Elder Drivers and Technology

Smart Technology for Aging, Disability, and Independence: The State of the Science

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 247-283

  Mccarthy, Dennis P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Driving assessment and remediation; Mobility; Occupational therapy; Older driver

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864219916     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0471743941.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Mollenkopf, H. (2003). Enhancing mobility in late life. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
2. Farquhar, M. (1995). Elderly people's definitions of quality of life. Society for Science and Medicine 41(10), 1439-1446.
3. DOT (2003). Safe Mobility for a Maturing Society: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.
4. Sweeny, M., and Durant, S. (2003). Transportation patterns of disabled americans. Paper presented at the Driving Decision, Boston, MA.
5. Collia, D. V., Sharp, J., and Giesbrecht, L. (2003). The 2001 National Household Travel Survey: A look into the travel patterns of older Americans. Journal of Safety Research 34(4), 461-470.
6. Mitchell, C. G. B. (2003). Keeping people walking safely. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
7. Siren, A., and Hakamies-Blomqvist, L. (2004). Private car as the grand equaliser? Demographic factors and mobility in Finnish men and women aged 65+. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 7(2), 107-118.
8. Burkhardt, J. E. (2003). The impacts of driving cessation. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
9. TRB (2002). Improving Publlic Transit Options for Older Prople. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board.
10. AARP (2003). Beyond 50 2003: A Report to the Nation on Independent Living and Disabililty. Washington, D.C.: AARP.
11. OECD (2001). Ageing and Transport: Mobility Needs and Safety Issues (S No. 92-64-19666-8). Paris: OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
12. Eberhard, J. (2003, December). Enhancing mobility for older people. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
13. Austin, R. A., and Faigin, B. M. (2003). Effect of vehicle and crash factors on older occupant injury. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
14. Foley, D. J., Heimovitz, H. K., Guralnik, J. M., and Brock, D. B. (2002). Driving life expectancy of persons aged 70 years and older in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 92(8), 1284-1289.
15. Cox, C. B. (1993). The Frail Elderly: Problems, Needs, and Community Responses. Westport, CT: Auburn House.
16. NAC (1997). The Met Life study of employer costs for working caregivers. Retrieved February 28, 2004, from http://www.caregiving.org/metlife.pdf
17. RWJF (1996). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved February 27, 2004, from http://www.rwjf.org/publications/publicationsPdfs/Chronic_Care_in_America.pdf
18. STPP (2003). Why a lack of transportation choices strains the family budget and hinders home ownership. Retrieved November 10, 2003, from http://www.transact.org/library/decoder/american_dream.pdf
19. Michon, J. A. (1985). A critical view of driver behavior models: What we know, what should we do? In: Human Behavior and Traffic Safety, Evans, E. L., and Schwing, R., eds. New York: Plenum, pp. 485-520.
20. Macdonald, W. (2003). Functional abilities needed to drive safely. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
21. Marottoli, R. A., Ostfeld, A. M., Merrill, S. S., Perlman, G. D., Foley, D. J., and Cooney Jr, L. M. (1993). Driving cessation and changes in mileage driven among elderly individuals. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 48(5), S255-S260.
22. Hu, P. S., Trumble, D. A., Foley, D. J., Eberhard, J. W., and Wallace, R. B. (1998). Crash risks of older drivers: A panel data analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(5), 569-581.
23. Eby, D. W., Trombley, D. A., Molnar, L. J., and Shope, J. T. (1998). The Assessment of Older Drivers' Capabilities: A Review of the Literature (No. UMTRl-98-24). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
24. McGwin, G., Jr., Sims, R. V., Pulley, L. V., and Roseman, J. M. (2000). Relations among chronic medical conditions, medications, and automobile crashes in the elderly: a population-based case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 152(5), 424-431.
25. Williams, B. R. (2000). Avoiding medication mishaps: Apharmacist's perspective. Geriatric Times 1(1) Retrieved February 28, 2004. From www.geriatrictimes.com/g000634.html
26. Forrest, K. Y., Bunker, C. H., Songer, T. J., Coben, J. H., and Cauley, J. A. (1997). Driving patterns and medical conditions in older women. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 45(10), 1214-1218.
27. Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin, G., Jr., Sloane, M. E., Roenker, D. L., White, M. F., et al. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. JAMA 279(14), 1083-1088.
28. Koepsell, T. D., Wolf, M. E., McCloskey, L., Buchner, D. M., Louie, D., Wagner, E. H., et al. (1994). Medical conditions and motor vehicle collision injuries in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 42(7), 695-700.
29. Foley, D. J., Wallace, R. B., and Eberhard, J. (1995). Risk factors for motor vehicle crashes among older drivers in a rural community. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 43(7), 776-781.
30. Vernon, D., Diller, E., Cook, L., Reading, J., Suruda, A., and Dean, J. (2002). Evaluating the crash and citation rates of Utah drivers licensed with medical conditions, 1992-1996. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34(2), 237-246.
31. Stewart, R. B., Moore, M. T., Marks, R. G., May, F. E., and Hale, W. E. (1993). Driving Cessation and Accidents in the Elderly: An Analysis of Symptoms, Diseases, Cognitive Dysfunction and Medications. Washington, D.C.: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
32. Leveille, S. G., Buchner, D. M., Koepsell, T. D., McCloskey, L. W., Wolf, M. E., and Wagner, E. H. (1994). Psychoactive medications and injurious motor vehicle collisions involving older drivers. Epidemiology 5(6), 591-598.
33. Ray, W. A., Gurwitz, J., Decker, M. D., and Kennedy, D. L. (1992). Medications and the safety of the older driver: Is there a basis for safety? Human Factors 34(1), 33-47.
34. Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F., Henderson, A. S., Scott, L. R., and Korten, A. E. (1994). Age differences and interindividual variation in cognition in community-dwelling elderly. Psychology of Aging 9(3), 381-390.
35. Li, S., Aggen, S. H., Nesselroade, J. R., and Baltes, P. B. (2001). Short-term fluctuations in elderly people's sensorimotor functioning predict text and spatial memory performance: The MacArthur Successful Aging Studies. Gerontology 47(2), 100-116.
36. Fozard, J. L., Vercryssen, M., Reynolds, S. L., Hancock, P. A., and Quilter, R. E. (1994). Age differences and changes in reaction time: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of Gerontology 49(4), P179-P189.
37. Hertzog, C., Dixon, R. A., and Hultsch, D. F. (1992). Intraindividual change in text recall of the elderly. Brain and Language 42(3), 248-269.
38. Meyer, J. (2004). Personal vehicle transportation. In: Technology for Adaptive Aging, Pew, R. W., and Van Hemel, S. B., eds. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
39. Raymond, P., Knoblauch, R., and Nitzburg, M. (2001). Older Road User Research Plan (S No. DOT HS 322). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
40. Owsley, C., McGwin, G., Jr., Sloane, M., Wells, J., Stalvey, B. T., and Gauthreaux, S. (2002). Impact of cataract surgery on motor vehicle crash involvement by older adults. JAMA 288(7), 841-849.
41. Owsley, C., Stalvey, B., Wells, J., and Sloane, M. E. (1999). Older drivers and cataract: Driving habits and crash risk. Journal of Gerontology A Biological Science and Medical Science 54(4), M203-M211.
42. Owsley, C. (2003). Enhancing older driver safety and performance: cataract surgery and driver safety. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
43. Stalvey, B. (2003). Educational programs to improve older driver safety. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
44. Staplin, L., Lococo, K. H., McKnight, A. J., McKnight, A. S., and Odenheimer, G. L. (1998). Intersection Negotiation Problems of Older Drivers (No. DTNH22-93-C-05237). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
45. NHTSA (1999). Safe Mobility for Older People (S No. DOT HS 808 853). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
46. Retchin, S. M., and Anapolle, J. (1993). An overview of the older driver. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 9(2), 279-296.
47. Steinfeld, E., Tomita, M., Mann, W. C., and DeGlopper, W. (1999). Use of passenger vehicles by older people with disabilities. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 19(3), 155-185.
48. Riter, A., Straight, A., and Evans, E. L. (2002). Understanding Senior Transportation: Report and Analysis of a Survey of Consumers age 50+. Washington, D.C.: AARP.
49. NHTSA (2002). Traffic Safety Facts 2001: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System (No. DOT HS 809 484). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
50. Cerrelli, E. (1989). Older Drivers: The Age Factor in Traffic Safety (No. DOT HS 807 402). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Administration.
51. IIHS (2001). Education alone won't make drivers safer. Status Report 36.
52. Li, G., Braver, E. R., and Chen, L.-H. (2001). Exploring the High Driver Death Rates per Vehicle-Mile of Travel in Older Drivers: Fragility Versus Excessive Crash Involvement. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.
53. Burkhardt, J. E., and Eberhard, J. (2003). Technical Background for a Symposium on Transportation Mobility for the Elderly (No. NCHRP Project 20-24(24)B): National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
54. Braver, E. R., and Trempel, R. E. (2004). Are older drivers actually at higher risk of involvement in collisions resulting in deaths or non-fatal injuries among their passengers and other road users? Injury Prevention 10(1), 27-32.
55. Langford, J. (2003). Keeping older drivers on the road. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
56. McGwin, G. (2003). Within vehicle interventions and trauma care to reduce older driver injury and death. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
57. Macdonald, W. (2003). Driver assessment to maintain mobility. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
58. Middleton, H., Westwood, D., Robson, J., Arno, P., Eeckhout, G., and Baten, G. (2003). Elderly drivers assessment procedures, criteria and tools currently in use. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
59. Stutts, J. C. (1998). Do older drivers with visual and cognitive impairments drive less? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46(7), 854-861.
60. Eberhard, J. W. (2001). Safe mobility for older Americans: Developing a national agenda. In: Maximizing Human Potential. American Society on Aging, p. 1.
61. Bassuk, S. S., Glass, T. A., and Berkman, L. F. (1999). Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine 131(3), 165-173.
62. Marottoli, R. A., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Glass, T. A., Williams, C. S., Cooney Jr., L. M., Berkman, L. F., et al. (1997). Driving cessation and increased depressive symptoms: Prospective evidence from the New Haven EPESE. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 45(2), 202-206.
63. Fonda, S. J., Wallace, R. B., and Herzog, A. R. (2001). Changes in driving patterns and worsening depressive symptoms among older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 56B(6), S343-S351.
64. McCarthy, D. P., Mann, W. C., Wu, S., and Tomita, M. (2003). Health, functional and psychological status and driving. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
65. Dobbs, B. M. (2003). The role of support groups in helping people adjust to driving cessation. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
66. Eberhard, J. W. (1998). Driving is transportation for most older adults. Geriatrics 53(Suppl 1), S53-S55.
67. Ficke, R. (2003). Aging and disability: implications for transportation research. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.
68. Koepsell, T., McCloskey, L., Wolf, M., Moudon, A. V., Buchner, D., Kraus, J., et al. (2002). Crosswalk markings and the risk of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in older pedestrians. JAMA 288(17), 2136-2143.
69. Staplin, L., Lococo, K. H., Byington, S., and Harkey, D. (2001). Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians (S No. FHWA-RD-01-103). Lanham, MD: Federal Highway Administration.
70. Dejeammes, M. (2003). Alternative transport services to the private car for elderly people, in France and Europe. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
71. Burkhardt, J. E. (2003). Improving public transportation options for older persons. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability, and Independence, Arlington, VA.
72. Hardin, J. (2003). Senior Transportation: Toolkit and Best Practices. Washington, D.C.: Community Transportation Association of America.
73. Langford, J. (2003). Driver licensing and assessment (panel discussion): Some consequences of the different older driver licensing procedures in Australia. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
74. Harris, J. (2003). Maintaining safe mobility for life. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
75. Hekstra, A. (2003). Introduction to driver licensing and car-adaptation for elderly and disabled in Europe. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
76. Caird, J. (1999). In-vehicle intelligent transportation systems: Safety and mobility of older drivers. Paper presented at the Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, Bethesda, MD.
77. Hancock, P. A., Llaneras, R. E., and Vercryssen, M. (2004). Older Drivers and Smart Cars: Is Technology the Answer? Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
78. Dobbs, A. R., Heller, R. B., and Schopflocher, D. (1998). A comparative approach to identify unsafe older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(3), 363-370.
79. Dellinger, A. M. (2003). Population trends, risk and assessment. Paper presented at the International Older Driver Consensus Conference, Arlington, VA.
80. Ball, K. (2003). Evaluation of a brief assessment Battery in a Department of Motor Vehicle setting. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
81. Wang, C. C., Kosinski, C. J., Schwartzberg, J. G., and Shanklin, A. V. (2003). Physician's Guide to Assessing and Counseling Older Drivers. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
82. Schwartzberg, J. G. (2003). Helping older adults drive safely: The physician's role. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
83. Cohen, L. (2003). Driver licensing & assessment: What is happening in the U.S.? Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
84. Arno, P. (2003). The elderly driver: What's happening in Belgium and in Europe? Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
85. Odenheimer, G. L., Beaudet, M., Jette, A. M., Albert, M. S., Grande, L., and Minaker, K. L. (1994). Performance-based driving evaluation of the elderly driver: safety, reliability, and validity. Journal of Gerontology 49(4), M153-M159.
86. NHTSA (2001). Traffic Safety Facts 2000: Older Population (No. DOT HS 809 328). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
87. West, C. G., Gildengorin, G., Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., Lott, L. A., Schneck, M. E., and Brabyn, J. A. (2003). Vision and driving self-restriction in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 51(10), 1348-1355.
88. Scott, J. B. (2003). Keeping older adults on the road: The role of occupational therapists and other aging specialists. Generations 27(3), 39-43.
89. Gallo, J. J., Rebok, G. W., and Lesikar, S. E. (1999). The driving habits of adults aged 60 years and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 47(3), 335-341.
90. Ball, K., Owsley, C., Stalvey, B., Roenker, D. L., Sloane, M. E., and Graves, M. (1998). Driving avoidance and functional impairment in older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(3), 313-322.
91. Brayne, C., Dufouil, C., Ahmed, A., Dening, T. R., Chi, L., McGee, M., et al. (2000). Very old drivers: Findings from a population cohort of people aged 84 and over. International Journal of Epidemiology 29, 704-707.
92. Hunt, L., Morris, J. C., Edwards, D., and Wilson, B. S. (1993). Driving performance in persons with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 41(7), 747-752.
93. Owsley, C., Stalvey, B. T., and Phillips, J. M. (2003). The efficacy of an educational intervention in promoting self-regulation among high-risk older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(3), 393-400.
94. Alexander, J., Barham, P., and Black, I. (2002). Factors influencing the probability of an incident at a junction: Results from an interactive driving simulator. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34(6), 779-792.
95. Mayhew, D. R., and Simpson, H. M. (2002). The safety value of driver education and training. Injury Prevention 8(Suppl 2), 113-7, discussion 117-8.
96. Williams, A. F., and Ferguson, S. A. (2004). Driver education renaissance? Injury Prevention 10(1), 4-7.
97. NHTSA (1996). The Public Favors a Strong Government Role in Highway Safety (No. 132). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
98. Kennedy, J. (2004). National Safety Council: Driver improvement programs. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 83rd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
99. Greenberg, B. (2004). AARP Driver Safety Progran: Cultural phenomenon vs. verifiable results. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 83rd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
100. Hunt, L. A. (1993). Evaluation and retraining programs for older drivers. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 9(2), 439-448.
101. Ker, K., Roberts, I., Collier, T., Renton, F., and Bunn, F. (2003). Post-licence driver education for the prevention of road traffic crashes. Cochrane Database System Review (3), CD003734.
102. Eby, D. W., Molnar, L. J., Shope, J. T., Vivoda, J. M., and Fordyce, T. A. (2003). Improving older driver knowledge and self-awareness through self-assessment: The driving decisions workbook. Journal of Safety Research 34(4), 371-381.
103. French, D., and Hanson, C. S. (1999). Survey of driver rehabilitation programs. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 53(4), 394-397.
104. Korner-Bitensky, N., Sofer, S., Kaizer, F., Gelinas, I., and Talbot, L. (1994). Assessing ability to drive following an acute neurological event: Are we on the right road? Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 61(3), 141-148.
105. Klavora, P., Young, M., and Heslegrave, R. J. (2000). A review of a major driver rehabilitation centre: A ten-year client profile. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 67(2), 128-134.
106. Park, W. (1999). Vision rehabilitation for age-related macular degeneration. International Ophthalmology Clinics 39(4), 143-162.
107. Wood, J. M., and Mallon, K. (2001). Comparison of driving performance of young and old drivers (with and without visual impairment) measured during in-traffic conditions. Optometry and Vision Science 78(5), 343-349.
108. Owsley, C., and Ball, K. (1993). Assessing visual function in the older driver. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 9(2), 389-401.
109. Dobbs, A. R. (2003). Developing and maintaining standardization of in-car evaluations across assessment centers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability, and Independence, Arlington, VA.
110. Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., et al. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 288(18), 2271-2281.
111. Edwards, J. D., Wadley, V. G., Myers, R. S., Roenker, D. L., Cissell, G. M., and Ball, K. K. (2002). Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions. Gerontology 48(5), 329-340.
112. Roenker, D. L., Cissell, G. M., Ball, K. K., Wadley, V. G., and Edwards, J. D. (2003). Speed-of-processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance. Human Factors 45(2), 218-233.
113. Mazer, B. L., Sofer, S., Korner-Bitensky, N., Gelinas, I., Hanley, J., and Wood-Dauphinee, S. (2003). Effectiveness of a visual attention retraining program on the driving performance of clients with stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84(4), 541-550.
114. Ball, K. (2003). Cognitive interventions to imporve older driver safety. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
115. Watson, M. (2003). Driver rehabilitation: When remediation is appropriate. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Indepencence, Arlington, VA.
116. Desmond, P. A., and Matthews, G. (1997). Implications of task-induced fatigue effects for in-vehicle countermeasures to driver fatigue. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29(4), 515-523.
117. Lee, H. C., Lee, A. H., and Cameron, D. (2003). Validation of a driving simulator by measuring the visual attention skill of older adult drivers. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 57(3), 324-328.
118. Rizzo, M., McGehee, D. V., Dawson, J. D., and Anderson, S. N. (2001). Simulated car crashes at intersections in drivers with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 15(1), 10-20.
119. Janke, M. K., and Eberhard, J. W. (1998). Assessing medically impaired older drivers in a licensing agency setting. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(3), 347-361.
120. Allen, R. W., Stein, C. A., and Aponso, B. L. (1990). A lowcost, part task driving simulator based on microprocessor technology. Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
121. Ivancic, K., and Hesketh, B. (2000). Learning from errors in a driving simulation: Effects on driving skill and self-confidence. Ergonomics 43(12), 1966-1984.
122. Rinalducci, E. J., Mouloua, M., and Smither, J. (2003). Cognitive and Perceptual Factors in Aging and Driving Performance (No. VPL-03-01). Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida.
123. Little, C. (2002). The Intelligent Vehicle Initiative: Advancing "human-centered" smart vehicles. Retrieved 12/7/02, from http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/pr97-10/p18.htm
124. Ball, K. K., Wadley, V. G., and Edwards, J. D. (2002). Advances in technology used to assess and retrain older drivers. Gerontechnology 1(4), 251-261.
125. Campbell, J. L., Everson, J. H., Garness, S. A., Pittenger, J. L., Kennedy, J., and Llaneras, E. (1998). Identification of Human Factors Research Needs: Final Report (No. FHWA-RD-98-178). McLean, Virginia 22101-2296: Federal Highway Administration.
126. Dingus, T. A., McGehee, D. V., Manakkal, N., Jahns, S. K., Carney, C., and Hankey, J. M. (1997). Human factors field evaluation of automotive headway maintenance/collision warning devices. Human Factors 39(2), 216-229.
127. Verwey, W. B. (2000). On-line driver workload estimation. Effects of road situation and age on secondary task measures. Ergonomics 43(2), 187-209.
128. Massie, D. L., Campbell, K. L., and Williams, A. F. (1995). Traffic accident involvement rates by driver age and gender. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(1), 73-87.
129. Perel, M. (2003). Making vehicles easier and safer for older drivers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
130. Tufano, D. R. (1997). Automotive HUDs: The overlooked safety issues. Human Factors 39(2), 303-311.
131. Staplin, L., Lococo, K. H., Byington, S., and Harkey, D. (2001). Guidelines and Recommendations to Accommodate Older Drivers and Pedestrians (No. FHWA-RD-01-051). Lanham, MD: Federal Highway Administration.
132. Staplin, L. (1999). Highway enhancements to improve safety and mobility of older road users: Practical applications. Paper presented at the Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, Bethesda, MD.
133. Staplin, L., and Lyles, R. W. (1991). Age Differences in Motion Perception and Specific Traffic Maneuver Problems. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board.
134. Noland, R. B. (2003). Traffic fatalities and injuries: The effect of changes in infrastructure and other trends. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(4), 599-611.
135. Elvik, R. (2002). The importance of confounding in observational before-and-after studies of road safety measures. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34(5), 631-635.
136. Noland, R. B., and Oh, L. (2004). The effect of infrastructure and demographic change on traffic-related fatalities and crashes: A case study of Illinois county-level data. Accident Analysis and Prevention 36(4), 525-532.
137. Penney, T. (1999). Intersection Collision Warning System (No. FHWA-RD-99-103). McLean, VA: United States Department of Transportation.
138. Wachtel, J. (2004). Learning from Santa Monica: The role of roads and vehicles for the safety of older drivers. Paper presented at the ASA-NCOA Conference, San Francisco.
139. Mullick, A., Steinfeld, E., and Steinfeld, A. (2003). Designing more effective automobiles for frail older people. Paper presented at the International Conference on Aging, Disability and Independence, Arlington, VA.
140. Institute, N. E. (2003). Vision problems in the U.S.-Prevalence of adult vision impairment and age-related eye diseases in America. Retrieved 03/08/04, from http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/
141. Harbluk, J. L., and Noy, I. Y. (2002). The impact of cognitive distraction on driver visual behaviour and vehicle control. Retrieved 03/08, 2004, from http://www.tc.gc.ca/roadsafety/tp/tp13889/pdf/tp13889es.pdf
142. Caird, J. (2003). In vehicle intelligent transportation systems. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.