Timescales of magma recharge and reactivation of large silicic systems from ti diffusion in quartz

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 53, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 1385-1416

  Matthews, N E ^a   Huber, C ^b   Pyle, D M ^a   Smith, V C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diffusion; Quartz; Silicic magma; Taupo Volcanic Zone; Timescales; Toba

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLIZATION; DIFFUSION; IGNIMBRITE; MAGMA CHAMBER; NUMERICAL MODEL; QUARTZ; TIMESCALE; TITANIUM; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

NEW ZEALAND; NORTH ISLAND; TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE;

EID: 84863877250     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egs020     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Andrews, B. J., Gardner, J. E. & Housh, T. B. (2008). Repeated recharge, assimilation, and hybridization in magmas erupted from El Chichón as recorded by plagioclase and amphibole phenocrysts. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 175, 415-426.
2. Bachmann, O. & Bergantz, G. W. (2004). On the origin of crystal-poor rhyolites: extracted from batholithic crystal mushes. Journal of Petrology 45(8), 1565-1582.
3. Bachmann, O. & Bergantz, G. W. (2006). Gas percolation in uppercrustal silicic crystal mushes as a mechanism for upward heat advection and rejuvenation of near-solidus magma bodies. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 149, 85-102.
4. Best, M. G. & Christiansen, E. H. (1997). Origin of broken phenocrysts in ash-flow tuffs. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 63-73.
5. Bhatnagar, P., Gross, E. & Krook, A. (1954). A model for collisional processes in gases I: small amplitude processes in charged and neutral one component systems. Physical Review 94, 511-525.
6. Bibby, H. M., Caldwell, T. G., Davey, F. J. & Webb, T. H. (1995). Geophysical evidence on the structure of the Taupo Volcanic Zone and its hydrothermal circulation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68, 29-58.
7. Bindeman, I. (2005). Fragmentation phenomena in populations of magmatic crystals. American Mineralogist 90, 1801-1815.
8. Blake, S. & Ivey, G. N. (1986). Magma-mixing and the dynamics of withdrawal from stratified reservoirs. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 27, 153-178.
9. Blake, S., Wilson, C. J. N., Smith, I. E. M. & Walker, G. P. L. (1992). Petrology and dynamics of theWaimihia mixed magma eruption, TaupoVolcano, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 193-207.
10. Briggs, N. D. (1976). Recognition and correlation of subdivisions within the Whakamaru Ignimbrite, central North Island, New Zealand. New ZealandJournal of Geology and Geophysics 19, 463-501.
11. Brown, S. J. A. & Fletcher, I. R. (1999). SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the preeruption growth history of zircons from the 340 ka Whakamaru Ignimbrite, New Zealand: Evidence for 4250 k. y. magma residence times. Geology 27, 1035-1038.
12. Brown, S. J. A., Wilson, C. J. N., Cole, J. W. & Wooden, J. (1998). The Whakamaru group ignimbrites, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: evidence for reverse tapping of a zoned silicic magmatic system. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 84, 1-37.
13. Bryan, C. J., Sherburn, S., Bibby, H. M., Bannister, S. & Hurst, A. W. (1999). Shallow seismicity of the central TaupoVolcanic Zone, New Zealand: its distribution and nature. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 42, 533-542.
14. Charlier, B. L. A., Peate, D. W., Wilson, C. J. N., Lowenstern, J. B., Storey, M. & Brown, S. J. A. (2003). Crystallisation ages in coeval silicic magma bodies: 238U-230Th disequilibrium evidence from the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruption deposits, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206, 441-457.
15. Charlier, B. L. A., Wilson, C. J. N. & Davidson, J. P. (2008). Rapid open-system assembly of a large silicic magma body: time-resolved evidence from cored plagioclase crystals in the Oruanui eruption deposits, New Zealand. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156, 799-813.
16. Charlier, B. L. A., Wilson, C. J. N. & Mortimer, N. (2010). Evidence from zircon U-Pb age spectra for crustal structure and felsic magma genesis atTaupo volcano, New Zealand. Geology 38, 915-918.
17. Cherniak, D. J., Watson, E. B. & Wark, D. A. (2007). Ti diffusion in quartz. Chemical Geology 236, 65-74.
18. Chesner, C. A. (1998). Petrogenesis of the Toba Tuffs, Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Petrology 39, 397-438.
19. Chesner, C. A. & Luhr, J. F. (2010). A melt inclusion study of theToba Tuffs, Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 197(1-4), 259-278.
20. Chesner, C. A. & Rose, W. I. (1991). Stratigraphy of theTobaTuffs and the evolution of the Toba Caldera Complex, Sumatra, Indonesia. Bulletin of Volcanology 53, 343-356.
21. Chopard, B. & Droz, M. (1998). Cellular Automata and Modeling of Physical Systems. Monographs and Texts in Statistical Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Cole, J. W. (1990). Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Bulletin of Volcanology 52, 445-459.
23. Coltice, N. & Schmalzl, J. (2006). Mixing times in the mantle of the early Earth derived from 2-D and 3-D numerical simulations of convection. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L23304, doi:10. 1029/ 2006GL027707.
24. Coombs, M. L., Eichelberger, J. C. & Rutherford, M. J. (2000). Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953-1974 eruptions of Southwest Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140, 99-118.
25. Costa, F., Chakraborty, S. & Dohmen, R. (2003). Diffusion coupling between trace and major elements and a model for calculation of magma residence times using plagioclase. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67(12), 2189-2200.
26. Costa, F. & Chakraborty, S. (2004). Decadal time gaps between mafic intrusion and silicic eruption obtained from chemical zoning patterns in olivine. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227, 517-530, doi:10. 1016/j. epsl. 2004. 08. 011.
27. Costa, F. & Dungan, M. (2005). Short time scales of magmatic assimilation from diffusion modeling of multiple elements in olivine. Geology 33(1), 837-840.
28. Costa, F. & Morgan, D. (2010). Time constraints from chemical equilibration in magmatic crystals. In: Dosseto, A., Turner, S. P. & Van Orman, J. A. (eds) Timescales of Magmatic Processes: from Core to Atmosphere. Chichester:Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 125-159.
29. Costa, F., Dohmen, R. & Chakraborty, S. (2008). Time scales of magmatic processes from modeling the zoning patterns of crystals. In: Putirka, K. D. & Tepley, F. J., III (eds) Minerals, Inclusions and Volcanic Processes. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 69, 545-594.
30. Costa, F., Coogan, L. A. & Chakraborty, S. (2010). The timescales of magma mixing and mingling involving primitive melts and melt- mush interaction at mid-ocean ridges. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 159, 371-387.
31. Cottrell, E., Gardner, J. E. & Rutherford, M. J. (1999). Petrologic and experimental evidence for the movement and heating of the pre-eruptive Minoan rhyodacite (Santorini, Greece). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 135, 315-331.
32. Davidson, J., Tepley, F., Palacz, Z. & Meffan-Main, S. (2001). Magma recharge, contamination and residence times revealed by in situ laser ablation isotopic analysis of feldspar in volcanic rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 184, 427-442.
33. Ewart, A. (1965). Mineralogy and petrogenesis of the Whakamaru Ignimbrite in the Maraetai area of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. New ZealandJournal of Geology and Geophysics 8, 611-677.
34. Gaither, T., Reid, M. R. & Vazquez, J. A. (2009). Geochemistry and temperatures recorded by zircon during the final stages of the Youngest TobaTuff magma chamber, Sumatra, Indonesia. American Geophysical Union FallMeeting 2009, abstract V51E-1779.
35. Ghiorso, M. S. (1990). Thermodynamic properties of hematite-ilmenite- geikielite solid solutions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104, 645-667.
36. Ghiorso, M. S. & Evans, B. W. (2008). Thermodynamics of rhombohedral oxide solid solutions and a revision of the Fe-Ti two-oxide geothermometer and oxygen-barometer. American Journal of Science 308, 957-1039.
37. Girard, G. & Stix, J. (2009). Magma recharge and crystal mush rejuvenation associated with early post-collapse Upper Basin Member rhyolites, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming. Journal of Petrology 50(11), 2095-2125.
38. Girard, G. & Stix, J. (2010). Rapid extraction of discrete magma batches from a large differentiating magma chamber: the Central Plateau Member rhyolites, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160, 441-465, doi:10. 1007/ s00410-009-0487-1.
39. Gottsmann, J., Lavallée, Y., Marti, J. & Aguirre-Diaz, G. (2009). Magma-tectonic interaction and the eruption of silicic batholiths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284, 426-434.
40. Götze, J., Plötze, M. & Habermann, D. (2001). Origin, spectral characteristics and practical applications of the cathodoluminescence (CL) of quartz-a review. Mineralogy and Petrology 71, 225-250.
41. Götze, J., Plötze, M., Graupner, T., Hallbauer, D. K. & Bray, C. J. (2004). Trace element incorporation into quartz: A combined study by ICP-MS, electron spin resonance, cathodoluminescence, capillary ion analysis, and gas chromatography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 3741-3759.
42. Graham, I. J., Cole, J. W., Briggs, R. M., Gamble, J. A. & Smith, I. E. M. (1995). Petrology and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from the Taupo Volcanic Zone: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68, 59-87.
43. Gualda, G. A. R., Cook, D. L., Chopra, R., Qin, L., Anderson, A. T. & Rivers, M. (2004). Fragmentation, nucleation and migration of crystals and bubbles in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 95, 375-390.
44. Harrison, A. J. & White, R. S. (2004). Crustal structure of theTaupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: stretching and igneous intrusion. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L13615, doi:10. 1029/2004GL019885.
45. Hildreth, W. (1981). Gradients in silicic magma chambers: implications for lithospheric magmatism. Journal of Geophysical Research 86, 10153-10192.
46. Hildreth, W. (2004). Volcanological perspectives on Long Valley, Mammoth Mountain, and Mono Craters: several contiguous but discrete systems. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136, 169-198.
47. Hochstein, M. P. (1995). Crustal heat transfer in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand): comparison with other volcanic arcs and explanatory heat source models. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68, 117-151.
48. Holland, T. J. B. & Powell, R. (1998). An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 309-343.
49. Huber, C., Parmigiani, A., Chopard, B., Manga, M. & Bachmann, O. (2008). Lattice Boltzmann model for melting with natural convection. InternationalJournal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29, 1469-1480.
50. Huber, C., Bachmann, O. & Manga, M. (2009). Homogenization processes in silicic magma chambers by stirring and mushification (latent heat buffering). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 283, 38-47.
51. Huber, C., Chopard, B. & Manga, M. (2010a). A lattice Boltzmann model for coupled diffusion. Journal of Computational Physics 229, 7956-7976.
52. Huber, C., Bachmann, O. & Dufek, J. (2010b). The limitations of melting on the reactivation of silicic mushes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 195(2-4), 97-105.
53. Huber, C., Bachmann, O. & Manga, M. (2010c). Two competing effects of volatiles on heat transfer in crystal-rich magmas: thermal insulation vs defrosting. Journal of Petrology 51(4), 847-867.
54. Huber, C., Cassata, W. S. & Renne, P. R. (2011). A lattice-Boltzman model for noble gas diffusion in solids: The importance of domain shape and diffusive anisotropy and implications for thermochronometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75(8), 2170-2186.
55. Huber, C., Bachmann, O. & Dufek, J. (2012). Crystal-poor versus crystal-rich ignimbrites: a competition between stirring and reactivation. Geology 40, 115-118.
56. Klügel, A. (2001). Prolonged reactions between harzburgite xenoliths and silica-undersaturated melt: Implications for dissolution and Fe-Mg interdiffusion rates of orthopyroxene. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 141, 1-14.
57. Leonard, G. S., Cole, J. W., Nairn, I. A. & Self, S. (2002). Basalt triggering of the c. AD 1305 Kaharoa rhyolite eruption, Tarawera Volcanic Complex, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 115, 461-486.
58. Liu, Y., Anderson, A. T., Wilson, C. J. N., Davis, A. M. & Steele, I. M. (2006a). Mixing and differentiation in the Oruanui rhyolitic magma, Taupo, New Zealand: evidence from volatiles and trace elements in melt inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 151, 71-87.
59. Liu, Z., Colin, C. & Trentesaux, A. (2006b). Major element geochemistry of glass shards and minerals in the Youngest Toba Tephra in the southwestern China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 99-107.
60. Martin, R. C. (1965). Lithology and eruptive history of the Whakamaru Ignimbrites in the Maraetai area of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 8, 680-701.
61. Mason, B. G., Pyle, D. M. & Oppenheimer, C. (2004). The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth. Bulletin of Volcanology 66, 735-748.
62. Matthews, N. E., Pyle, D. M., Smith, V. C., Wilson, C. J. N., Huber, C. & van Hinsberg, V. (2012). Quartz zoning and the pre-eruptive evolution of the 340 kaWhakamaru magma systems, New Zealand. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 163(1), 87-107, doi:10. 1007/ s00410-001-0660-1.
63. McCulloch, M. T., Kyser, T. K., Woodhead, J. D. & Kinsey, L. (1994). Pb-Sr-Nd-O isotopic constraints on the origin of rhyolites from theTaupoVolcanic Zone of New Zealand: evidence for assimilation followed by fractionation from basalt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115, 303-312.
64. Molloy, C., Shane, P. & Nairn, I. (2008). Pre-eruption thermal rejuvenation and stirring of a partly crystalline pluton revealed by the Earthquake Flat Pyroclastics deposits, New Zealand, London: Journal of the Geological Society 165, 435-447.
65. Morgan, D. J. & Blake, S. (2006). Magmatic residence times of zoned phenocrysts: introduction and application of the binary element diffusion modeling (BEDM) technique. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 151, 58-70.
66. Morgan, D. J., Blake, S., Rogers, N. W. B., DeVivo, B., Rolandi, G., Macdonald, R. & Hawkesworth, C. J. (2004). Time scales of crystal residence and magma chamber volume from modelling of diffusion profiles in phenocrysts: Vesuvius 1944. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222, 933-946.
67. Mosselmans, J. F. W., Quinn, P. D., Roque-Rosell, J., Atkinson, K. D., Dent, A. J., Cavill, S. I., Hodson, M. E., Kirk, C. A. & Schofield, P. F. (2008). The first environmental science experiments on the new microfocus spectroscopy beamline at diamond. MineralogicalMagazine 72, 197-200.
68. Mosselmans, J. F. W., Quinn, P. D., Dent, A. J., Cavill, S. A., Diaz Moreno, S., Peach, A., Leicester, P. J., Keylock, S. J., Gregory, S. R., Atkinson, K. D. & Roque Rosell, J. (2009). I18-the microfocus spectroscopy beamline at the Diamond light source. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 16, 818-824.
69. Nakamura, M. (1995). Continuous mixing of crystal mush and replenished magma in the ongoing Unzen eruption. Geology 23, 807-810, doi:10. 1130/0091-7613(1995)02350807:CMOCMA42. 3. CO;2.
70. Pearce, N. J. G., Westgate, J. A. & Perkins, W. T. (1996). Developments in the analysis of volcanic glass shards by laser ablation ICP-MS: quantitative and single internal standard-multi-element methods. Quaternary International 34-36, 213-227.
71. Pearce, N. J. G., Perkins, W. T., Westgate, J. A., Gorton, M. P., Jackson, S. E., Neal, C. R. & Chenery, S. P. (1997). A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards Newsletter 21, 115-144.
72. Pearce, N. J. G., Westgate, J. A., Perkins, W. T., Eastwood, W. J. & Shane, P. A. R. (1999). The application of laser ablation ICP-MS to the analysis of volcanic glass shards from tephra deposits: bulk glass and single shard analysis. Global and Planetary Change 21, 151-171.
73. Pearce, N. J. G., Eastwood, W. J., Westgate, J. A. & Perkins, W. T. (2002). The composition of juvenile volcanic glass from the c. 3600 B. P. Minoan eruption of Santorini (Thera). Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 545-556.
74. Pearce, N. J. G., Westgate, J. A., Perkins, W. T. & Preece, S. J. (2004). The application of ICP-MS methods to tephrochronological problems. Applied Geochemistry 19, 289-322.
75. Pearce, N. J. G., Perkins, W. T., Westgate, J. A. & Wade, S. C. (2011). Trace-element microanalysis by LA-ICP-MS: The quest for comprehensive chemical characterization of single, sub-10 mm volcanic glass shards. Quaternary International 246, 57-81.
76. Peppard, B. T., Steele, I. M., Davis, A. M., Wallace, P. J. & Anderson, A. T. (2001). Zoned quartz phenocrysts fromthe rhyolitic BishopTuff. American Mineralogist 86, 1034-1052.
77. Perkins, W. T. & Pearce, N. J. G. (1995). Mineral microanalysis by laserprobe inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In: Potts, P. J., Bowles, J. F. W., Reed, S. J. B. & Cave, M. R. (eds) Microprobe Techniques in the Earth Sciences. London: Mineralogical Society, pp. 291-325.
78. Perkins, W. T., Pearce, N. J. G. & Westgate, J. A. (1997). The development of laser ablation ICP-MS and calibration strategies: examples from the analysis of trace elements in volcanic glass shards and sulphide minerals. Geostandards Newsletter 21, 175-190.
79. Petrinovic, I. A., Marti, J., Aguirre-Diaz, G. J., Guzman, S., Geyer, A. & Salado Paz, N. (2010). The Cerro Aguas Calientes caldera, NWArgentina: An example of a tectonically controlled, polygenetic collapse caldera, and its regional significance. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 194, 15-26.
80. Ravel, B. & Newville, M. (2005). ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 12, 537-541.
81. Reid, M. R., Vazquez, J. A. & Schmitt, A. K. (2010). Zircon-scale insights into the history of a supervolcano, Bishop Tuff, Long Valley, California, with implications for the Ti-in-zircon geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 161(2), 293-311, doi:10. 1007/ s00410-010-0532-0.
82. Ridolfi, F., Renzulli, A. & Puerini, M. (2010). Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: an overview, new thermobarometric formulations and application to subduction-related volcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160, 45-66.
83. Rose, W. I. & Chesner, C. A. (1990). Worldwide dispersal of ash and gases from the Earth's largest known eruption: Toba, Sumatra, 75 ka. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 89, 269-275.
84. Rusk, B. G., Lowers, H. A. & Reed, M. H. (2008). Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation. Geology 36, 547-550.
85. Saunders, K. E., Morgan, D. J., Baker, J. A. & Wysoczanski, R. J. (2010). The magmatic evolution of the Whakamaru superuption, New Zealand, constrained by a microanalytical study of plagioclase and quartz. Journal of Petrology 51(12), 2465-2488.
86. Scaillet, B., Holtz, F. & Pichavant, M. (1998). Phase equilibrium constraints on the viscosity of silicic magmas 1. Volcanic-plutonic comparison. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 257-266.
87. Schmitz, M. D. & Smith, I. E. M. (2004). The petrology of the Rotoiti eruption sequence, Taupo Volcanic Zone: an example of fractionation of a rhyolitic system. Journal of Petrology 45(10), 2045-2066.
88. Shane, P., Westgate, J., Williams, M. & Korisetar, R. (1995). New geochemical evidence for the Youngest Toba Tuff in India. Quaternary Research 44, 200-204.
89. Shane, P., Martin, S. B., Smith, V. C., Beggs, K. F., Darragh, M. B., Cole, J. W. & Nairn, I. A. (2007). Multiple rhyolite magmas and basalt injection in the 17·7 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episode from Tarawera volcanic complex, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 164, 1-26.
90. Shane, P., Smith, V. C. & Nairn, I. A. (2008a). Millennial timescale resolution of rhyolite magma recharge at Tarawera volcano: insights from quartz chemistry and melt inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 155, 397-411.
91. Shane, P., Nairn, I. A., Smith, V. C., Darragh, M., Beggs, K. F. & Cole, J. W. (2008b). Silicic recharge of multiple rhyolite magmas by basaltic intrusion during the 22·6 ka Okaraka eruption episode, New Zealand. Lithos 103, 527-549.
92. Shaw, C. (2004). The temporal evolution of three magmatic systems in the West Eifel volcanic field, Germany. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 131, 213-240, doi:10. 1016/S0377-0273(03) 00363-9.
93. Smith, V. C., Shane, P. & Nairn, I. A. (2005). Trends in rhyolite geochemistry, mineralogy, and magma storage during the last 50 kyr atOkataina andTaupo volcanic centres, TaupoVolcanic Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 148, 372-406.
94. Smith, V. C., Blundy, J. D. & Arce, J. L. (2009). A temporal record of magma accumulation and evolution beneath Nevado de Toluca, Mexico, preserved in plagioclase phenocrysts. Journal of Petrology 50(3), 405-426, doi:10. 1093/petrology/egp005.
95. Smith, V., Shane, P. & Nairn, I. (2010). Insights into silicic melt generation using plagioclase, quartz and melt inclusions from the caldera-forming Rotoiti eruption, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160(6), 951-971, doi:10. 1007/s00410-010-0516-0.
96. Smith, V. C., Pearce, N. J. G., Matthews, N. E., Westgate, J. A., Petraglia, M. D., Haslam, M., Lane, C. S., Korisettar, R. & Pal, J. N. (2011). Geochemical fingerprinting the widespread Toba tephra using biotite compositions. Quaternary International 246, 97-104, doi:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2011. 05. 012.
97. Solé, V. A., Papillon, E., Cotte, M., Walter, P. & Susini, J. (2007). A multiplatform code for the analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra. Spectrochimica Acta, Part B 62, 63-68.
98. Stern, T. A., Stratford, W. R. & Salmon, M. L. (2006). Subduction evolution and mantle dynamics at a continental margin: central North Island, New Zealand. Reviews of Geophysics 44, RG4002, Paper 2005RG000171.
99. Stevens-Kalceff, M. A. (2009). Cathodoluminescence microcharacterization of point defects in a-quartz. Mineralogical Magazine 73(4), 585-605.
100. Stratford, W. R. & Stern, T. A. (2004). Strong seismic reflections and melts in the mantle of a continental back-arc basin. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L06622, doi:10. 1029/2003GL019232.
101. Tait, S. (1992). Selective preservation of melt inclusions in igneous phenocrysts. American Mineralogist 77, 146-155.
102. Tait, S. R., Worner, G., van den Bogaard, P. & Schmincke, H. (1989). Cumulate nodules as evidence for convective fractionation in a phonolite magma chamber. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 37, 21-37.
103. Thomas, J. B., Watson, E. B., Spear, F. S., Shemella, P. T., Nayak, S. K. & Lanzirotti, A. (2010). TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160(5), 743-759, doi:10. 1007/s00410-010-0505-3.
104. Turcotte, D. L. & Schubert, G. (2002). Geodynamics, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
105. Vazquez, J. A. & Reid, M. R. (2004). Probing the accumulation history of the voluminousToba magma. Science 305, 991-994.
106. Wark, D. A. & Spear, F. S. (2005). Titanium in quartz: cathodoluminescence and thermometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Supplement 69, A592.
107. Wark, D. A. & Watson, E. B. (2006). TitaniQ: a titanium-in-quartz geothermometer. Contributions toMineralogy andPetrology 152, 743-754.
108. Wark, D. A., Hildreth, W., Spear, F. S., Cherniak, D. J. & Watson, E. B. (2007). Pre-eruption recharge of the Bishop magma system. Geology 35, 235-238.
109. Watt, G. R., Wright, P., Galloway, S. & McLean, C. (1997). Cathodoluminescence and trace element zoning in quartz phenocrysts and xenocrysts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4337-4348.
110. Waychunas, G. A. (1987). Synchrotron radiation XANES spectroscopy of Ti in minerals: effects of Ti bonding distances, Ti valence and site geometry on absorption edge structure. American Mineralogist 72, 89-101.
111. 3. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 41-55.
112. Wiebe, R. A., Wark, D. A. & Hawkins, D. P. (2007). Insights from quartz cathodoluminescence zoning into crystallization. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 154, 439-453.
113. Wilson, C. J. N., Houghton, B. F. & Lloyd, E. F. (1986). Volcanic history and evolution of the Maroa-Taupo area, central North Island. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 23, 194-223.
114. Wilson, C. J. N., Houghton, B. F., McWilliams, M. O., Lanphere, M. A., Weaver, S. D. & Briggs, R. M. (1995). Volcanic and structural evolution of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68, 1-28.
115. Wilson, C. J. N., Blake, S., Charlier, B. L. A. & Sutton, A. N. (2006). The 26·5 ka Oruanui eruption, Taupo volcano, New Zealand: development, characteristics and evacuation of a large rhyolitic magma body. Journal of Petrology 47, 35-69.
116. Wilson, C. J. N., Gravley, D. M., Leonard, G. S. & Rowland, J. V. (2009). Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls. In: Thordarson, T., Larsen, G., Self, S., Rowland, S. & Hoskuldsson, A. (eds) Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker. Special Publications of IAVCEI 2. London: Geological Society, pp. 225-247.
117. Wilson, C. J. N., Seward, T. M., Allan, A. S. R., Charlier, B. L. A., Bellow, L. & Hildreth, W. (2012). TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz. In: J. B. Thomas, E. B. Watson, F. S. Spear, P. T. Shemella, S. K. Nayak, & A. Lanzirotti (eds) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (in preparation).
118. Wolf-Gladrow, D. A. (2000). Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata and lattice Boltzmann models: An Introduction. Berlin: Springer, 308 p.
119. Zellmer, G. F., Blake, S., Vance, D., Hawkesworth, C. & Turner, S. (1999). Plagioclase residence times at two island arc volcanoes (Kameni Islands, Santorini and Soufrie're, St. Vincent) determined by Sr diffusion systematics. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 136, 345-357.