Thermochemical processing of macroalgae: A late bloomer in the development of third-generation biofuels?

Biofuels

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 441-461

  Rowbotham, J S ^a   Dyer, P W ^a   Greenwell, H C ^a   Theodorou, M K ^a,b  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b CENTRE FOR PROCESS INNOVATION   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION; BIORESOURCES; MACRO-ALGAE; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSING; THIRD GENERATION;

FEEDSTOCKS; THERMOCHEMISTRY;

BIOFUELS;

EID: 84864272025     PISSN: 17597269     EISSN: 17597277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4155/bfs.12.29     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Cambridge, UK (2007).
2. Owen NA, Inderwildi OR, King DA. The status of conventional world oil reserves-hype or cause for concern? Energy Policy 38(8), 4743-4749 (2010).
3. McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies. Bioresour. Technol. 83(1), 47-54 (2002). (Pubitemid 34119062)
4. Haveren JV, Scott EL, Sanders J. Bulk chemicals from biomass. Biofuels Bioprod. Bioref. 2, 41-57 (2008).
5. Vispute TP, Zhang H, Sanna A, Xiao R, Huber GW. Renewable chemical commodity feedstocks from integrated catalytic processing of pyrolysis oils. Science 330, 1222-1227 (2010).
6. Balat M, Balat M, Krtay E, Balat H. Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. Part 1: pyrolysis systems. Energy Convers. Manage. 50(12), 3147-3157 (2009).
7. Bridgwater AV. Biomass for energy. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86, 1755-1768 (2006).
8. Bridgwater AV. Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass Bioenergy 38, 1-27 (2011).
9. Goyal HB, Seal D, Saxena RC. Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 12(2), 504-517 (2008). (Pubitemid 350198977)
10. Butler E, Devlin G, Meier D, McDonnell K. A review of recent laboratory research and commercial developments in fast pyrolysis and upgrading. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 15(8), 4171-4186 (2011).
11. Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels 20(3), 848-889 (2006). (Pubitemid 43994825)
12. Inguanzo M, Domínguez A, Menéndez JA, Blanco CG, Pis JJ. On the pyrolysis of sewage sludge: the influence of pyrolysis conditions on solid, liquid and gas fractions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 63(1), 209-222 (2002). (Pubitemid 34070149)
13. Pattiya A, Titiloye J, Bridgwater AV. Fast pyrolysis of cassava rhizome in the presence of catalysts. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 81(1), 72-79 (2008). (Pubitemid 350236385)
14. Zhang H, Xiao R, Huang H, Xiao G. Comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis of corncob in a fluidized bed reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 100(3), 1428-1434 (2009).
15. Kirszensztejn P, Przekop R, Toliska A, Makowska E. Pyrolytic and catalytic conversion of rape oil into aromatic and aliphatic fractions in a fixed bed reactor on Al2O3 and Al2O3/B2O3 catalysts. Chem. Pap. 63(2), 226-232 (2009).
16. Wang J, Zhang M, Chen M et al. Catalytic effects of six inorganic compounds on pyrolysis of three kinds of biomass. Thermochim. Acta 444(1), 110-114 (2006).
17. Nowakowski DJ, Jones JM, Brydson RMD, Ross AB. Potassium catalysis in the pyrolysis behaviour of short rotation willow coppice. Fuel 86(15), 2389-2402 (2007). (Pubitemid 47369313)
18. Murata K, Somwongsa P, Larpkiattaworn S, Liu Y, Inaba M. Analyses of liquid products from catalytic pyrolysis of Jatropha seed cakes. Energy Fuels 25, 5429-5437 (2011).
19. Pütün E. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass: effects of pyrolysis temperature, sweeping gas flow rate and MgO catalyst. Energy 35(7), 2761-2766 (2010).
20. Demiral I, Sensöz S. The effects of different catalysts on the pyrolysis of industrial wastes (olive and hazelnut bagasse). Bioresour. Technol. 99(17), 8002-8007 (2008).
21. Williams PT, Nugranad N. Comparison of products from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks. Energy 25, 493-513 (2000).
22. Pan P, Hu C, Yang W et al. The direct pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of Nannochloropsis sp. residue for renewable bio-oils. Bioresour. Technol. 101(12), 4593-4599 (2010).
23. Babich IV, van der Hulst M, Lefferts L et al. Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae to high-quality liquid bio-fuels. Biomass Bioenergy 35(7), 3199-3207 (2011).
24. Lee HW, Jeon J-K, Park SH et al. Catalytic pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica over nanoporous catalysts using Py-GC/MS. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 500 (2011).
25. Park HJ, Dong J-I, Jeon J-K et al. Effects of the operating parameters on the production of bio-oil in the fast pyrolysis of Japanese larch. Chem. Eng. J. 143, 124-132 (2008).
26. Miao X, Wu Q, Changyan Y. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 71(2), 855-863 (2004).
27. Grierson S, Strezov V, Shah P. Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui. Bioresour. Technol. 102(17), 8232-8240 (2011).
28. Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-a review. Mitigat. Adapt. Strat. Global Change 11(2), 403-427 (2006). (Pubitemid 43995204)
29. Bozell JJ, Petersen GR. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates-the US Department of Energy's "Top 10" revisited. Green Chem. 12(4), 539-554 (2010).
30. Bridgwater AV. Biomass fast pyrolysis. Therm. Sci. 8(2), 21-49 (2004).
31. Furimsky E. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 199(2), 147-190 (2000).
32. Nokkosmäki MI, Kuoppala ET, Leppämäki EA, Krause AOI. Catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis vapours with zinc oxide. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 55(1), 119-131 (2000). (Pubitemid 30582840)
33. Huber GW, Iborra S, Corma A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106(9), 4044-4098 (2006). (Pubitemid 44560464)
34. Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang T, Xu Y. Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research. Energy Convers. Manage. 48(1), 87-92 (2007). (Pubitemid 44556937)
35. Bulushev DA, Ross JRH. Catalysis for conversion of biomass to fuels via pyrolysis and gasification: a review. Catal. Today 171(1), 1-13 (2011).
36. Demirbas A. Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energy Convers. Manage. 41(6), 633-646 (2000).
37. Wang Y, Li X, Mourant D et al. Formation of aromatic structures during the pyrolysis of bio-oil. Energy Fuels 26(1), 241-247 (2011).
38. Huber GW, Corma A. Synergies between bio-and oil refineries for the production of fuels from biomass. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46(38), 7184-7201 (2007). (Pubitemid 47517907)
39. Hu C, Yang Y, Luo J et al. Recent advances in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 5(2), 188-193 (2011).
40. Shi K, Shao S, Huang Q et al. Review of catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil. Presented at: 2011 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment. Shanghai, China, 20-22 May 2011.
41. Samolada MC, Papafotica A, Vasalos IA. Catalyst evaluation for catalytic biomass pyrolysis. Energy Fuels 14(10), 1161-1167 (2000). (Pubitemid 32035934)
42. Du J, Liu P, Liu Z-H, Sun D-G, Tao C-Y. Fast pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil with ionic liquid and microwave irradiation. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 38(5), 554-559 (2010).
43. Wang P, Zhan S, Yu H, Xue X, Hong N. The effects of temperature and catalysts on the pyrolysis of industrial wastes (herb residue). Bioresour. Technol. 101(9), 3236-3241 (2010).
44. Yin S, Dolan R, Harris M, Tan Z. Subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of cattle manure to bio-oil: effects of conversion parameters on bio-oil yield and characterization of bio-oil. Bioresour. Technol. 101(10), 3657-3664 (2010).
45. Duan P, Savage PE. Hydrothermal liquefaction of a microalga with heterogeneous catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50, 52-61 (2011).
46. Kruse A, Gawlik A. Biomass conversion in water at 330-410°C and 30-50 MPa. Identification of key compounds for indicating different chemical reaction pathways. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42(2), 267-279 (2003). (Pubitemid 36119850)
47. Blaschek HP, Ezeji T, Scheffran J. Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts. Wiley-Blackwell, IO, USA, 208-211 (2010).
48. Zhang B, von Keitz M, Valentas K. Thermochemical liquefaction of high-diversity grassland perennials. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 84(1), 18-24 (2009).
49. Jena U, Das KC. Comparative evaluation of thermochemical liquefaction and pyrolysis for bio-oil production from microalgae. Energy Fuels 25, 5472-5482 (2011).
50. Yang Y, Feng C, Inamori Y, Maekawa T. Analysis of energy conversion characteristics in liquefaction of algae. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 43(1), 21-33 (2004). (Pubitemid 39440691)
51. Ogi T, Yokoyama S, Koguchi K. Direct liquefaction of wood by alkaline earth salt in an aqueous phase. Chem. Lett. 14(8), 1199-1202 (1985).
52. Karagöz S, Bhaskar T, Muto A, Sakata Y. Catalytic hydrothermal treatment of pine wood biomass: effect of RbOH and CsOH on product distribution. J. Chem. Technol. Biotech. 80(10), 1097-1102 (2005). (Pubitemid 41419385)
53. Karagöz S, Bhaskar T, Muto A, Sakata Y. Hydrothermal upgrading of biomass: effect of K2CO3 concentration and biomass/water ratio on products distribution. Bioresour. Technol. 97(1), 90-98 (2006). (Pubitemid 41265793)
54. Toor SS, Rosendahl L, Rudolf A. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: a review of subcritical water technologies. Energy 36(5), 2328-2342 (2011).
55. Balat M, Balat M, Krtay E, Balat H. Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. Part 2: gasification systems. Energy Convers. Manage. 50(12), 3158-3168 (2009).
56. Demirbas A. Biorefineries: current activities and future developments. Energy Convers. Manage. 50(11), 2782-2801 (2009).
57. Kreutz TG, Larson ED, Liu G, Williams R. Fischer-Tropsch fuels from coal and biomass. Presented at: 25th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 29 September-2 October 2008.
58. Karayldrm T, Snag A, Kruse A. Char and coke formation as unwanted side reaction of the hydrothermal biomass gasification. Chem. Eng. Technol. 31(11), 1561-1568 (2008).
59. Elliott DC, Neuenschwander GG, Hart TR et al. Chemical processing in high-pressure aqueous environments. 7. Process development for catalytic gasification of wet biomass feedstocks. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43(9), 1999-2004 (2004). (Pubitemid 38507166)
60. Sutton D, Kelleher B, Ross JRH. Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification. Fuel Process. Technol. 73(3), 155-173 (2001). (Pubitemid 32903542)
61. de Lasa H, Salaices E, Mazumder J, Lucky R. Catalytic steam gasification of biomass: catalysts, thermodynamics and kinetics. Chem. Rev. 111(9), 5404-5433 (2011).
62. Channiwala SA, Parikh PP. A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Fuel 81(8), 1051-1063 (2002). (Pubitemid 34234759)
63. Demirba A. Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels. Fuel 76(5), 431-434 (1997).
64. Giampietro M, Mayumi K. The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large-Scale Agro-Biofuel Production. Earthscan, London, UK (2009).
65. Mackay DJC. Sustainable Energy-Without the Hot Air. UIT, Cambridge, UK (2009).
66. Budarin VL, Zhao Y, Gronnow MJ et al. Microwave-mediated pyrolysis of macro-algae. Green Chem. 13, 2330-2333 (2011).
67. Gao K, McKinley KR. Use of macroalgae for marine biomass production and CO2 remediation: a review. J. Appl. Phycol. 6, 45-60 (1994). (Pubitemid 2061046)
68. Ross AB, Jones JM, Kubacki M, Bridgeman T. Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behaviour. Bioresour. Technol. 99(14), 6494-6504 (2008).
69. Li D, Chen L, Zhao J et al. Evaluation of the pyrolytic and kinetic characteristics of Enteromorpha prolifera as a source of renewable bio-fuel from the Yellow Sea of China. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 88(5-6), 647-652 (2010).
70. Chapman VJ. Seaweeds and their uses. Aqua. Botany 12, 389-390 (1982).
71. Wilcox HA. The ocean as a supplier of food and energy. Experientia 38(1), 31-35 (1982).
72. Buck BH, Buchholz CM. The offshore-ring: a new system design for the open ocean aquaculture of macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 16, 355-368 (2004). (Pubitemid 39520919)
73. The Department of Energy and Climate Change. 2050 Pathways Analysis. HM Government, London, UK (2010).
74. Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Barberio G. Utilization of macro-algae for enhanced CO2 fixation and biofuels production: Development of a computing software for an LCA study. Fuel Process. Technol. 86, 1679-1693 (2005).
75. Lodeiro P, Cordero B, Barriada JL, Herrero R, Sastre de Vicente ME. Biosorption of cadmium by biomass of brown marine macroalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 96(16), 1796-1803 (2005). (Pubitemid 41032999)
76. Ross AB, Anastasakis K, Kubacki M, Jones JM. Investigation of the pyrolysis behaviour of brown algae before and after pre-treatment using PY-GC/MS and TGA. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 85, 3-10 (2009).
77. Xu D, Gao Z, Zhang X et al. Evaluation of the potential role of the macroalga Laminaria japonica for alleviating coastal eutrophication. Bioresour. Technol. 102(21), 9912-9918 (2011).
78. Li D, Chen L, Yi X, Zhang X, Ye N. Pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of two brown algae and sodium alginate. Bioresour. Technol. 101(18), 7142-7136 (2010).
79. Singh A, Nigam PS, Murphy JD. Renewable fuels from algae: an answer to debatable land based fuels. Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 10-16 (2011).
80. Chen Y-C. The biomass and total lipid content and composition of twelve species of marine diatoms cultured under various environments. Food Chem. 131(1), 211-219 (2012).
81. Greenwell HC, Laurens LML, Shields RJ, Lovitt RW, Flynn KJ. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7(46), 703-726 (2010).
82. Smith B, Greenwell HC, Whiting A. Catalytic upgrading of tri-glycerides and fatty acids to transport biofuels. Energy Environ. Sci. 2(3), 262-271 (2009).
83. Bastianoni S, Coppola F, Tiezzi E et al. Biofuel potential production from the Orbetello lagoon macroalgae: a comparison with sunflower feedstock. Biomass Bioenergy 32(7), 619-628 (2008).
84. Suganya T, Renganathan S. Optimization and kinetic studies on algal oil extraction from marine macroalgae Ulva lactuca. Bioresour. Technol. 107, 319-326(2011).
85. Maceiras R, Rodríguez M, Cancela A, Urréjola S, Sánchez A. Macroalgae: raw material for biodiesel production. Appl. Energy 88(10), 3318-3323 (2011).
86. Kovacevic V, Wesseler J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of algae energy production in the EU. Energy Policy 38(10), 5749-5757 (2010).
87. Black WAP. The seasonal variation in weight and chemical composition of the common British Laminariaceae. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 29, 45-72 (1950).
88. Black WAP, Mitchell RL. Trace elements in the common brown alae and in the sea water. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 30(3), 575-584 (1952).
89. Adams JMM, Ross AB, Anastasakis K et al. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the bioenergy feedstock Laminaria digitata for thermochemical conversion. Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 226-234 (2011).
90. Horn SJ. Bioenergy from Brown Seaweeds. Department of Biotechnology, Norweigian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (2000).
91. Demirbas A. Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energy Convers. Manage. 51(12), 2738-2749 (2010).
92. Bora K, Jeong J, Shin S et al. Facile single-step conversion of macroalgal polymeric carbohydrates into biofuels. Chem. Sust. Chem. 3(11), 1273-1275 (2010).
93. Adams JM, Gallagher JA, Donnison IS. Fermentation study on saccharina latissima for bioethanol production considering variable pre-treatments. J. Appl. Phycol. 21(5), 569-574 (2009).
94. Østgaard K, Indergaard M, Markussen S, Knutsen SH, Jensen A. Carbohydrate degradation and methane production during fermentation of Laminaria saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). J. Appl. Phycol. 5(3), 333-342 (1993).
95. Woodward FN. The Scottish Seaweed Research Association. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 29(3), 719-725 (1951).
96. Stanford ECC. Chem. News Lond. 5(121), 167 (1862).
97. Stanford ECC. On the economic applications of seaweed. J. Soc. Arts 10, 185-195 (1862).
98. Spencer GC. Potash from kelp: III-the preliminary examination of kelp distillates. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 12(8), 786-792 (1920).
99. Turrentine JW, Schoaff PS. Potash from kelp: the experimental plant of the United States Department of Agriculture. Preliminary paper. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 11(9), 864-874 (1919).
100. Tupholme CHS. Carbonization of seaweed. Chem. Met. Eng. 32, 81-82 (1926).
101. Guiry MD, Blunden G. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK (1991).
102. Bird CJ, Helleur RJ, Hayes ER, McLachlan J. Analytical pyrolysis as a taxonomic tool in Gracilaria (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales). Hydrobiologia 151/152(1), 207-211 (1987).
103. Nichols HW, Anderson DJ, Shaw JI, Sommerfield MR. Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of Chlorophycean and Rhodophycean algae. J. Phycol. 4(4), 362-368 (1968).
104. Helleur RJ, Hayes ER, Jamieson WD, Craigie JS. Analysis of polysaccharide pyrolysate of red algae by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 8, 333-347 (1985).
105. Helleur RJ, Hayes ER, Craigie JS, McLachlan JL. Characterization of polysaccharides of red algae by pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 8, 349-357 (1985).
106. Hardy FG, Scott GW, Sisson PR, Lightfoot NF. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry as a technique for studying inter-and intraspecific relationships in the genus fucus. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 78(1), 35-42 (1998). (Pubitemid 28129803)
107. Morgan PJ, Smith K. Potentiality of seaweed as a resource: analysis of the pyrolysis products of Fucus serratus. Analyst 103, 1053-1060 (1978).
108. Demirbas MF. Biofuels from algae for sustainable development. Appl. Energy 88(10), 3473-3480 (2011).
109. Bae YJ, Ryu C, Jeon J-K et al. The characteristics of bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of three marine macroalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 102(3), 3512-3520 (2011).
110. Anastasakis K, Ross AB, Jones JM. Pyrolysis behaviour of the main carbohydrates of brown macro-algae. Fuel 90(2), 598-607 (2011).
111. Soares JP, Santos JE, Chierice GO, Cavalheiro ETG. Thermal behavior of alginic acid and its sodium salt. Ecl. Quím. São Paulo 29(2), 53-56 (2004).
112. Ross AB, Hall C, Anastasakis K et al. Influence of cation on the pyrolysis and oxidation of alginates. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 91(2), 344-351 (2011).
113. Said AA, Hassan RM. Thermal decomposition of some divalent metal alginate gel compounds. Polym. Deg. Stab. 39(3), 393-397 (1993). (Pubitemid 23624284)
114. Bird MI, Wurster CM, de Paula Silva PH, Bass AM, de Nys R. Algal biochar-production and properties. Bioresour. Technol. 102(2), 1886-1891 (2011).
115. Bird MI, Wurster CM, De Paula Silva PH, Paul NA, De Nys R. Algal biochar: effects and applications. GCB Bioenergy 4(1), 61-69 (2011).
116. Ye N, Li D, Chen L, Zhang X, Xu D. Comparative studies of the pyrolytic and kinetic characteristics of maize straw and the seaweed Ulva pertusa. PLoS ONE 5(9), 1-6 (2010).
117. Wang S, Jiang XM, Wang N et al. Research on pyrolysis characteristics of seaweed. Energy Fuels 21(6), 3723-3729 (2007). (Pubitemid 350267911)
118. Li D, Chen L, Zhang X, Ye N, Xing F. Pyrolytic characteristics and kinetic studies of three kinds of red algae. Biomass Bioenergy 35(5), 1765-1772 (2011).
119. Wang J, Wang G, Zhang M et al. A comparative study of thermolysis characteristics and kinetics of seaweeds and fir wood. Process. Biochem. 41(8), 1883-1886 (2006).
120. Zhao H, Yan H, Liu M, Zhang C, Qin S. Pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of the marine green tide macroalgae, Enteromorpha prolifera. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 29(5), 996-1001 (2011).
121. Zhao H, Yan H, Dong S et al. Thermogravimetry study of the pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of macro-algae Macrocystis pyrifera residue. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-2102-8 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
122. Jun W, Mingqiang C, Shaomin L et al. Pyrolysis of Ulva rigida by microwave heating. Presented at: 2011 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment. Shanghai, China, 20-22 May 2011.
123. Wang S, Jiang XM, Han XX, Liu JG. Combustion characteristics of seaweed biomass. 1. Combustion characteristics of Enteromorpha clathrata and Sargassum natans. Energy Fuels 23(10), 5173-5178 (2009).
124. Catallo WJ, Shupe T, Eberhardt TL. Hydrothermal processing of biomass from invasive aquatic plants. Biomass Bioenergy 32(2), 140-145 (2008). (Pubitemid 351226151)
125. Anastasakis K, Ross AB. Hydrothermal liquefaction of the brown macro-alga Laminaria saccharina: effect of reaction conditions on product distribution and composition. Bioresour. Technol. 102(7), 4876-4883 (2011).
126. Vaezi M, Passandideh-Fard M, Moghiman M, Charmchi M. Gasification of heavy fuel oils: a thermochemical equilibrium approach. Fuel 90(2), 878-885 (2011).
127. Li D, Chen L, Xu D et al. Preparation and characteristics of bio-oil from the marine brown alga Sargassum patens C. Agardh. Bioresour. Technol. 104, 737-742 (2011).
128. Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Carone M, Colonna T, Fragale C. Production of biodiesel from macroalgae by supercritical CO2 extraction and thermochemical liquefaction. Environ. Chem. Lett. 3(3), 136-139 (2005). (Pubitemid 43055336)
129. Zhou D, Zhang L, Zhang S, Fu H, Chen J. Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera to bio-oil. Energy Fuels 24(7), 4054-4061 (2010).
130. Zhou D, Zhang S, Fu H, Chen J. Liquefaction of macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera in sub-/supercritical alcohols: direct production of ester compounds. Energy Fuels 26(4), 2342-2351 (2012).
131. Schumacher M, Yank J, Sna A, Kruse A. Hydrothermal conversion of seaweeds in a batch autoclave. J. Supercrit. Fluid 58(1), 131-135 (2011).
132. Yanik J, Ebale S, Kruse A, Saglam M, Yuksel M. Biomass gasification in supercritical water. Part 1. Effect of the nature of biomass. Fuel 86(15), 2410-2415 (2007). (Pubitemid 47369312)
133. Bruhn A, Dahl J, Nielsen HB et al. Bioenergy potential of Ulva lactuca: biomass yield, methane production and combustion. Bioresour. Technol. 102(3), 2595-2604 (2011).
134. Yu LJ, Wang S, Jiang XM, Wang N, Zhang CQ. Thermal analysis studies on combustion characteristics of seaweed. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 93(2), 611-617 (2008).
135. Conesa JA, Domene A. Biomasses pyrolysis and combustion kinetics through n-th order parallel reactions. Thermochim. Acta 523, 176-181 (2011).
136. Lamare MD, Wing SR. Calorific content of New Zealand marine macrophytes. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 35(2), 335-341 (2001). (Pubitemid 32827947)
137. Corma A, Iborra S, Velty A. Chemical routes for the transformation of biomass into chemicals. Chem. Rev. 107(6), 2411-2502 (2007). (Pubitemid 47033769)
138. Binder JB, Raines RT. Simple chemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into furans for fuels and chemicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(5), 1979-1985 (2009).
139. Robinson JM, Banuelos E, Barber WC et al. Chemical conversion of biomass polysaccharides to liquid hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. 44(2), 224-227 (1999).
140. Demirba A. Production of biodiesel from algae oils. Energy Source A. 31(2), 163-168 (2008).
141. Daneshvar S, Salak F, Ishii T, Otsuka K. Application of subcritical water for conversion of macroalgae to value-added materials. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51(1), 7-84 (2011).
142. Hui Z, Huaxiao Y, Mengmeng Z, Song Q. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of macroalgae biomass using thermogravimetric analyzer. Proc. World. Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 65, 1161-1166 (2010).
143. Peng W, Wu Q, Tu P, Zhao N. Pyrolytic characteristics of microalgae as renewable energy source determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 80(1), 1-7 (2001). (Pubitemid 32734479)
144. Shuping Z, Yulong W, Mingde Y, Chun L, Junmao T. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour. Technol. 101(1), 359-365 (2010).
145. Cai JM, Bi LS. Kinetic analysis of wheat straw pyrolysis using isoconversional methods. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 98(1), 325-330 (2009).
146. Sharma A, Rao TR. Kinetics of pyrolysis of rice husk. Bioresour. Technol. 67, 53-59 (1999). (Pubitemid 28525582)
147. Shuangning X, Zhihe L, Baoming L, Weiming Y, Xueyuan B. Devolatilization characteristics of biomass at flash heating rate. Fuel 85, 664-670 (2006).
148. Zabaniotou AA, Kantarelis EK, Theodoropoulos DC. Sunflower shells utilization for energetic purposes in an integrated approach of energy crops: laboratory study pyrolysis and kinetics. Bioresour. Technol. 99(8), 3174-3181 (2008). (Pubitemid 351208540)
149. Orfao JJM, Antunes FJA, Figueiredo JL. Pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic materials-three independent reactions model. Ind. Eng. Chem Res. 78, 349-358 (1999).