Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men

The Lancet

Volumn 380, Issue 9839, 2012, Pages 367-377

  Beyrer, Chris ^a   Baral, Stefan D ^a   Van Griensven, Frits ^b   Goodreau, Steven M ^c   Chariyalertsak, Suwat ^d,e   Wirtz, Andrea L ^a   Brookmeyer, Ron ^f  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^e Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University   (Thailand)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

ANUS INTERCOURSE; ARTICLE; CIRCUMCISION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HETEROSEXUALITY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; INCIDENCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; MALE HOMOSEXUAL; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 84864288314     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60821-6     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Doll L S, Petersen LR, White CR, Ward JW, The Blood Donor Study Group. Homosexuality and non-sexually identified men who have sex with men: a behavioral comparison. J Sex Res 1992; 29: 1-14.
2. Gonsiorek JC, Sell RL, Weinrich JD. Definition and measurement of sexual orientation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1995; 25: 40-51.
3. Baral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries 2000-2006. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e339.
4. van Griensven F, de Lind van Wijngaarden JW, Baral S, Grulich A. The global epidemic of HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009; 4: 300-07.
5. CDC. Follow-up on Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981; 30: 409-10.
6. CDC. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men-New York City and California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981; 30: 305-08.
7. CDC. Pneumocystis pneumonia-Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981; 30: 250-52.
8. Beyrer C, Baral S, Walker D, Wirtz A, Johns B, Sifakis F. The expanding epidemics of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries: diversity and consistency. Epidemiol Rev 2010; 32: 137-51.
9. CDC. Prevalence and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men-21 cities, United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010; 59: 1201-07.
10. Sulli van P, Hamouda O, Delpech V, et al. Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, western Europe, and Australia, 1996-2005. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19: 423-31.
11. Beyrer C, Wirtz A, Walker D, Johns B, Sifakis F, Baral S. The global HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2011.
12. Mumtaz G, Hilmi N, Akala FA, et al. HIV-1 molecular epidemiology evidence and transmission patterns in the Middle East and north Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2011; 87: 101-06.
13. Mumtaz G, Hilmi N, McFarland W, et al. Are HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men emerging in the Middle East and north Africa?: a systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med 2010; 8: e1000444.
14. Luan R, Zeng G, Zhang D, et al. A study on methods of estimating the population size of MSM in southwest China. Eur J Epi 2005; 20: 581-85. (Pubitemid 41126031)
15. Marcus U, Schmidt AJ, Kollan C, Hamouda O. The denominator problem: estimating MSM-specific incidence of STI and prevalence of HIV using population sizes of MSM derived from Internet surveys. BMC Public Health 2009; 11: 181.
16. Cassels S, Clark S, Morris M. Mathematical models for HIV transmission dynamics: tools for social and behavioral science research. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47 (suppl 1): S34-39. (Pubitemid 351323599)
17. UNAIDS. Report on the global AIDS epidemic-2010. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2010. http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/global-report.htm (accessed April 24, 2012).
18. McAllister SM, Dickson NP, Sharples K, et al. Unlinked anonymous HIV prevalence among New Zealand sexual health clinic attenders: 2005-2006. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 752-57.
19. Sanders EJ, Okuku HS, Mwangome M, et al. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection among MSM in coastal Kenya. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Boston, MA, USA; Feb 27-March 2, 2011. Abstract 1042.
20. WHO. HIV/AIDS: data and statistics. http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/ (accessed April 24, 2012).
21. UNAIDS. Data and analysis. http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/ (accessed April 24, 2012).
22. Faugier J, Sargeant M. Sampling hard to reach populations. J Adv Nurs 1997; 26: 790-97. (Pubitemid 127453301)
23. Semaan S. Time-space sampling and respondent driven sampling with hard-to-reach populations. Methodological Innov Online 2010; 5: 60-75.
24. Baggaley R, White R, Boily M. HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1048-63.
25. Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 1997; 44: 174-99.
26. Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Soc Probl 2002; 49: 11-34.
27. Guo Y, Li X, Fang X, et al. A comparison of four sampling methods among men having sex with men in China: implications for HIV/STD surveillance and prevention. AIDS Care 2011; 23: 1400-09.
28. Evans AR, Hart GJ, Mole R, et al. Central and east European migrant men who have sex with men in London: a comparison of recruitment methods. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011; 11: 69.
29. Sullivan PS, Khosropour CM, Luisi N, et al. Bias in online recruitment and retention of racial and ethnic minority men who have sex with men. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13: e38.
30. Johnston LG, Trummal A, Lohmus L, Ravalepik A. Efficacy of convenience sampling through the internet versus respondent driven sampling among males who have sex with males in Tallinn and Harju County, Estonia: challenges reaching a hidden population. AIDS Care 2009; 21: 1195-202.
31. Lieb S, Trepka MJ, Thompson DR, et al. Men who have sex with men: estimated population sizes and mortality rates by race/ethnicity, Miami-Dade County, Florida. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46: 485-90. (Pubitemid 350098701)
32. McGarrigle CA, Cliffe S, Copas AJ, et al. Estimating adult HIV prevalence in the UK in 2003: the direct method of estimation. Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82 (suppl 3): iii78-86. (Pubitemid 43901616)
33. German D, Sifakis F, Maulsby C, et al. Persistently high prevalence and unrecognized HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Baltimore: the BESURE Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 57: 77-87.
34. Rosenberg ES, Sullivan PS, Dinenno EA, Salazar LF, Sanchez TH. Number of casual male sexual partners and associated factors among men who have sex with men: results from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 189.
35. Koblin B, Husnik M, Colfax G, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS 2006; 20: 731-39. (Pubitemid 43884301)
36. Goodreau SM, Golden MR. Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevalence in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83: 458-62. (Pubitemid 350043738)
37. Beyrer C. Global prevention of HIV infection for neglected populations: men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50 (suppl 3): S108-13.
38. Lewis F, Hughes G, Rambaut A, Pozniak A, Leigh Brown A. Episodic sexual transmission of HIV revealed by molecular phylodynamics. PLoS Med 2008; 18: e50.
39. Le Vu S, Le Strat Y, Barin F, et al. Population-based HIV-1 incidence in France, 2003-08: a modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10: 682-87.
40. Charlebois ED, Das M, Porco TC, Havlir DV. The effect of expanded antiretroviral treatment strategies on the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: 1046-49.
41. Beyrer C, Trapence G, Motimedi F, et al. Bisexual concurrency, bisexual partnerships, and HIV among southern African men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86: 323-27.
42. Sanders EJ, Graham SM, Okuku HS, et al. HIV-1 infection in high risk men who have sex with men in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS 2007; 21: 2513-20. (Pubitemid 350145183)
43. Caceres CF, Konda KA, Salazar X, et al. New populations at high risk of HIV/STIs in low-income, urban coastal Peru. AIDS Behav 2008; 12: 544-51.
44. Konda KA, Lescano AG, Leontsini E, et al. High rates of sex with men among high-risk, heterosexually-identified men in low-income, coastal Peru. AIDS Behav 2008; 12: 483-91. (Pubitemid 351667230)
45. Colfax G, Santos GM, Chu P, et al. Amphetamine-group substances and HIV. Lancet 2010; 376: 458-74.
46. van Griensven F, Varangrat A, Wimonsate W, et al. Trends in HIV prevalence, estimated HIV incidence, and risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2007. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; published online Nov 5. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c2fc86.
47. Freeman P, Walker BC, Harris DR, et al. Methamphetamine use and risk for HIV among young men who have sex with men in 8 US cities. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165: 736-40.
48. McFarland W, Chen YH, Raymond HF, et al. HIV seroadaptation among individuals, within sexual dyads, and by sexual episodes, men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2008. AIDS Care 2011; 23: 261-68.
49. Gorbach PM, Weiss RE, Jeffries R, et al. Behaviors of recently HIV-infected men who have sex with men in the year postdiagnosis: effects of drug use and partner types. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56: 176-82.
50. Carballo-Dieguez A, Bauermeister J. "Barebacking": intentional condomless anal sex in HIV-risk contexts. Reasons for and against it. J Homosex 2004; 47: 1-16. (Pubitemid 38902629)
51. Halkitis PN, Wilton L, Wolitski RJ, Parsons JT, Hoff CC, Bimbi DS. Barebacking identity among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: demographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates. AIDS 2005; 19 (suppl 1): S27-35.
52. Elford J, Bolding G, Davis M, Sherr L, Hart G. Barebacking among HIV-positive gay men in London. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 93-98. (Pubitemid 46148614)
53. Paz-Bailey G, Meyers A, Blank S, et al. A case-control study of syphilis among men who have sex with men in New York City: association With HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 581-87. (Pubitemid 39281830)
54. Smith DM, Richman DD, Little SJ. HIV superinfection. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 438-44. (Pubitemid 41023122)
55. Crepaz N, Marks G, Liau A, et al. Prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-diagnosed MSM in the United States: a meta-analysis. AIDS 2009; 23: 1617-29.
56. Kelly JA, Amirkhanian YA, McAuliffe TL, et al. HIV risk characteristics and prevention needs in a community sample of bisexual men in St Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Care 2002; 14: 63-76. (Pubitemid 34095167)
57. Kelly JA, Amirkhanian YA, McAuliffe TL, et al. HIV risk behavior and risk-related characteristics of young Russian men who exchange sex for money or valuables from other men. AIDS Educ Prev 2001; 13: 175-88. (Pubitemid 32488458)
58. Johnson W, Diaz R, Flanders W, et al. Behavioral interventions to reduce risk for sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 3: CD001230.
59. Smith AMA, Grierson J, Wain D, Pitts M, Pattison P. Associations between the sexual behaviour of men who have sex with men and the structure and composition of their social networks. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80: 455-58. (Pubitemid 39627247)
60. Choi KH, Gibson DR, Han L, Guo Y. High levels of unprotected sex with men and women among men who have sex with men: a potential bridge of HIV transmission in Beijing, China. AIDS Educ Prev 2004; 16: 19-30. (Pubitemid 38327322)
61. Choi KH, McFarland W, Neilands TB, et al. An opportunity for prevention: prevalence, incidence, and sexual risk for HIV among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men, San Francisco. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 475-80. (Pubitemid 38989644)
62. Kelly JA, Amirkhanian YA, Seal DW, et al. Levels and predictors of sexual HIV risk in social networks of men who have sex with men in the midwest. AIDS Educ Prev 2010; 22: 483-95.
63. Millett GA, Peterson JL, Wolitski RJ, Stall R. Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: a critical literature review. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 1007-19. (Pubitemid 43833153)
64. Millett GA, Jeffries WL IV, Peterson JL, et al. Common roots: a contextual review of HIV epidemics in black men who have sex with men across the African diaspora. Lancet 2012; published online July 20. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/S0140-6736(12)60722-3.
65. Crosby R, Holtgrave DR, Stall R, Peterson JL, Shouse L. Differences in HIV risk behaviors among black and white men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 744-48. (Pubitemid 47463833)
66. Magnus M, Kuo I, Phillips G 2nd, et al. Elevated HIV prevalence despite lower rates of sexual risk behaviors among black men in the District of Columbia who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010; 24: 615-22.
67. Oster AM, Wiegand RE, Sionean C, et al. Understanding disparities in HIV infection between black and white MSM in the United States. AIDS 2011; 25: 1103-12.
68. Millett GA, Flores SA, Peterson JL, Bakeman R. Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors. AIDS 2007; 21: 2083-91. (Pubitemid 47462158)
69. White House Office of National AIDS Policy. National HIV/AIDS strategy for the United States. Washington, DC: US Government, 2011.
70. Fay H, Baral S, Trapence G, et al. Stigma, health care access, and HIV knowledge among men who have sex with men in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. AIDS Behav 2011; 15: 1088-97.
71. Baral S, Burrell E, Scheibe A, Brown B, Beyrer C, Bekker LG. HIV risk and associations of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in peri-urban Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 766.
72. Poteat T, Diouf D, Drame FM, et al. HIV risk among MSM in Senegal: a qualitative rapid assessment of the impact of enforcing laws that criminalize same sex practices. PLoS One 2011; 6: e28760.
73. Baral S, Adams D, Lebona J, et al. A cross-sectional assessment of population demographics, HIV risks and human rights contexts among men who have sex with men in Lesotho. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14: 36.
74. Kaltsidis H, Cheeseman H, Kopycinski J, et al. Measuring human T cell responses in blood and gut samples using qualified methods suitable for evaluation of HIV vaccine candidates in clinical trials. J Immunol Methods 2011; 370: 43-54.
75. Grulich A, Zablotska I. Commentary: probability of HIV transmission through anal intercourse. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1064-65.
76. Goodreau SM, Peinado J, Goicochea P, et al. Role versatility among men who have sex with men in urban Peru. J Sex Res 2007; 44: 233-39.
77. CDC. Acute HIV infection-New York City, 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58: 1296-99.
78. Chin-Hong PV, Husnik M, Cranston RD, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection is associated with HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men. AIDS 2009; 23: 1135-42.
79. Urbanus AT, van de Laar TJ, Stolte IG, et al. Hepatitis C virus infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an expanding epidemic. AIDS 2009; 23: F1-7.
80. Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 643-56. (Pubitemid 46281312)
81. Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 657-66.
82. Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2005; 2: e298.
83. Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, Reed JB, Herbst JH. Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300: 1674-84.
84. Vermund SH, Qian HZ. Circumcision and HIV prevention among men who have sex with men: no final word. JAMA 2008; 300: 1698-700.
85. Buchbinder SP, Mehrotra DV, Duerr A, et al. Efficacy assessment of a cell-mediated immunity HIV-1 vaccine (the Step Study): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, test-of-concept trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1881-93.
86. Millett GA, Ding H, Lauby J, et al. Circumcision status and HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men in 3 US cities. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46: 643-50. (Pubitemid 350191059)
87. Templeton DJ, Jin F, Prestage GP, Donovan B, Imrie J, Kippax SC. Circumcision status and risk of HIV seroconversion in the HIM cohort of homosexual men in Sydney. 4th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment & Prevention; Sydney, NSW, Australia; July 22-25, 2007. Abstract WEAC103.
88. Templeton DJ, Jin F, Mao L, et al. Circumcision and risk of HIV infection in Australian homosexual men. AIDS 2009; 23: 2347-51.
89. Lane T, Raymond HF, Dladla S, et al. High HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Men's Study. AIDS Behav 2011; 15: 626-34.
90. Hughes G, Fearnhill E, Dunn D, Lycett S, Rambaut A. Molecular phylodynamics of the heterosexual HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom. PLoS Path 2009; 5: e1000590.
91. Li H, Bar K, Wang S, Decker J, Chen Y. High multiplicity infection by HIV-1 in men who have sex with men. PLoS Path 2010; 6: e1000890.
92. Leoz M, Chaix ML, Delaugerre C, et al. Circulation of multiple patterns of unique recombinant forms B/CRF02-AG in France: precursor signs of the emergence of an upcoming CRF B/02. AIDS 2011; 25: 1371-77.
93. Kao C, Chang S, Hsia K, et al. Surveillance of HIV type 1 recent infection and molecular epidemiology among different risk behaviors between 2007 and 2009 after the HIV type 1 CRF07-BC outbreak in Taiwan. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27: 745-49.
94. Kouyos RD, von Wyl V, Yerly S, et al. Molecular epidemiology reveals long-term changes in HIV type 1 subtype B transmission in Switzerland. J Infect Dis 2010; 201: 1488-97.
95. Lee CC, Sun YJ, Barkham T, Leo YS. Primary drug resistance and transmission analysis of HIV-1 in acute and recent drug-naïve seroconverters in Singapore. HIV Med 2009; 10: 370-77.
96. Arroyo MA, Phanuphak N, Krasaesub S, et al. HIV type 1 molecular epidemiology among high-risk clients attending the Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26: 5-12.
97. Middelkoop K, Williamson C, Rademeyer C, et al. HIV subtypes in MSM in Cape Town: evidence of bridging between epidemics. 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; Rome, Italy; July 17-20, 2011. Abstract MOPE034.
98. Davaalkham J, Unenchimeg P, Baigalmaa C, et al. Identification of a current hot spot of HIV type 1 transmission in Mongolia by molecular epidemiological analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27: 1073-80.
99. Zhang X, Wang C, Hengwei W, et al. Risk factors of HIV infection and prevalence of co-infections among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China. AIDS 2007; 21 (suppl 8): S53-57.
100. Wang W, Jiang S, Li S, et al. Identification of subtype B, multiple circulating recombinant forms and unique recombinants of HIV type 1 in an MSM cohort in China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24: 1245-54.
101. Mayer KH, Bekker L-G, Stall R, Grulich AE, Colfax G, Lama JR. Comprehensive clinical care for men who have sex with men: an integrated approach. Lancet 2012; published online July 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(12)60835-6.
102. Sullivan PS, Carballo-Diéguez A, Coates T, et al. Successes and challenges of HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. Lancet 2012; published online July 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60955-6.
103. Malekinejad M, McFarland W, Vaudrey J, Raymond HF. Accessing a diverse sample of injection drug users in San Francisco through respondent-driven sampling. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 118: 83-91.
104. Uuskula A, Johnston LG, Raag M, Trummal A, Talu A, Des Jarlais DC. Evaluating recruitment among female sex workers and injecting drug users at risk for HIV using respondent-driven sampling in Estonia. J Urban Health 2010; 87: 304-17.
105. CDC. HIV prevalence among populations of men who have sex with men-Thailand, 2003 and 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55: 844-48.