of how such a surface develops.
12. th Dynasty. Additionally D. Raue found pottery made from Marl C in OK material in Dahshur, personal comm.
13. ca IX, Vienna 1999.
14. DO. ARNOLD, Senwosret I, passim.
15. DO. ARNOLD, Wüstentone, 190;
16. Eadem, Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif, MDAIK 28, 1(1972), 33-46;
17. Eadem, Keramikbeispiele aus den Gräbern der frühen 11. Dynastie, MDAIK 23(1968), 38-67.
18. ca, Memphis, in: J. PHILLIPS (ed.), Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East. Studies in Honour of Martha Rhoads Bell, San Antonio 1998, 95-120.
19. A. LANSING, The Egyptian Expedition, 1931-2
20. The Museum's Excavations at Lisht, BMMA 28, April 1933, 14, fig. 12.
21. W. M. F. PETRIE, Kahun, Gurob and Hawara, London 1890, pl. 14, Nr. 16-7. C. Gallorini analysed two pots from the foundation deposit of the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret II at Lahun in the Museum of Manchester and proved that they are made of Marl C fabric. C. Gallorini, personal comm.
22. DO. ARNOLD, Zur Keramik aus dem Taltempelbereich der Pyramide Amenemhets III. in Dahschur, MDIK 33(1977), 21-6.
23. Eadem, Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976-1981, MDIK 38(1982), 25-65.
24. J. DE MORGAN, Fouilles à Dahchour, Mars-Juin 1894, Vienne 1895, 74, figs. 164-5.
25. D. and DO. ARNOLD, der Tempel von Qasr el-Sagha, AV 27, Mainz 1979, 29-40.
26. R. ENGELBACH, B. GUNN, Harageh, London 1923, Taf. XXXIV-XLI;
27. B. J. KEMP, R. S. MERRILLEES, Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt, Mainz 1980, 22 "distinct white surfaced fabric".
28. R. ENGELBACH, Riqqeh and Memphis VI, London 1915.
29. For Buhen see W. B. EMERY, H. S. SMITH, A. MILLARD, The Fortress of Buhen. The Archaeological Report, EES, London 1979.
30. T. BAGH, Abu Ghâlib, An Early Middle Kingdom Town in the Western Nile Delta: Renewed Work on Material Excavated in the 1930s, MDAIK 58(2002), 39, 58-61.
31. C. A. REDMOUNT, On an Egyptian/Asiatic Frontier: An Archaeological History of the Wadi Tumilat, Vol. I-IV, unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Chicago 1989, 326-8;
32. C. A. REDMOUNT, Ethnicity, Pottery and the Hyksos at Tell el-Maskhuta in the Egyptian Delta, Biblical Archaeologist 58:4(1995), 185. This is still not proved, as the Vienna System was not used as concordance and the present writer had no chance to see the material.
33. E. OREN, The "Kingdom of Sharuhen" and the Hyksos Kingdom, in: E. OREN (ed.), The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, Phildadelphia 1997, 273-9, fig. 8.23 with subtitles from 8.24. Pottery from the Northern Sinai has been identified as Marl C by M. Bietak, personal comm.
34. J. BOURRIAU, Observations on the Pottery from Serabit el-Khadim (Zone Sud), CRIPEL 18(1996), 19-32.
35. ca, BCE XI (1986), 22-3, XII (1987), 10-1;
36. XIII (1988), 29-31. Joint work made it possible to see the Marl C ceramics there.
37. H. JAQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord, 1989, BCE XV (1991), 27-9. These "Zeirs" are made from marl clay "avec beaucoup d' inclusions".
38. "Ausgewählte Keramik" has been published by C. v. PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, Untersuchungen in der Stadt des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit, AV 91, Mainz 1996. Among these are some Marl C pots.
39. S. T. SMITH, Askut in Nubia, The Economics and Ideology of Egyptian Imperialism in the Second Millennium B. C, London, New York 1995, figs. 3.6-3.7, 200.
40. The more so as J. Huntoon undertook some NAA testing of raw clay sources published in McGovern (three samples: Dahshur (1), Kahun (2)) in the Memphis-Fayoum region. He found they matched the vessels made from Marl C. P. McGOVERN, The Foreign Relations of the Hyksos. A Neutron Activation Study of Middle Bronze Age Pottery from the Eastern Mediterranean, BAR IS 888, Oxford 2000, 27. The small number of three samples seems to be but a start of research and the results cannot be taken to prove the only raw clay source being in the Memphis-Fayoum region.
41. J. WEGNER, V. SMITH, S. ROSSELL, The Organization of the Temple Nfr-K3 of Senwosret III at Abydos, Ä&L 10(2000), figs., 9.32, 17.45.
42. E. CZERNY, TD IX, 185, Mc 1-28.
43. Cf. W. M. F. PETRIE, G. BRUNTON, Sedment I, BSAE 34, London 1924, pl. 29.30 f.
44. DO. ARNOLD, Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976-1981, MDAIK 38 1982), 47, fig. 8.4.
45. DO. ARNOLD, Zur Keramik aus dem Taltempelbereich der Pyramide Amenemhets III. in Dahschur, MDAIK 33(1977), 25, fig. 1, II 1.
46. Examples: CZERNY, TD IX, 142-147.
47. J. E. QUIBELL, El Kab, London 1989, pl. 15. 13, 14, 16.
48. W. M. F. PETRIE, Kahun, Gurob and Hawara, pl. 12.4-7.
49. More Comparanda in B. BADER, TD XIII, passim.
50. E. CZERNY, TD IX, 184, Ma 2.
51. Corresponds presumably to type 66n and consists of Marl C. W. M. F. PETRIE, G. BRUNTON, Sedment I, pl. 33.
52. C. V. PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, 360-1, fig. 161.d.
53. BAGH, MDAIK 58, fig. 9c.
54. H. JUNKER, Berichte über die Grabungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf dem Friedhof in Toschke (Nubien) im Winter 1911/1913. Wien/Leipzig 1926, Denkschr. 68. Bd., Abh. 1, 52-4, pl. XXII. 328-31, 333-4, 337.
55. G. STEINDORFF, Aniba, vol. 1, Glückstadt, Hamburg 1935, 98, 105-6, pl. 60.6.
56. W. B. EMERY, L. P. KIRWAN, Excavations and Survey between Wadi el-Sebua and Adindan, Survey of Egypt, 1929-1931, Cairo 1935, pl. 34, type C. III.
57. T. RZEUSKA, Stadt und Tempel von Elephantine, 25./26./27. Grabungsbericht, MDAIK 55(1999), fig. 44.5. Additional evidence can be found at Kerma where an intermediary type in terms of body shape exists, made from Marl C.
58. Cf. J. BOURRIAU, Relations between Egypt and Kerma During the Middle and New Kingdoms, in: W. V. DAVIES (ed.), Egypt and Africa, London 1991, 129, footnote 12, pl. 6.1.
59. D. DUNHAM, Excavations at Kerma VI, MFA Boston 1982, passim.
60. For both types cf. E. CZERNY, Zur Keramik von Ezbet Rushdi, Ä&L 8(1998), 45, fig. 19.
61. For fragments in F/I str. "e": Idem, TD IX, 190, Mc 71-4.
62. DO. ARNOLD, Senwosret I, 114, fig. 59.2 shows at least one slightly smaller (ca. 40 cm) vessel of that type. The same feature can be observed in the tomb of Queen Weret (dating to Sesostris III.), where several storage jars of different sizes were found.
63. S. ALLEN, Queens's Ware: Royal Funerary Pottery in the Middle Kingdom, in: C. J. EYRE (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, OLA 82, Leuven 1998, 44-6, figs. 10.9, 10
64. (in the following S. ALLEN, Queens's Ware);
65. Oil, myrrh - S. ALLEN, Queen's Ware, 46.
66. Natron - ENGELBACH, GUNN, Harageh, 3, 10, 32.
67. Cf. C. GALLORINI, Incised Marks on Pottery and Objects from Kahun. Systems of Communication in Ancient Egypt During the Late Middle Kingdom, Ph. D., London, 1998. Chapter 2
68. Classes of Late Middle Kingdom Pottery, figs. 19.1-2, as lids.
69. th Dynasty see C. V. PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, Untersuchungen in der Stadt des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit, AV 91, Mainz 1996, fig. 150.h.
70. R. ENGELBACH, B. GUNN, Harageh, BSAE 28, London 1923, Taf. XL 90 d, g, j and m.
71. ca.
72. DO. ARNOLD, F. ARNOLD, S. ALLEN, Canaanite Imports at Lisht, the Middle Kingdom Capital of Egypt, Ä&L 5(1995), 22, 24, Fig., 5.3.
73. th Dynasty to the late SIP (level VIIb to VIb), J. Bourriau, pers. comm. J. BOURRIAU, S. QUIRKE, The Late Middle Kingdom Ceramic Repertoire in Words and Objects, Lahun Studies, Reigate, Surrey 1998, figs. 5.1-2.
74. S. TYSON SMITH, Askut in Nubia, London, New York 1995, fig. 3.7/H.
75. R. ENGELBACH, Riqqeh, pl. XXXLLL, type 70 q and r.
76. Cf. W. M. F. PETRIE, Tarkhan and Memphis V, London 1913, pl. XLVI. 11b.
77. W. VAN HAARLEM, A Tomb of the First Dynasty at Tell Ibrahim Awad, OMRO 76(1996), 10, 48, Pl. 4, 6, Nile C.
78. Cf. M. DAMBACH, I. WALLERT, Das Tilapia-Motiv in der altägyptischen Kunst, CdE 41(1966), passim.
79. D. SAHRHAGE, Fischfang und Fischkult im Alten Ägypten, Mainz 1998, fig. 25.
80. W. M. F. PETRIE, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob, London 1891, pl. V.6, 7. Idem
81. Kahun, Gurob and Hawara, London 1980, pl. XIII. 106, 108, 111. Some of the material is now at the University College London, Petrie Museum, where I had the chance to look at it more closely. My warmest thanks for this possibility go to Barbara Adams (†), then curator of the collection.
82. W. M. F. PETRIE, Antaeopolis, London 1930, pl. XXI. 4.
83. J. BOURRIAU, Memphis. Kom Rabica, BCE XIII, (1988), 31.
84. S. T. SMITH, Askut in Nubia, London, New York 1995, 196, footnote 62. Not published.
85. Cf. S. IKRAM, Choice Cuts: Meat Production in Ancient Egypt, Leuven 1995, 73-4.
86. W. KRÖNIG, Ägyptische Fayence-Schalen des Neuen Reiches, MDAIK 5(1934), 157.
87. DO. ARNOLD, Zur Keramik aus dem Taltempelbereich der Pyramide Amenemhets III. in Dahschur, MDAIK 33, fig. 1, 21-2, 26.
88. J. BOURRIAU, Egypt and Africa, 130, footnote 33.
89. cab, 66, nr. 119.
90. DO. ARNOLD, Qasr el-Sagha, 34, fig. 19.7.
91. DO. ARNOLD, Quila el-Dabba, 45, 55, pl. 11.n, 62 G.
92. DO. ARNOLD, Pyramidcomplex, 77.
93. Cf. M. BIETAK, Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age, BASOR 281(1991), 43.
94. DO. ARNOLD, Pyramidcomplex, 77, nr. 233, pl. 95.
95. E. D. OREN, The "Kingdom of Sharuhen" and the Hyksos Kingdom, in: E. D. OREN (ed.), The Hyksos - New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, Philadelphia 1997, 267, figs. 8.23/16.
96. J. BOURRIAU, Cripel 18, fig. 2.10, fig. 4.11.
97. J. DE MORGAN, Fouilles à Dahchour, Mars-Juin 1894, Vienna 1895, 73-4, fig. 164.
98. R. ENGELBACH, B. GUNN, Harageh, BSAE 25, London 1923, pl. 38, type 46 m.
99. W. M. F. PETRIE, G. A. WAINWRIGHT, The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh, BSAE 21, London 1912, pl 35. 105. U. C. 18489. The author had the chance to see this object by the kind permission of the then in charge curator Barbara Adams (†). It is Marl C.
100. J. SLIWA, Studies on the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period Settlements in 1979-1988, Qasr el-Sagha, Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses 36(1987/88), 208-9, 212, fig. 23, fig. 25.
101. J. GARSTANG, The Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt, London 1907, pl. XV, 43, 47. pl. X, fig. 200 upper right and lower right.
102. J. WEGNER et. al, Ä&L 10, fig. 9.32, fig. 17.45. The latter also shows a smaller variant within the type. A smaller type made from Marl C seems to exist at Memphis, but is very rare, J. Bourriau, pers. comm.
103. A. VILA, Le cimetière kermaïque d'Ukma Ouest, Paris 1987, fig. 227.157/3.
104. ENGELBACH, GUNN, Harageh, pl. 35. Engelbach, Riqqeh, pl. 32.
105. C. GALLORINI, Chapter 2: Classes of Late Middle Kingdom Pottery, fig. 7.7.
106. C. A. REDMOUNT, Wadi Tumilat, fig. 86.26. (Md. = 12.3).
107. ca.
108. D. C. DRUMMOND, R. M. and J. J. JANSSEN, An Ancient Egyptian Rat Trap, MDAIK 46(1990), 91-8.
109. ca V, Vienna 1991, passim.
110. ca XII, A Corpus of Late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Pottery, in press, vol. 2, passim.
111. J. BOURRIAU, Beyond Avaris. The Second Intermediate Period in Egypt Outside the Eastern Delta, in: E. D. OREN (ed.), The Hyksos - New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, Philadelphia 1997, 159-182.
112. ca, Memphis, in: J. PHILLIPS (ed.), Ancient Egypt, The Aegean and the Near East: Studies in Honour of Martha Rhoads Bell, San Antonio 1998, 102-3.
113. J. BOURRIAU, The Pottery, in: P. LACOVARA, Deir el Ballas. Preliminary Report on the Deir el Ballas Expedition, 1980-1986, Winona Lake 1990, 15-22.
114. Marl F, I. HEIN, Erste Beobachtungen zur Keramik aus Ezbet Helmi, Ä&L 4, 40, figs. 11.g-h.
115. See site report D. G. JEFFREYS, L. L. GIDDY, Memphis 1986, 1987, JEA 74(1988), 17-19.
116. J. BOURRIAU, K. O. ERIKSSON, Late Minoan Sherd, 107-8. Unfortunately there are no other reliable sequences that reach that far.
117. H. O. LANGE, H. SCHÄFER, Grab-und Denksteine des Mittleren Reiches, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du musée du Caire, Berlin 1902, 349-352, Nr. 2072.
118. S. ALLEN, Queens' Ware, 45-46.