Benefits of water safety plans: Microbiology, compliance, and public health

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 14, 2012, Pages 7782-7789

  Gunnarsdottir, Maria J ^a   Gardarsson, Sigurdur M ^a   Elliott, Mark ^b   Sigmundsdottir, Gudrun ^c   Bartram, Jamie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^b University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^c Directorate of Health   (Iceland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNTS; ICELANDS; MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH; MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY; SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER; SURVEILLANCE DATA; WATER SAFETY PLANS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS;

WATER QUALITY;

COMPLIANCE; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; DISEASE INCIDENCE; DRINKING WATER; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH IMPACT; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAFETY; WATER PLANNING; WATER QUALITY;

ARTICLE; DIARRHEA; HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT; ICELAND; PATHOGEN LOAD; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAFETY PLAN; WATER STANDARD;

COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DIARRHEA; DRINKING WATER; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HETEROTROPHIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; ICELAND; INCIDENCE; LOGISTIC MODELS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAFETY; SOCIAL CONTROL, FORMAL; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

ICELAND;

EID: 84863954450     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es300372h     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 3 rd ed.; Vol. 1 Recommendations; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2004.
2. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4 th ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2011.
3. A Conceptual Framework to Evaluate the Impacts of Water Safety Plans; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA, 2011; http://cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/GWASH/Publications/WSP- Evaluation-Framework.pdf.
4. The Foodstuffs Act No.93/1995; http://eng.umhverfisraduneyti.is/ legislation/nr/375. Article 4, 2 pgr.
5. Gunnarsdottir, M. J.; Gardarsson, S. M.; Bartram, J. Icelandic Experience with Water Safety Plans Water Sci. Technol. 2012, 65 (2) 277-288
6. Bartram, J.; Corrales, I.; Davison, A.; Deere, D.; Drury, D; Gordon, B.; Howard, G.; Rinehold, A.; Stevens, M. Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-Step Risk Management for Drinking-Water Suppliers; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2009.
7. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2010.
8. UNESCO-WWAP. Water a Shared Responsibility; The United Nations World Water Development Report 2; New York, 2006; p 132.
9. European Environment Agency. The European Environment - State and Outlook 2010 - Iceland; 2010; http:// eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/is/soertopic-view? topic=freshwater (accessed 28 February 2012).
10. Gunnarsdottir, M. J.; Gissurarson, L. R. HACCP and water safety plans in Icelandic water supply: Preliminary evaluation of experience J. Water Health 2008, 6 (3) 377-382
11. Geirsdottir, M. Unofficial List of Waterborne Outbreaks from the Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, 2011.
12. Report on contamination of drinking water in Eskifjordur in July 2010; Local Competent Authority for Eastern Iceland; http://fjardabyggd.is/media/PDF/ 2010-08-neylsuvatnsmengun-a-Eskifirdi.pdf.
13. Payment, P.; Siemiatycki, J.; Richardson, L.; Renaud, G.; Franco, E.; Prévost, M. A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 1997, 5-31
14. Payment, P.; Hunter, P. Endemic and epidemic infectious intestinal disease and its relation to drinking water. In Water Quality Guidelines. Standards & Health: Risk Assessment and Management for Water-related Infectious Diseases; Fewtrell, L.; Bartram, J., Eds.; IWA Publishing: London, 2001; pp 61-88.
15. Craun, G. F.; Calderon, R. L.; Wade, T. Assessing waterborne risks: an introduction J. Water Health 2006, 4 (suppl 2) 3-18
16. Nygaard, K.; Wahl, E.; Krogh, T.; Tveit, O. A.; Böhleng, E.; Tverdal, A.; Aavitsland, P. Breaks and maintenance work in the water distribution systems and gastrointestinal illness: A cohort study Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 39 (4) 873-880
17. Hunter, P. R.; Chalmers, R. M.; Huges, S.; Syed, Q. Self-Reported Diarrhoea in a Control Group: A Strong Association with Reporting of Low-Pressure Events in Tap Water Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 40, 32-34
18. Icelandic Drinking Water Regulation no. 536/2001.
19. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption.
20. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision; Version for 2007; World Health Organization, 2007.
21. Population According to Postcode; Statistics Iceland, 2011; http://www.statice.is/Statistics/Population/Urban-nuclei-and-zip-codes.
22. Scallan, E.; Majowicz, S. E.; Hall, G.; Banerjee, A.; Bowman, C. L.; Daly, L.; Jones, T.; Kirk, M. D.; Fitzgerald, M.; Angulo, F. J. Prevalence of diarrhea in the community in Australia, Canada, Ireland, and the United States Int. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 34, 454-460
23. Kuusi, M.; Aavitsland, P.; Gondrosen, B; Kapperud, G. Incidence of gastroenteritis in Norway - a population-based survey Epidemiol. Infect. 2003, 131, 591-597
24. Roy, S. L.; Scallan, E.; Beach, M. J. The rate of acute gastrointestinal illness in developed countries J. Water Health 2006, 04 (suppl 2) 31-70
25. Bartram, J.; Cairncross, S. Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health PLoS Med. 2010, 7 (11) e1000367 10.1371/journal.pmed. 1000367
26. Pruess-Ustun, A.; Bos, R.; Gore, F.; Bartram, J. Safer Water, Better Health; WHO: Geneva, 2008.
27. Colford, J. M., Jr.; Roy, S.; Beach, M. J.; Hightower, A.; Shaw, S. E.; Wade, T. J. A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States J. Water Health 2006, 4 (suppl 2) 71-88
28. Messner, M.; Shaw, S.; Regli, S.; Robert, K.; Blank, V.; Soller, J. An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application J. Water Health 2006, 04 (suppl 2) 201-240
29. Smeets, P. W. M. H.; Medema, G. J.; van Dijk, J. C. The Dutch secret: how to provide safe drinking water without chlorine in the Netherlands Drink. Water Eng. Sci. 2009, 2, 1-4
30. Neimann, J.; Engberg, J.; Molbak, K.; Wegner, H. C. A case control study of risk factor for sporadic campylobacter infections in Denmark Epidemiol. Infect. 2003, 130, 353-366
31. LeChevallier, M. W.; Gullick, R. W.; Karim, M. R.; Friedman, M.; Funk, J. E. The potential for health risks from intrusion of contaminants into the distribution system from pressure transients J. Water Health 2003, 1 (1) 3-14
32. Teunis, P. F. M.; Xu, M.; Fleming, K. K.; Yang, J.; Moe, L. C.; LeChevallier, M. W. Enteric virus Infection Risk from Intrusion of Sewage into a Drinking Water Distribution Network Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 8561-8566
33. Besner, M.-C.; Prévost, M.; Regli, S. Assessing the public health risk of microbial intrusion events in distribution systems: Conceptual model, available data, and challenges Water Res. 2011, 45, 961-979