Emotional time distortions: The fundamental role of arousal

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 847-862

  Gil, Sandrine ^a   Droit Volet, Sylvie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

Author keywords

Arousal; Emotion; Emotional pictures; Time perception; Timing

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FEAR; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TIME PERCEPTION;

ADULT; AROUSAL; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMANS; PERCEPTUAL DISTORTION; PHOTIC STIMULATION; TIME FACTORS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84863853500     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: 14640600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.625401     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Angrilli, A., Cherubini, P., Pavese, A. and Manfredini, S. 1997. The influence of affective factors on time perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 59: 972-982.
2. Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M., de Gelder, B. and Sahraie, A. 2009. Orienting to threat: Faster localization of fearful facial expressions and body postures revealed by saccadic eye movements. Progress in Biological Science, 276: 1635-1641.
3. Bar-Haim, Y., Kerem, A., Lamy, D. and Zakay, D. 2010. When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24: 255-263.
4. Beck, A. T. and Beamesderfer, A. 1974. Assessment of depression: The Depression Inventory. Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 7: 151-159.
5. Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N. and Lang, P. J. 2001. Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1: 276-298.
6. Bradley, M. M., Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Fitzsimmons, J. R., King, W. and Desai, P. 2003. Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117: 369-380.
7. Carrasco, C., Redolat, R. and Simon, V. M. 1998. Time estimation in minimally abstinent smokers. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, 13: 543-549.
8. Cheng, R.-K., Ali, Y. M. and Meck, W. 2007. Ketamine "unlocks" the reduced clock-speed effects of cocaine following extended training: Evidence for dopamine-glutamate interactions in timing and time perception. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 88: 149-159.
9. Collet, L. and Cottraux, J. 1986. The shortened Beck Depression Inventory: Study of the concurrent validity with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Widlöcher Retardation Rating Scale. L'Encéphale, 12: 77-79.
10. Coull, J. T., Cheng, R.-K. and Meck, W. H. 2011. Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36: 3-25.
11. Coull, J. T., Vidal, F., Nazarian, B. and Macar, F. 2004. Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation of time estimation. Science, 303: 1506-1508.
12. Davis, M. and Whalen, P. J. 2001. The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6: 13-34.
13. Doi, H. and Shinohara, K. 2009. The perceived duration of emotional faces is influenced by the gaze direction. Neuroscience Letters, 457: 97-100.
14. Droit-Volet, S. in press. What emotions tell us about Time. In D. Lloyd & V. Arstila, Subjective time: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of temporality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Droit-Volet, S., Brunot, S. and Niedenthal, P. M. 2004. Perception of the duration of emotional events. Cognition and Emotion, 18: 849-858.
16. Droit-Volet, S. and Gil, S. 2009. Emotion and time perception. Journal of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Biological Sciences), 364: 1943-1953.
17. Droit-Volet, S. and Meck, W. H. 2007. How emotions colour our time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(12): 504-513.
18. Droit-Volet, S., Mermillod, M., Cocenas-Silva, R. and Gil, S. 2010. The effect of expectancy of a threatening event on time perception in human adults. Emotion, 10: 908-914.
19. Droit-Volet, S. and Wearden, J. H. 2001. Temporal bisection in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 55: 142-159.
20. Effron, D., Niedenthal, P. M., Gil, S. and Droit-Volet, S. 2006. Embodiment of temporal perception of emotion. Emotion, 6: 1-9.
21. Ekman, P. 1984. "Expression and the nature of emotion". In Approaches to emotion, Edited by: Scherer, K. and Ekman, P. 287-306. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
22. Ewbank, M. P., Barnard, P. J., Croucher, C. J., Ramponi, C. and Calder, A. J. 2009. The amygdala response to images with impact. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4: 127-133.
23. François, M. 1927. Contributions à l'étude du sens du temps: La température interne comme facteur de variation de l'appréciation subjective des durées. L'Année Psychologique, 27: 186-204.
24. Gibbon, J. 1977. Scalar expectancy theory of Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review, 84: 279-325.
25. Gibbon, J., Church, R. M. and Meck, W. H. 1984. "Scalar timing in memory". In Timing and time perception, Edited by: Gibbon, J. and Allan, L. G. 52-77. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
26. Gil, S. and Droit-Volet, S. 2009. Time perception, depression and sadness. Behavioural Processes, 80: 169-176.
27. Gil, S. and Droit-Volet, S. 2011. "Time flies in the presence of angry faces" depending on the temporal task used!. Acta Psychologica, 136: 354-362.
28. Gil, S., Niedenthal, P. M. and Droit-Volet, S. 2007. Anger and temporal perception in children. Emotion, 7: 219-225.
29. Gil, S., Rousset, S. and Droit-Volet, S. 2009. How liked and disliked food affect time perception. Emotion, 9: 457-463.
30. Grommet, E. K., Droit-Volet, S., Gil, S., Hemmes, N. S., Baker, A. H. and Brown, B. 2011. Time estimation of fear cues in human observers. Behavioural Processes, 86: 88-93.
31. Haidt, J., McCauley, C. and Rozin, P. 1994. Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16: 701-713.
32. Hoagland, H. 1933. The physiological control of judgments of duration: Evidence for a chemical clock. Journal of General Psychology, 9: 267-287.
33. Innes-Ker, A. and Niedenthal, P. M. 2002. Emotion concepts and emotional states in social judgment and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 804-816.
34. Izard, C. E. 1977. Human emotions, New York, NY: Plenum Press.
35. Izard, C. E. and Ackerman, B. P. 2000. "Motivational, organizational and regulatory functions of discrete emotions". In Handbook of emotions, Edited by: Lewis, M. and Hairland-Jones, J. M. 253-264. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
36. James, W. 1884. What is an emotion?. Mind, 9: 188-205.
37. Karmarkar, U. R. and Buonomano, D. V. 2007. Timing in the absence of clocks: Encoding time in neural network states. Neuron, 53: 427-438.
38. Keil, A. and Ihssen, N. 2004. Identification facilitation for emotionally arousing verbs during the attentional blink. Emotion, 4: 23-35.
39. Lang, P. J. and Bradley, M. M. 2010. Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology, 84: 437-450.
40. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. and Cuthbert, B. N. 2005. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual (Technical Report A-6), Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
41. Ledoux, J. E. 1996. The emotional brain. The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
42. Ledoux, J. E. 2000. "Cognitive-emotional interactions: Listen to the brain". In Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, Edited by: Lane, R. D. and Nadel, L. 129-155. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
43. Ledoux, J. E. 2002. Synaptic self: How our brains become who we are, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
44. Lewis, P. A. and Miall, R. C. 2006. A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement. Behavioural Processes, 71: 226-234.
45. Maricq, A. V., Roberts, S. and Church, R. M. 1981. Methamphetamine and time estimation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 7: 18-30.
46. Matell, M. S., Bateson, M. and Meck, W. H. 2006. Single-trials analyses demonstrate that increases in clock speed contribute to the methamphetamine-induced horizontal shifts in peak-interval timing functions. Psychopharmacology, 188: 1432-2072.
47. Meck, W. H. 1983. Selective adjustment of speed of internal clock and memory processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9: 171-201.
48. Mella, N., Conty, L. and Pouthas, V. 2010. The role of physiological arousal in time perception: Psychophysiological evidence from an emotion regulation paradigm. Brain and Cognition, 75: 182-187.
49. Mikels, J. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Larkin, G. R., Lindberg, C. M., Maglio, S. J. and Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. 2005. Emotional category data on images from the International Affective Picture System. Behavior Research Methods, 37: 626-630.
50. Mondillon, L., Niedenthal, P. M., Gil, S. and Droit-Volet, S. 2007. Imitation of in-group versus out-group members' facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task. Social Neuroscience, 2: 223-237.
51. Murphy, F. C., Hill, E. L., Ramponi, C., Calder, A. J. and Barnard, P. J. 2010. Paying attention to emotional images with impact. Emotion, 10: 605-614.
52. Nather, F. C., Bueno, J. L. O., Bigand, E., & Droit-Volet, S. 2011. Time changes with the embodiment of another's body posture. Plos One 6 1-7
53. Noulhiane, M., Mella, N., Samson, S., Ragot, R. and Pouthas, V. 2007. How emotional auditory stimuli modulate time perception. Emotion, 7: 697-704.
54. Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J. and Calvo, M. G. 2006. Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures. Emotion, 6: 257-268.
55. Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H. and Polich, J. 2008. Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77: 247-265.
56. Ortega, L. and Lopez, F. 2008. Effects of visual flicker on subjective time in a temporal bisection task. Behavioural Processes, 78: 380-386.
57. Panksepp, J. 2007. Neurologizing the psychology of affects: How appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2: 281-296.
58. Penton-Voak, I. S., Edwards, H., Percival, A. and Wearden, J. H. 1996. Speeding up an internal clock in humans? Effects of click trains on subjective duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22: 307-320.
59. Phelps, E. A., Ling, S. and Carrasco, M. 2006. Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention. Psychological Science, 17: 292-299.
60. Rammsayer, T. 2011. Elaborative rehearsal of nontemporal information interferes with temporal processing of durations in the range of seconds but not milliseconds. Acta Psychologica, 137: 127-133.
61. Scherer, K. R. 2001. "Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking". In Appraisal process in emotion, Edited by: Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. and Johnstone, T. 92-120. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
62. Schweitzer, M. B. and Paulhan, I. 1990. Manuel pour l'Inventaire d'Anxiété Trait-Etat (forme Y), Paris, France: Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée.
63. Shimmack, U. 2005. Attentional interference effects of emotional pictures: Threat, negativity, or arousal?. Emotion, 5: 55-66.
64. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. and Lusthene, R. E. 1983. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
65. Tipples, J. 2008. Negative emotionality influences the effects of emotion on time perception. Emotion, 8: 127-131.
66. Tipples, J. 2011. When time stands still: Fear-specific modulation of temporal bias due to threat. Emotion, 11: 74-80.
67. Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P. L. N. and Brogan, D. 1990. The internal clock: Evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristic frequency. Perception, 19: 705-743.
68. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J. and Dolan, R. J. 2003. Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions. Nature Neuroscience, 6: 624-631.
69. Wearden, J. H., Norton, R., Martin, S. and Montford-Bebb, O. 2007. Internal clock processes and the filled-duration illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33: 716-729.
70. Wearden, J. H., Philpott, K. and Win, T. 1999. Speeding up and (relatively) slowing down an internal clock in humans. Behavioural Processes, 46: 63-73.
71. Wittman, M. and van Wassenhove, V. 2009. The experience of time: Neural mechanisms and the interplay of emotion, cognition and embodiment. Journal of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Biological Sciences), 364: 1809-1813.
72. Yang, T. T., Menon, V., Eliez, S., Blasey, C., White, C. D.Reid, A. J. 2002. Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions. NeuroReport, 13: 1737-1741.
73. Zakay, D. and Block, R. A. 1997. Temporal cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6: 12-16.
74. Zélanti, P. and Droit-Volet, S. 2011. Cognitive abilities explaining age-related changes in time perception of short and long durations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109(2): 143-157.